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.jpg) Orsi contrabass saxophone (1999) | |
| Woodwind instrument | |
|---|---|
| Classification | Single-reed |
| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | 422.212-71 (Single-reedaerophone withkeys) |
| Inventor | Adolphe Sax |
| Developed | 1840s |
| Playing range | |
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| Related instruments | |
| Sizes: Orchestral saxophones: Specialty saxophones: | |
| Musicians | |
| Seelist of saxophonists | |
| Builders | |
| Historical: | |
Thecontrabass saxophone is the second-lowest-pitched extant member of thesaxophone family proper. It ispitched inE♭ oneoctave below thebaritone saxophone, which requires twice the length of tubing andbore width. This renders a very large and heavy instrument, standing approximately 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall and weighing around 20 kilograms (44 lb). Despite this, it was used inmarching bands in the early 20th century.
The contrabass saxophone was part of the original saxophone family as conceived byAdolphe Sax, and is included in his saxophone patent of 1846, as well as in Kastner's concurrently publishedMéthode for saxophone. By 1849, Sax was displaying contrabass through sopranino saxophones at exhibitions.[2]Patrick Gilmore's famous American band roster included a contrabass saxophone in 1892, and at least two dozen of these instruments were built by theEvette & Schaeffer company for USmilitary bands in the early 20th century which, despite their size, were able to be played whilemarching using a strap. Saxophone ensembles were also popular at this time, and the contrabass saxophone was an eye-catching novelty for the groups that were able to obtain one. By the onset of theGreat Depression, the saxophone craze had ended, and the contrabass, already rare, almost disappeared from public view.[2]
In the early 2000s, the bass and contrabass saxophones experienced a resurgence in interest. In Brazil, low saxophones, including the contrabass andsubcontrabass, began appearing in the large church orchestras of theChristian Congregation in Brazil.[3] Usually playing the baritone or bass parts down one or even two octaves, they provide a deep resonance to the ensemble like that of anorgan pedal.[citation needed]
The saxophones in Sax's 1846 patent are only folded a maximum of three times, which necessarily requires the lower saxophones (from the baritone downwards) to be progressively taller. The contrabass saxophone follows this pattern, bending upwards at the mouthpiece neck, then bending 180° at the top, and 180° again at the base of the instrument in order to orient the bell upwards and outwards. With a tubing length of nearly 4.9 metres (16 ft), the contrabass is approximately 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall. Thetubax, developed by German instrument makerBenedikt Eppelsheim in the late 1990s, is a modern solution to this unwieldiness which adds a fourth bend, similar to the layout of acontrabass sarrusophone. This allows the E♭ tubax to cover the same range as the contrabass saxophone, yet stand only 114 centimetres (3 ft 9 in) high, comparable to the baritone saxophone.[4] Brazilian saxophone makers have also designed compact contrabasses for use in churches, such asJ'Élle Stainer'sStainerfone.[5]
Although still rare and expensive, at least four manufacturers now produce contrabass saxophones:Benedikt Eppelsheim (inventor and producer of the tubax), Milan-based instrument makerRomeo Orsi (on request), and Brazil saxophone makers J’Élle Stainer and Galassine.[1]
Due to its large body and wide bore, the sound of the contrabass saxophone has great acoustical presence and a very rich tone. It can be smooth and mellow, or harsh and buzzy depending on the player, and on themouthpiece andreed combination used. Its middle and upperregisters are warm, full, and expressive. Because its deepest tones vibrate so slowly (as with thecontrabassoon or pedal notes on apipe organ) it can be difficult for listeners to perceive individual pitches at the bottom of its range; instead of hearing a clearly delineated melody, listeners may instead hear a series of rattling tones with little pitch definition. However, when these tones are reinforced by another instrument playing at theoctave orfifteenth, they sound clearly defined and have tremendous resonance and presence. In some contemporary jazz/classical ensembles the contrabass saxophone doubles thebaritone saxophone either at the same pitch or an octave below, depending on theregister of the music.
While there are few orchestral works that call specifically for the contrabass saxophone, the growing number of contrabass saxophonists has led to the creation of an increasing body of solo and chamber music literature. It is particularly effective as a foundation for large ensembles of saxophones. As an example, the eminent saxophonistSigurd Raschèr (1907-2001) played the instrument in his Raschèr Saxophone Ensemble, and it is featured on most of the albums by theNuclear Whales Saxophone Orchestra. Spanish composer Luis De Pablo wroteUne Couleur in 1988 for a single performer playing six saxophones, including contrabass and sopranino.[6]The Scottish composerAlistair Hinton has included parts for soprano, alto, baritone and contrabass saxophones in hisConcerto for 22 Instruments, completed in 2005.
Since 2004, the rock groupViolent Femmes have incorporated the contrabass saxophone into the band's live performances as well as their newest albums.Blaise Garza's contrabass saxophone often plays in unison with the bass guitar, and is featured heavily on their ninth studio album,We Can Do Anything.[7][8]
American multi-instrumentalistAnthony Braxton has used contrabass saxophone in jazz and improvised music.[9] He can be heard playing the instrument on the albumsThe Aggregate (1988),Dortmund (Quartet) 1976 (first released in 1991), andFour Compositions (GTM) 2000 (released 2003).
The contrabass saxophone has most frequently been used as a solo instrument by woodwind players in the genres of jazz and improvised music who are searching for an extreme or otherworldly tone. The difficulty of holding and controlling the instrument (let alone playing it) makes performing on the instrument a somewhat theatrical experience in and of itself. On older instruments, playing is difficult too; it takes an enormous amount of air to sound notes in the low register. Thanks to refinements in their acoustical designs and keywork, modern contrabass saxophones are no more difficult to play than most other saxophones.
An increasing number of performers and recording artists are making use of the instrument, includingAnthony Braxton,Paul Cohen, David Brutti,Jay C. Easton, Randy Emerick,Blaise Garza, Marcel W. Helland, Robert J. Verdi, Joseph Donald Baker, Thomas K. J. Mejer, Douglas Pipher,Scott Robinson, Klaas Hekman, Daniel Gordon, Daniel Kientzy, andTodd A. White. It is also used by saxophone ensembles including theRaschèr Saxophone Orchestra,[citation needed] Saxophone Sinfonia, National Saxophone Choir of Great Britain, Zurich Saxophone Collective, Northstar Saxophone Quartet, Koelner Saxophone Mafia, Toronto-based Allsax4tet and theNuclear Whales Saxophone Orchestra.[10]
Media related toContrabass saxophones at Wikimedia Commons