In prehistoric times, particularly theMioceneepoch, portions of the landforms now in the area (then marshy and grassysavanna) were populated by a wide range of now extinctmammals, known in modern times by thefossil remains excavated in the southern part of the county. In the northern part of the county, significant coal and sand deposits were formed in even earliergeologic eras. Other areas of the county have ridges exposing ancient but intact (not fossilized) seashells, embedded insandstone layers alternating withlimestone. Layers of volcanic ash ejected from geologically recent but now extinctvolcanoes, compacted and now tilted by compressive forces, may be seen at the site of some road excavations. This county is an agglomeration of several distinct geologicterranes, as is most of the greaterSan Francisco Bay Area, which is one of the most geologically complex regions in the world. The great local mountainMount Diablo has been formed and continues to be elevated by compressive forces resulting from the action ofplate tectonics and at its upper reaches presents ancientseabed rocks scraped from distant oceanic sedimentation locations and accumulated and lifted by these great forces. Younger deposits at middle altitudes includepillow lavas, the product of undersea volcanic eruptions.
TheBay Miwok,Yokut andOhlone people lived in the area now known as Contra Costa County before the arrival of Spanish colonists.[10] The Volvon triblet of the Miwok lived on Tuyshtak (Mount Diablo near present dayWalnut Creek) until they were forcibly moved from their land into the Spanish missions in the early 1800s.[11]
TheSaklan tribe lived betweenMoraga, alongSan Leandro Creek, toLafayette.[12] Beginning in 1772, expeditions of Spanish missionaries and soldiers fromMission San José entered theSan Ramon Valley. Early contact was fleeting and mostly peaceful, however, in the late 1700s, Spanish cattle were grazed the territory of the Saklan and their neighbors. The Saklans were one of the few groups who mounted resistance against the efforts of the Spanish to convert them to Christianity. Christian natives were sent to the Saklans to convince them to give up their culture and come to Mission San Jose; they were killed by the Saklans who wanted nothing to do with the Spanish way of life. A punitive expedition was sent to the area in 1797 to repress the Saklans, and a battle was fought in modern-day Lafayette. In the early 1800s, many Saklan fled to the mission as a result of societal collapse from disease. By the 1810s the Saklan's tribal range was essentially devoid of inhabitants.
Early interaction of these Native Americans with Europeans came with the Spanish colonization via the establishment ofmissions in this area, with the missions in San Jose, Sonoma, and San Francisco and particularly the establishment of aPresidio (a military establishment) in 1776. Although there were no missions established within this county, Spanish influence here was direct and extensive, through the establishment of land grants from the King of Spain to favored settlers.
In 1821 Mexico gained independence from Spain. While little changed in ranchero life, theMexican War of Independence resulted in the secularization of the missions with the re-distribution of their lands, and a new system of land grants under the Mexican Federal Law of 1824. Mission lands extended throughout the Bay Area, including portions of Contra Costa County. Between 1836 and 1846, during the era when California was a province of independent Mexico, the following 15 land grants were made in Contra Costa County.[13]
The smallest unit was one square league, or about seven square miles, or 4,400 acres (17.8 square kilometers), maximum to one individual was eleven leagues, or 48,400 acres (195.9 km2), including no more than 4,428 acres (17.9 km2) of irrigable land. Rough surveying was based on a map, ordiseño, measured by streams, shorelines, and/or horseman who marked it with rope and stakes. Lands outside rancho grants were designatedel sobrante, as in surplus or excess, and considered common lands. The law required the construction of a house within a year. Fences were not required and were forbidden where they might interfere with roads or trails. Locally a large family required roughly 2000 head of cattle and two square leagues of land (fourteen square miles) to live comfortably. Foreign entrepreneurs came to the area to provide goods that Mexico could not, and trading ships were taxed.[note 1]
Rancho Cañada de los Vaqueros was granted to Francisco Alviso, Antonio Higuera, and Manuel Miranda (26,660 acres (107.9 km2) confirmed in 1889 to heirs of Robert Livermore).
Two ranchos, both called Rancho San Ramon, were granted by the Mexican government in the San Ramon Valley. In 1833, Bartolomé Pacheco (southern San Ramon Valley) and Mariano Castro (northern San Ramon Valley) shared the two square leagueRancho San Ramon. José María Amador was granted a four square leagueRancho San Ramon in 1834.
In 1834Rancho Monte del Diablo (present dayConcord, California) was confirmed with 17,921 acres (72.5 km2) to Salvio Pacheco (born July 15, 1793, died 1876). The Pacheco family settled at the Rancho in 1846 (between thePacheco shipping port townsite andClayton area, and including much of Lime Ridge). The boundary lines were designated with stone markers. Clayton was later located onEl Sobrante's lands just east of Rancho Monte del Diablo (Mount Diablo).
In 1834,Rancho Arroyo de Las Nueces y Bolbones, akaRancho San Miguel (present dayWalnut Creek), was granted to Juana Sanchez de Pacheco, in recognition of the service of Corporal Miguel Pacheco 37 years earlier (confirmed 1853, patented to heirs 1866); the grant was for two leagues, but drawn free hand on thediseño/map, and reading "two leagues, more or less" as indicated in thediseño, but actually including and confirmed for nearly four leagues or nearly 18,000 acres (72.8 km2), but only 10,000 acres (40.5 km2) were ever shown as having once belonged to Juana Sanchez.
'Meganos' means 'sand dunes.' A "paraje que llaman los Méganos" 'place called the sand dunes' (with a variant spelling) is mentioned in Durán's diary on May 24, 1817. Two Los Meganos Ranchos were granted, later differentiated asRancho Los Meganos (1835, three leagues or at least 13,285 acres (53.8 km2)) in what is now theBrentwood area, to Jose Noriega then acquired byJohn Marsh; andRancho Los Medanos (to Jose Antonio Mesa and Jose Miguel Garcia, Pittsburg area, dated November 26, 1839).
Much ofRancho Los Meganos is now part of Marsh Creek State Park. TheJohn Marsh Stone House still stands, but is in need of restoration.
The exclusive land ownership in California byHispanics in California would soon end.John Marsh, owner ofRancho Los Meganos in Contra Costa County, sent letters to influential people in the eastern United States extolling the climate, soil, and potential for agriculture in California, with the purpose of encouraging Americans to immigrate to California and lead to its becoming part of the United States. His letters were published in newspapers throughout the East which started the first wagon trains to California. He invited the settlers to stay on his ranch, and Rancho Los Meganos became the terminus of the California trail.[14]
This led to theBear Flag Revolt in 1846 when about 30 settlers originally from the United States declared arepublic in June 1846 and were enlisted and fighting under the U.S. flag by July 1846. Following theMexican–American War of 1846–48, California was controlled by U.S. settlers organized under theCalifornia Battalion and theU.S. Navy'sPacific Squadron. After some minor skirmishes, California was under U.S. control by January 1847 and formally annexed and paid for by the U.S. in 1848. By 1850, California's population of over 100,000 was rapidly growing due to thegold rush and the large amount of gold being exported east, which gave California enough clout to choose its own boundaries, write its own constitution, and be admitted to the Union as a free state in 1850 without going through territorial status as required for most other states.
In 1850 California had a non-Indian population of over 100,000.[15] The number of Indians living in California in 1850 has been estimated to be from 60,000 to 100,000. By 1850 the Mission Indian populations had largely succumbed to disease and abuse and only numbered a few thousand. California's 1852 state Census gives 31,266 Indian residents, but this is an under-count since there was little incentive and much difficulty in getting it more correct.[16]
Alameda and Contra Costa counties on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, opposite San Francisco in the foreground.
Contra Costa County was one of the original 27 counties of California, created in 1850 at the time of statehood. The county was originally to be called Mt. Diablo County, but the name was changed prior to incorporation as a county. The county'sSpanish language name meansopposite coast, because of its location opposite San Francisco, in an easterly direction, onSan Francisco Bay. Southern portions of the county's territory, including all of the bayside portions opposite San Francisco and northern portions ofSanta Clara County, were given up to formAlameda County effective March 25, 1853.
Postcard showing the Contra Costa County Courthouse in 1906.
The land titles in Contra Costa County may be traced to multiple subdivisions of a few original land grants. The grantee's family names live on in a few city and town names such asMartinez,Pacheco andMoraga and in the names of streets, residential subdivisions, and business parks. A few mansions from the more prosperous farms have been preserved as museums and cultural centers and one of the more rustic examples has been preserved as a working demonstration ranch,Borges Ranch.
In the 1860 United States Census, Contra Costa County had a population of 4,381.[17]
During World War II,Richmond hosted one of the two Bay Area sites ofKaiser Shipyards and wartime pilots were trained at what is nowConcord/Buchanan Field Airport. Additionally, a large Naval Weapons Depot and munitions ship loading facilities atPort Chicago remain active to this day, but with the inland storage facilities recently declared surplus, extensive redevelopment is being planned for this last large central-county tract. The loading docks were the site ofa devastating explosion in 1944. Port Chicago was bought out and demolished by the Federal Government to form a safety zone near the Naval Weapons Station loading docks. At one time the Atlas Powder Company (subsequently closed) produced gunpowder and dynamite. The site of the former Atlas Powder Company is located atPoint Pinole Regional Shoreline,[18] part of theEast Bay Regional Parks District.[19]
With the postwarbaby boom and the desire for suburban living, largetract housing developers would purchase large central county farmsteads and develop them with roads, utilities and housing. Once mostly rural walnut orchards and cattle ranches, the area was first developed as low-cost, large-lot suburbs, with a typical low-cost home being placed on a "quarter-acre" (1,000 m2) lot — actually a little less at 10,000 square feet (930 square metres). Some of the expansion of these suburban areas was clearly attributable towhite flight from decaying areas ofAlameda County and theconsolidated city-county ofSan Francisco, but much was due to the postwarbaby boom of the era creating demand for three- and four-bedroom houses with large yards that were unaffordable or unavailable in the established bayside cities.
A number of large companies followed their employees to the suburbs, filling large business parks. The establishment of a large, prosperous population in turn fostered the development of large shopping centers and created demand for an extensive supporting infrastructure including roads, schools, libraries, police, firefighting, water, sewage, and flood control.
The central county cities have in turn spawned their own suburbs within the county, extending east along the county's estuarine north shore; with the older development areas ofBay Point andPittsburg being augmented by extensive development inAntioch,Oakley, andBrentwood.
The effects of the housing value crash (2008–2011) varied widely throughout the county. Values of houses in prosperous areas with good schools declined only modestly in value, while houses recently built in outlying suburbs in the eastern part of the county experienced severe reductions in value, accelerated by high unemployment and consequent mortgage foreclosures, ownerstrategic walk-aways, and the too-rapid conversion of neighborhoods from owner-occupancy to rentals. Home values rebounded as the economy recovered from the recession.
According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 804 square miles (2,080 km2), of which 716 square miles (1,850 km2) is land and 88 square miles (230 km2) (11%) is water.[20]
Contra Costa County's physical geography is dominated by the bayside alluvial plain, theOakland Hills–Berkeley Hills, several inland valleys, andMount Diablo, an isolated 3,849-foot (1,173 m) upthrust peak at the north end of the Diablo Range of hills. The summit of Mount Diablo is the origin of the Mount DiabloMeridian andBase Line, on which thesurveys of much of California and western Nevada are based.
TheHayward Fault Zone runs through the western portion of the county, from Kensington to Richmond. TheCalaveras Fault runs in the south-central portion of the county, from Alamo to San Ramon. TheConcord Fault runs through part of Concord and Pacheco, and theClayton-Marsh Creek-Greenville Fault runs from Clayton at its north end to near Livermore. These strike-slipfaults and theDiablo thrust fault nearDanville are all considered capable of significantly destructive earthquakes and many lesser related faults are present in the area that cross critical infrastructure such as water, natural gas, and petroleum product pipelines, roads, highways, railroads, and BART rail transit.
Contra Costa County is broadly divided into three sub-areas:[21]
West County, including of the cities of El Cerrito, Richmond, San Pablo, Pinole, and Hercules, as well as the unincorporated communities of Kensington, El Sobrante, North Richmond, Rodeo, Crockett, and Port Costa.
Central County, which is itself further divided into three areas:
Lamorinda, including of the cities of Lafayette, Moraga, and Orinda (the name being a portmanteau of the three cities' names), as well as the unincorporated area of Canyon.
North Central County, including of the cities of Walnut Creek, Pleasant Hill, Concord, Clayton, and Martinez, as well as the unincorporated areas of Pacheco, Vine Hill, Clyde, the Pleasant Hill BART station, and Saranap.
San Ramon Valley, including the cities of Danville and San Ramon, and the unincorporated communities of Alamo, Blackhawk, and Tassajara.
East County, on the western edge of theCentral Valley, including of the cities of Pittsburg, Antioch, Oakley, and Brentwood, as well as the unincorporated communities of Bay Point, Bethel Island, Knightsen, Discovery Bay, and Byron.
The most notable natural landmark in the county is the 3,849-foot (1,173 m)Mount Diablo, at the northerly end of theDiablo Range. Mount Diablo and its neighboring North Peak are the centerpiece ofMt. Diablo State Park (MDSP), created legislatively in 1921 and rededicated in 1931 after land acquisitions had been completed. At the time this park comprised a very small portion of the mountain.
In the 1960s, suburban development expanding from the surrounding valleys began to threaten the open space of the mountain. In 1971, MDSP consisted of 6,788 acres (27.5 km2). That year, concerned residents formed the non-profit organization Save Mount Diablo to raise funds and awareness to protect more open space. In addition to encouraging acquisition by the state and local authorities, SMD started fundraising and acquiring properties to transfer to the park. MDSP was the first of twenty-nine Diablo-area parks and preserves that have been created around the peaks; today these preserves protect more than 89,000 acres (360 km2).
The name Mount Diablo is said to originate from an incident involving Spanish soldiers who christened a thicket asMonte del Diablo when natives they were pursuing apparently disappeared into the thicket. Anglo settlers later misunderstood the use of the word 'monte' (which can mean 'mountain', or 'thicket'), and applied the name to the most obvious local landmark.
According to theContra Costa Times, in 2011, there were rumors that Contra Costa County was going to rename the mountain as "Mt. Ronald Reagan" or "Mt. Reagan", after the former US president and California governor. Residents have generated multiple petitions to change the name of the mountain, one in 2005 and another in 2011, but these were not successful.
Contra Costa County, California – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
The2010 United States census reported that Contra Costa County had a population of 1,049,025. The racial makeup of Contra Costa County was 614,512 (58.6%)White; 97,161 (9.3%)African American; 6,122 (0.6%)Native American; 151,469 (14.4%)Asian (4.6% Filipino, 3.8% Chinese, 2.1% Indian); 4,845 (0.5%)Pacific Islander; 112,691 (10.7%) fromother races; and 62,225 (5.9%) from two or more races. There were 255,560 people (24.4%) ofHispanic orLatino ancestry, of any race; 17.1% of Contra Costa County's population was ofMexican ancestry, while 1.9% was ofSalvadoran heritage.[43]
As of thecensus[45] of 2000, there were 948,816 people, 344,129 households, and 242,266 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,318 inhabitants per square mile (509/km2). There were 354,577 housing units at an average density of 492 units per square mile (190 units/km2).
Of residents who identified with European ethnicities, 9.0% were German, 7.7% Irish, 7.3% English, and 6.5% Italian ancestry according toCensus 2000. 74.1% spoke English, 13.1% Spanish, and 2.6%Tagalog.
By 2005, 53.2% of Contra Costa County's population were non-Hispanic whites. African Americans made up 9.6% of the population, while ethnic Asians constituted 13.1%. Latinos, representing people of Spanish, Portuguese, indigenous and mestizo populations of the Western hemisphere, comprised 21.1% of the county population.
In 2000, there were 344,129 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. 22.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.23.
In the county, the population was spread out, with:
26.5% under the age of 18
7.7% from 18 to 24
30.6% from 25 to 44
23.9% from 45 to 64
11.3% who were 65 years of age or older.
The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $63,675, and the median income for a family was $73,039 (these figures had risen to $75,483 and $87,435 respectively as of a 2007 estimate).[46]
Males had a median income of $52,670 versus $38,630 for females. Theper capita income for the county was $30,615. About 5.4% of families and 7.6% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.
Since 1932, Contra Costa County has been aDemocratic stronghold in presidential elections. It temporarily leaned toward theRepublican Party in the 1970s and 1980s, with successive presidential wins byRichard Nixon in 1972,Gerald Ford in 1976, andRonald Reagan in 1980 and 1984. Reagan was the last Republican presidential candidate to win the county.
United States presidential election results for Contra Costa County, California[50]
Democrats hold wide advantages in voter registration numbers in all political subdivisions in Contra Costa County. The Democrats' largest registration advantage in Contra Costa is in the cities ofRichmond, where there is a 60.3% registration advantage with 3,192 Republicans (6.2%) out of 51,395 registered voters compared to 34,159 Democrats (66.5%) and 12,095 voters who have no party preference (23.5%);El Cerrito, where there is a 59.0% registration advantage with 1,169 Republicans (7.4%) out of 15,877 registered voters compared to 10,543 Democrats (67.6%) and 3,654 voters who have no party preference (23.0%); andSan Pablo, where there is a 58.3% registration advantage with 641 Republicans (6.1%) out of 10,550 registered voters compared to 6,793 Democrats (64.4%) and 2,746 voters who have no party preference (26.0%).
The great rancheros of the Spanish period were divided and sold for agricultural uses, with intensively irrigated farming made possible in some areas by the development of canals that brought water from the eastern riverside portions of the county to the central portion. Other areas could use the more limited water available from local creeks and from wells. Orchards dominated where such water was available, while other, seasonally dry areas were used for cattle ranching. In central parts of the county walnuts were an especially attractive orchard crop, using the thin-shelled English Walnut branches grafted to the hardy and disease-resistant American Walnut root stock. In theMoraga region, pears dominated, and many old (but untended) roadside trees are still picked seasonally by passers-by. In eastern county, stone fruit, especially cherries, is still grown commercially, with seasonal opportunities for people to pick their own fruit for a modest fee.
TheContra Costa Canal, a concrete-lined and fenced irrigation canal still makes a loop through central county and provided industrial and agricultural grade water to farms and industry. While no longer used for extensive irrigation, it is still possible for adjoining landowners (now large suburban lot owners) to obtain pumping permits. Most of this water is destined for the heavy industry near Martinez. As with the railroad rights of way there is now an extensive public trail system along these canals.
The development of commuter railroads proceeded together with the subdivision of farms into parcels. In some cases, such as the development ofSaranap, the same developer controlled both the railroad (Sacramento Northern) and the development. These early suburbanization developments were an extension of the earlier development oftrolley car suburbs in what are now considered the highly urban environments of the near East Bay.
Owing to its extensive waterfront onSan Francisco,San Pablo, andSuisun bays the northwestern and northern segments have long been sites for heavy industry, including a number of still activeoil refineries (particularlyChevron in Richmond, Phillips 66 inRodeo, Shell Oil (now PBF) and Tesoro (now Marathon)- in Martinez), chemical plants (Dow Chemical) and a once substantial integrated steel plant,United States Steel, now reduced to secondary production of strip sheet and wire. TheSan Joaquin River forms a continuation of the northern boundary turns southward to form the eastern boundary of the county. Some substantialSacramento-San Joaquin Delta "islands" (actually leveed former marshes) are included in this corner of the county.
The West County is the area near or on San Francisco and San Pablo bays. The housing stock in the region was extensively developed after the great San Francisco earthquake of 1906. Much of the housing stock in these areas is becoming quite expensive. As an alternative to moving to either the expensive central county, or the too-distant East County, this area is becominggentrified, with a mix of races and income levels — a character actively sought by some housing purchasers. The downside of this is a corresponding lack of affordable housing for those working lower-paying service jobs — a problem endemic throughout the region. There has recently been a housing boom or tract housing inRichmond and also in theHercules areas. These gentrifying areas are the most diverse in Contra Costa County.[citation needed]
Central county scene —Mount Diablo, Concord, Pleasant Hill, and Walnut Creek
The central part of the county is a valley traversed by Interstate 680 and Highway 24. The towns east of the hills, on or near Highway 24 and their surrounding areas (Lafayette,Moraga andOrinda) are collectively known asLamorinda. The major central county cities along Interstate 680 are Martinez, Concord, Pleasant Hill, Walnut Creek, Danville, San Ramon, and unincorporated Alamo. Owing to the high quality of its public schools (due largely to both demographics and added support from prosperous parents), this area has become a magnet for well–off families with children. During the real estate boom, housing prices were driven to astounding levels. From 2007, home prices in the region have seen substantial decreases and the affordability rate has risen. During the real estate boom, the high price of homes and scarcity of land resulted in many speculators purchasing older, smaller homes and partially or completely tearing them down to construct larger homes.
In this way the central county region has become a mix of older suburbs, newer developments, small lot "infill" developments, and extensive shopping areas.
Lower cost modern tract developments continue alongSuisun Bay in the "East County" towns ofPittsburg,Antioch, andOakley - new "bedroom" communities" to serve the now "edge cities". The median income of a family in the two relatively affluent East County towns ofBrentwood andDiscovery Bay is approaching $100k/yr. placing them in the top fifteen percent of affluent towns in the United States. California Distinguished Schools, golf courses, vineyards, and upscale homes are found in Brentwood and Discovery Bay. Discovery Bay is based on a waterfront community of 3,500+ homes with private docks with access to the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. Discovery Bay also features gated and non-gated "off-water" communities with homes from 1,400 square feet (130 square metres) up to 4,700 square feet (440 square metres).
From 2010 to 2018 Highway 4 underwent multimillion-dollar improvements from that added lanes through Brentwood, Antioch and Pittsburg to reduce driving time between East County and Concord/Walnut Creek, as this commute at one time was the 10th worst in the nation.[57]Vasco Road is also an important link between East County/Brentwood and Livermore. Additionally, a county road from Brentwood to Tracy has received Federal Funds to be upgraded to a highway link between the areas.[58]
Across 30 years, two forces combined to create county budget problems, peaking in 2008. First, rather than compensate police, medical, and firefighting personnel directly, health and retirement benefits were granted without proper actuarial examination, leading to unexpected but predictable high costs as personnel aged and ultimately retired with continued "first class" health and retirement benefits. Second, the collapse of the "housing bubble" enabled purchasers of distressed properties — many of which were owned by banks and other mortgage holders — to petition for lower property assessments, in many cases reducing by half the revenue to the county for specific parcels. Continuing downturns in employment prospects further increased the needs for various social services. These deficits and demands, combined with a lack of support from a similarly stressed California state government and the United States Federal government, required county supervisors and service providers to allocate limited resources in a time of increasing demand. The projected budget deficit was $45 million as of early 2011.[59] Perhaps more significantly, the total unfunded liability for retiree benefits is $2.4 billion.[60]
In the 1970s and 1980s, many small and innovative technical firms started in Contra Costa. Most of these are no longer present, either failing, being absorbed into larger corporations, or outgrowing their original location and moving elsewhere in the Bay Area.[citation needed]
By the early 1990s, 22 million square feet of office space had been built[61] along the680 corridor, that segment of Interstate Highway 680 that extends fromConcord in the north toSan Ramon in the south, continuing into inlandAlameda County fromDublin toPleasanton. During the 1980s and early 1990s, many corporations that were formerly housed in the more central metropolitan area followed their employees by moving to these large suburban and edge city office areas and office parks.[citation needed]
There are currently political fights over the potential redevelopment of the county seat (Martinez), with long-term residents and many elsewhere in the county concerned that it will lose its remaining small-town charm and utility in an effort to become more like the county's major recreational shopping center ofWalnut Creek.[citation needed]
The inland portions of theConcord Naval Weapons Station have been declared surplus by the Federal government and this area is expected to provide what is likely the last opportunity to plan and build city-sized development within the central county.[citation needed] This area will become a portion of the city of Concord, and planners expect that development will be confined to the lower and flatter portions of the depot, with the remainder becoming a substantial addition to the county'sopen space. Much of the land to be developed is relatively flat grassland and the most prominent structures are ammunition bunkers that will be removed, so future uses of the property are largely unconstrained by previous uses.[62]
The City of Concord is served by the daily newspaper, theEast Bay Times published by the Bay Area News Group-East Bay (part of theMedia News Group, Denver, Colorado), with offices inWalnut Creek. The paper was originally a paper run and owned by theLesher family. Since the death of Dean Lesher in 1993, the paper has had several owners.[64] The publisher also issues weekly local papers, such as theConcord Transcript, which is the local paper for Concord and nearbyClayton.
In December 2019, there was a flurry of reports from reliable sources including theAssociated Press and theSan Francisco Chronicle that the 161-year-old Martinez News-Gazette, one of the longest-running newspapers in California, may have to cease publication. But as of late May 2020, the threatened cessation did not materialize and the newspaper appears to have weathered that storm. The newspaper did cease publication of a print edition effective April 2, 2020, but this was characterized as a temporary measure arising from a lack of advertising revenue. Since March 2020, this in turn arose as many local businesses were forced to suspended operations or even ceased to exist, when the area was undershelter-in-place regulations arising fromCOVID-19 pandemic. The newspaper plans to resume a full print edition when the local shelter-in-place restrictions are lifted.[65]
This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(May 2015)
Prior to 1903, most travel to central Contra Costa County was by boat or rail toMartinez on the northern waterfront and from there to the industrial areas east along the waterfront as well as farming regions to the south.
In 1903, the first tunnel through the Oakland hills (now Old Tunnel Road) was built, principally as a means of bringinghay by horse-, mule-, or ox-drawn wagons from central and eastern agricultural areas to feed thedraft animals that provided the power to public and private transportation in the East Bay at the time. The tunnel exited in the hills high above the crossroads ofOrinda with the road continuing on toLafayette,Walnut Creek, andDanville. The road was just wide enough for one car in each direction and had no shoulders.
In 1937, the two-boreCaldecott Tunnel for road vehicles was completed, making interior Contra Costa County much more accessible. After World War II, the tunnels allowed waves of development to proceed, oriented towardOakland rather than the northern shoreline, and the northern shoreline cities began to decline. The tunnel has since been augmented with a third bore, completed in 1964, and a fourth, completed in 2013.
eBART (East Contra Costa County BART extension) is designed to bringrapid transit services along the Highway 4 corridor.
AC Transit provides local service in West County and in Orinda, in addition to western Alameda County, Transbay commuter services toSan Francisco,bus rapid transit lines and the bulk of All Nighter service for theEast Bay.
County Connection provides local service in Central C.C. County and connecting services to Dublin and Pittsburg.
Tri-Delta Transit provides local bus service in East C.C. County and connecting regional services to Martinez, Livermore, and Stockton.
WestCAT provides local bus service in northern West C.C. County with connecting service to BART and transbay service to the city (San Francisco).
The western termini of several original transcontinental railroad routes have been located inOakland, inAlameda County, includingUnion Pacific,Southern Pacific, andSanta Fe railroads. From Oakland, there are two primary routes east:
Formed in 1909, the Oakland Antioch Railway was renamed theOakland Antioch & Eastern Railway in 1911. It extended through a 3,400-foot (1,000 m) tunnel in the Oakland Hills, from Oakland to Walnut Creek, Concord and on to Bay Point.
The current owner of the Santa Fe Railroad's assets,BNSF Railway, has the terminus of its transcontinental route inRichmond. Originally built by the San Francisco and San Joaquin Valley Railroad in 1896, the line was purchased by theAtchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway shortly thereafter. The line leaves Richmond through industrial and residential parts of West County before striking due east through Franklin Canyon andMartinez on its way toStockton,Bakersfield, andBarstow.
These railroads spurred the development of industry in the county throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly driving development of theStandard Oil (nowChevron)refinery and port complex in Richmond.
There were a large number of short lines in the county between the late 19th century and the early 20th century. The rights of way of a number of these railroads also served as utility rights of way, particularly for water service, and so were preserved and in the late 20th century enhanced as walking, jogging, and bicycle riding trails in the central portion of the county.
Adjoining or nearby these parks are lands of theEast Bay Municipal Utility District. These require special annual permits for hiking, bicycle riding and horse riding, available for a small fee. At least one member of a party traversing these areas must have such a permit.
Ohmer was a rail station located on the Oakland, Antioch and Eastern Railroad 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Martinez, which still appeared on maps as of 1947. Though primarily just a rail station, it was sometimes referred to as a community.[86]
^For a collection of observations of the Mexican provincial culture and trading practice (most notably in the acquisition of cattle hides for eastern U.S. shoe manufacturies) see portions ofTwo Years Before the Mast, a first-person narrative of a seaman's voyage to California starting in 1834.
^Lyman, George D.John Marsh, Pioneer: The Life Story of a Trail-blazer on Six Frontiers, pp. 237–49, The Chautauqua Press, Chautauqua, New York, 1931.
^U.S. 1850 California Census counts 92,597 residents but omits the residents of San Francisco (estimated at 21,000) whose census records were destroyed by fire. Contra Costa County (estimated at 2,000 residents) and Santa Clara County (estimated at 4,000 residents) 1850 records were "lost" and also not included.
^Historical Statistics of the United States--1850-California,, which includes a summary of the state's 1852 state census
^"2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012.Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. RetrievedSeptember 24, 2015.
^abU.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B03003.U.S. Census websiteArchived December 27, 1996, at theWayback Machine . Retrieved October 26, 2013.
^abU.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B19301.U.S. Census websiteArchived December 27, 1996, at theWayback Machine . Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^abU.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B19013.U.S. Census websiteArchived December 27, 1996, at theWayback Machine . Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^abU.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B19113.U.S. Census websiteArchived December 27, 1996, at theWayback Machine . Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^abU.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.U.S. Census websiteArchived December 27, 1996, at theWayback Machine . Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Table B01003.U.S. Census websiteArchived December 27, 1996, at theWayback Machine . Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^abcdefContra Costa County Elections Division.[1]Archived November 30, 2016, at theWayback Machine. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
^abcdefghij"Table 11: Crimes – 2009"(PDF).Office of the Attorney General, Department of Justice, State of California. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on December 2, 2013. RetrievedNovember 14, 2013.
^Only larceny-theft cases involving property over $400 in value are reported as property crimes.
^Marin, Solano, Sonoma and Contra Costa Counties' borders come to a common point c. 6 miles into San Francisco Bay (coming from the north). Thus, Sonoma County is an adjacent county.Hittell, Theodore Henry (1876).The codes and statutes of the State of California. A. L. Bancroft. pp. 514, 515. RetrievedAugust 20, 2012.
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