Saudi Consultative Assembly مجلس الشورى السعودي Majlis ash-Shūra as-Saʿūdiyy | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| Established | 1924 (101 years ago) (1924) –de facto 1926 (99 years ago) (1926) –de jure 1992 (33 years ago) (1992) –current form |
| Leadership | |
Chairman | Abdullah ibn Muhammad since 15 February 2009 |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 150 |
 | |
Political groups |
|
Length of term | 4 years |
| Elections | |
| None (all members appointed) | |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| Palace of Yamamah,Riyadh | |
| Website | |
| Official English Site | |
TheConsultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia (Arabic:مجلس الشورى السعودي,romanized: Majlis aš-Šūrā s-Saʿūdiyy), also known asMajlis ash-Shura orThe Shura Council, is the formal advisory body ofSaudi Arabia. It was originally founded in 1924 as theNational Council during theSultanate of Nejd, It was later renamed toConsultative Assembly in 1992 following the issuance of the Basic Law of Governance, marking its establishment in its modern form as a legislative advisory body. It is a deliberative assembly that advises the King on issues that are important to the kingdom. It has the power to propose laws to theKing of Saudi Arabia and hiscabinet to approve it and pass it. It has 150 members, all appointed by the king and chosen "from amongst scholars, those of knowledge, expertise and specialists".[1] Since 2013, the Assembly has included 30 female members out of the total of 150 members, after a 20 percent minimum quota for women was imposed.[2][3][4]
The Consultative Assembly is permitted to propose draft laws and forward them to the king, but only the king has the power to pass or enforce them, and all laws are treated as decrees from him. However, the mandate of Majlis Al-Shura was broadened in 2004 to include proposing new legislation and amending existing laws without prior submission to the King.[5] The Assembly has the power to interpret laws, as well as examine annual reports referred to it by state ministries and agencies. It can also advise the king on policies that he submits to it, along with international treaties and economic plans. The Assembly is also authorized to review the country's annual budget, and call in ministers for questioning.[6]
The influence of the Assembly in its present form comes from its responsibility for the kingdom's five-year development plans, from which the annual budgets are derived, its ability to summon government officials for questioning, and its role as policy debate forum.[citation needed]
The first Majlis ash-Shura (Consultative Assembly) was founded byKing Abdulaziz on 13 January 1926.[7] It was first named the Shura Council of the Hijaz and chaired by his son, King Faisal.[8] However, the complete institutionalization of the assembly was finalized in 1932.[7] Later, it was expanded to include twenty-five members at the beginning of King Saud's reign. However, its functions were transferred to the Cabinet of Ministers due to political pressures of the royal family members. On the other hand, Majlis ash-Shura was not officially dissolved and remained ineffective until King Fahd revived it in 2000.[8]
King Fahd decreed a new Majlis ash-Shura Law on 24 November 2000, which replaced the previous law that had been effective since 1928, and decreed the bylaws of the council and their supplements on 22 August 1993. The first term council (1993–1997) had a speaker and 60 members.[9]: 949 The membership was increased by 30 in each of the following terms: the second term 90 members (1997–2001),[9]: 950 third term 120 members (2001–2005) and fourth term 150 members (2005–2009). Thus, the number of members increased to 150 members plus the speaker in the fourth term council.
Having been expanded in 1997 and 2001, the council achieved a place in theInternational Parliamentary Union by the end of 2003. The fourth term council held 845 sessions and issued 1174 declarations during its second year.[10] In September 2011, just a few days before the2011 municipal elections,King Abdullah stated that women may become members of the council.[11]
In January 2013,King Abdullah issued two royal decrees, granting women thirty seats on the council, and stating that women must always hold at least a fifth of the seats on the council.[12] According to the decrees, the female council members must be "committed to Islamic Shariah disciplines without any violations" and be "restrained by the religious veil."[12] The decrees also said that the female council members would be entering the council building from special gates, sit in seats reserved for women and pray in special worshipping places.[12] Earlier, officials said that a screen would separate genders and an internal communications network would allow men and women to communicate.[12] Women first joined the council in 2013, and three were named as deputy chairpersons of three committees: Thurayya Obeid (deputy chairwoman of the human rights and petitions committee), Zainab Abu Talib (deputy chairwoman of the information and cultural committee) and Lubna Al Ansari (deputy chairwoman of the health affairs and environment committee).[13][2]
SheikhMohammed bin Ibrahim bin Jubair, who was a respectedSalafi jurist and former Minister of Justice, was appointed as the president of the first Council term and of successive ones.[9] He remained the president until his death in 2002, and was replaced by Saleh bin Abdullah bin Homaid.[14]
The fifth term council (2009–2012), which started on 28 February 2009, included the topic ofno women[15] and is led by chairmanDr. Abdullah bin Mohammed al ash Sheikh,[15] who is former minister of Justice. He is regarded as a highly respected Islamic scholar, and its appointment is considered to be a move to reassure religious conservatives that the Majlis is being guided by Sharia in its deliberations.[citation needed]
The deputy chairman in the fifth term is Dr. Bandar bin Mohammed Hamza Asad Hajar.[16] Assistant chairman wasAbdulrahman bin Abdullah Al Barrak from February 2009 to December 2011.[16] Secretary-general of the Assembly is Mohammed A. Al Ghamdi.[15] Al Ghamdi, whose four-year term expired in May 2012, was replaced by Mohammed al Amr as the new secretary general of the council.[17]
| Name | Took office | Left office | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdul Gadir Al-Shebi | 1924 | 1925 | Speaker of the National council[18] |
| Mohammed Al-Marzouki | 1925 | 1926 | Speaker of the National council[18] |
| Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud | 1926 | 25 March 1975 | Kings of Saudi Arabia from 2 November 1964 to August 1993[18] |
| Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud | 25 March 1975 | 13 June 1982 | Kings of Saudi Arabia from 2 November 1964 to August 1993[18] |
| Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud | 13 June 1982 | August 1993 | Kings of Saudi Arabia from 2 November 1964 to August 1993[18] |
| Mohammed bin Ibrahim bin Jubair | August 1993 | 10 January 2002 | [18][19] |
| Salih bin Abdullah al Humaid | 8 February 2002 | 15 February 2009 | [18] |
| Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh | 15 February 2009 | Incumbent | [18] |
The Council members appear to be chosen from different provinces, representing three significant groups: religious establishment, bureaucracy and the business groups. They seem to be followers of both conservative and liberal ideologies, and are usually highly educated and experienced people who are regarded as experts in their fields. Mostly academics, retired senior officers, ex-civil servants and businessmen have been chosen as the members of the council.[14]
The distribution of members based on their occupation for the 2005–2009 (fourth) term is as follows:[20]
| Occupation | Number (n=150) | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Academic (PhD) | 105 | 70 |
| Bureaucrat/engineer | 12 | 8 |
| Bureaucrat/religious | 4 | 2.6 |
| Bureaucrat (master's or bachelor's degree) | 25 | 16.7 |
| Military | 4 | 2.6 |
During the 2009–2013 term, half of the members (43% of the new appointees) had a university education inthe United States, and 70% of them had PhDs. The Council members for the 2009–2013 term are considered to be technocrats who are experts rather than local leaders.[citation needed] Their educational background was as follows: 16% bachelor's degrees; 13% master's degrees; 70% PhDs; and 1% MDs.[citation needed] The distribution of the members in terms of countries where they were educated is as follows: 49% in the United States; 29% inSaudi Arabia; 16% inthe United Kingdom; 3% inFrance; 1% inGermany; 1% inEgypt; and 1% inPakistan.[citation needed]
The representation of provinces at the council is given below:[citation needed]
| Region | Percentage of population (%) | Percentage in council (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Al Jouf | 2 | 4 |
| Tabuk | 3 | 2 |
| Northern Border | 1 | 4 |
| Ha'il | 3 | 4 |
| Qassim | 5 | 13 |
| Eastern Province | 16 | 8 |
| Madinah | 7 | 12 |
| Makkah | 22 | 24 |
| Riyadh | 23 | 18 |
| Baha | 2 | 2 |
| Asir | 8 | 6 |
| Jizan | 6 | 2 |
| Najran | 2 | 1 |
Since 2013, the Assembly has included 30 women members out of the total of 150 members.[2][3]
In its original form, the Council consisted of eight specialized committees. These committees were identified in December 1995. Committees and their allocated number of members were as follows: Committee on Social and Health Affairs (7 members); Committee on Economic and Financial Affairs (8 members); Committee on Legislation and Administration (5 members); Committee on Foreign Affairs (7 members); Committee on Islamic Affairs (7 members); Committee on Service and the Public Sector (8 members); Committee on Education, Culture and Information Affairs (9 members); and Committee on Security Affairs (6 members).[21]
Later, the number of the committees was expanded. As of March 2015[update], the assembly consists of thirteen committees:[22]
Women were first allowed to join the council in 2013. As of October 2017, women make up 20% of the Assembly's total number, slightly more than the115th United States Congress (19.3%). Among these areSara bint Faisal Al Saud andMoudi bint Khalid Al Saud, both members of the Saudi royal family.[23][24] As of December 2016, the following women were members of the council:[25]
