| Constitutional Court | |
|---|---|
| Tribunal Constitucional | |
 | |
 Headquarters of the Constitutional Court | |
 Interactive map of Constitutional Court | |
| Established | July 12, 1980; 45 years ago (1980-07-12) |
| Jurisdiction | Spain |
| Location | Madrid |
| Composition method | Appointed by theKing after being nominated by theParliament, theGeneral Council of the Judiciary and theGovernment. |
| Authorised by | Spanish Constitution |
| Judge term length | 9 years, non renewable |
| Number of positions | 12 |
| Annual budget | € 28.42 million (2022)[1] |
| Website | www.tribunalconstitucional.es |
| President | |
| Currently | Cándido Conde-Pumpido |
| Since | 12 January 2023 |
| Vice President | |
| Currently | Inmaculada Montalbán Huertas |
| Since | 12 January 2023 |
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Related topics |
TheConstitutional Court (Spanish:Tribunal Constitucional)[n. 1] is thesupreme interpreter of theSpanish Constitution, with the power to determine the constitutionality of acts and statutes made by any public body, central, regional, or local in Spain. It is defined in Part IX[2] (sections 159 through 165) of the Constitution of Spain, and further governed byOrganic Laws 2/1979 (Law of the Constitutional Court of 3 October 1979),[3] 8/1984, 4/1985, 6/1988, 7/1999 and 1/2000.[4] The Court is the "supreme interpreter"[4] of the Constitution, but since the Court is not a part of theSpanish Judiciary,[4] theSupreme Court is the highest court for all judicial matters.[5]
The Court was established along the lines of theKelsenian model of constitutional justice, also called the European Model because it has been adopted by most European countries.[6] Unlike the main alternative, the American model, the features of the Kelsenian model are that only a constitutional court is empowered to find that a statute is unconstitutional, secondly that of abstract review (that is without requiring legal cases but rather through application by public institutions), and thirdly, that appointments to the court are made largely by political bodies and have limited terms.[7]
The Constitutional Court is authorized to rule on theconstitutionality of laws, acts, or regulations set forth by the national or the regional parliaments.[8] The Court has the power to settle conflicts ofjurisdiction between the central and the regional governments.[8] Because many of the constitutional provisions pertaining to autonomy questions are ambiguous and sometimes contradictory, it had been suggested from the outset that the Court would play a critical role in Spain's political and social development.[8]
It also may rule on the constitutionality ofinternational treaties before they are ratified, if requested to do so by the Government, theCongress of Deputies, or theSenate.[8]
The abstract review request, that the court determine the constitutionality of a law, can be brought by thePrime Minister, theOmbudsman, fifty members of congress, fifty senators, the executive or parliaments of anAutonomous Community.[9]
In addition, the Court has other powers not typical of the Kelsenian model including determining whether non-legislative acts by the central government, its branches, or the regional governments abide by the distribution of powers defined by the Constitution and other higher laws, hearing complaints from the public about their constitutional rights and preventive review (prior to promulgation) ofstatutes of autonomy of the regions.[10]
Individual citizens mayappeal to the Constitutional Court for protection against governmental acts that violate their "fundamental rights or freedoms".[3][8] Only individuals directly affected can make this appeal, called arecurso de amparo, and they can do this only after exhausting judicial appeals.[8]
The General Electoral Law of June 1985 additionally allows appeals to this court in cases where electoral boards exclude candidates from the ballot.[3][11]
The decisions of the Constitutional Court cannot be appealed.[3][12]
This court consists of twelve justices (Spanish:magistrados) who serve for nine-year terms. Four of these are nominated by theCongress of Deputies, four by theSenate, two by the executive branch of the government, and two by theGeneral Council of the Judiciary.[8][10] Having judges chosen by the three branches of government is unique but has not saved the Court from alleged politicisation or accusations of activism.[13]
Justices are formally appointed by theKing.[3] The Constitution sets a minimum standard of fifteen years of experience in fields related to jurisprudence, including "magistrates and prosecutors, university professors, public officials and lawyers,"[14] and must not contemporaneously hold a position that may detract from their independence, such as a post in a political party or a representative position.[15]
Amongst and by the justices of the Court, aPresident is elected for a three-year term, who is assisted by a Vice President, who is also justice, and a secretary-general, that is the responsible for overseeing the staff of the court.[3]
The Constitutional Court consists of a president, currentlyCándido Conde-Pumpido, the vice president, currently Inmaculada Montalbán Huertas and ten justices (who can be judges or jurists with relevant experience).
Any previously appointed justice of the Constitutional Court becomes an emeritus justice (Spanish:magistrados eméritos) after their term of office.
Like many other features of Spanish democratic institutions developed during and after thetransition, the design of the court reflects compromises between the reformists within the authoritarian regime and the leftist opposition seeking a rupture with that regime, particularly the Socialist Party (PSOE).[16] Those rules have allowed the political actors to extend their influence through time in determining the composition of the court.[17]
A number of empirical studies show that a non-irrelevant part of the variance judicial decisions is explained by partisan alignments and political context.[17]
Other studies show that many of the court's rulings have been unanimous demonstrating that a lot of the work of the Court is broadly detached from any major partisan-political stakes.[17]
In 2005, the court ruled that theSpanish judicial system could handle cases concerningcrimes against humanity, such asgenocide,regardless of whether Spanish citizens were involved or directly affected.[18] In this instance, it reversed the decision made by the Supreme Court in the same case, which held that such cases could be brought before Spanish courts only if a Spanish victim was involved.[19]
In 2005, a challenge before the Court was presented denouncing the Same-sex Marriage Act of 2005 arguing that the Constitution says that «men and women have the right to marry with full legal equality» and this did not allow same-sex marriages. In 2012, after seven years of study, the Court ruled that the Constitution allowssame-sex marriages because the social concept of marriage had evolved so the Constitution must to be interpreted according to the current cultural values.[20][21]
A decision in 2010 annulling 14 articles of theStatute of Autonomy of Catalonia and reinterpreting 27 more has been a source of much controversy and conflict since then, with some arguing that the judgement was illegitimate due to fact that one judge had died and had not been replaced and three other judges terms had expired three years prior to the judgement.[22] It is generally agreed that the Constitutional Court's decision has come at a high cost for Court's prestige and perceived legitimacy and has increased support for independence in the region.[23] Until this decision, the Court was generally regarded as supporting the territorial model of autonomous communities, however the decision 'put the Court at the forefront of political conflict and for the first time very strongly divided specialised scholars, political parties, institutions and public opinion'.[24]
In 2017, the court ordered those responsible for theCatalan referendum on November 9, 2014 to pay 5 million euros.[25] In addition, social agents from Spain have demanded that the distribution of public funds in the Catalan press should be audited.[26]
In 2022 the Court upheld an amparo appeal by the People's Party claiming a violation of their rights to exercise representative office and of the right of citizens to participate in public affairs through those representatives, by legislation which would have made changes to theGeneral Council of the Judiciary to break theSpanish General Council of the Judiciary blockade.[27] The Court ordered that the bill to amend the laws should be suspended. This was the first time that the Constitutional Court had ordered the Parliament in this way.[28][29] Both thePresident of the Congress of DeputiesMeritxell Batet and thePresident of the SenateAnder Gil, respected the decision of the Court,[30] although they considered the decision a dangerous precedent since it meant that "the interruption of the legislative power is within the reach of a single deputy filing an appeal" which would prevent the "legitimate representatives of popular sovereignty" from "exercising their functions and debating or voting".[31]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
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