| Constitutional Court List
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 Constitutional Court building | |
 Emblem of the Constitutional Court | |
 Interactive map of Constitutional Court List
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| 26°11′19″S28°2′36″E / 26.18861°S 28.04333°E /-26.18861; 28.04333 | |
| Established | 1994 |
| Jurisdiction | South Africa |
| Location | Constitution Hill, Johannesburg |
| Coordinates | 26°11′19″S28°2′36″E / 26.18861°S 28.04333°E /-26.18861; 28.04333 |
| Composition method | Presidential appointment, after consultation |
| Authorised by | Constitution of South Africa |
| Judge term length | non-renewable 12 years (extendable by Parliament) |
| Number of positions | 11 |
| Website | www |
| Chief Justice of South Africa | |
| Currently | Mandisa Maya |
| Since | 1 September 2024 |
| Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa | |
| Currently | Dunstan Mlambo |
| Since | 1 August 2025 |
TheConstitutional Court of South Africa is thesupremeconstitutional court established by theConstitution of South Africa, and is the apex court in the South African judicial system, withgeneral jurisdiction.
The Court was first established by theInterim Constitution of 1993, and its first session began in February 1995.It has continued in existence under theConstitution of 1996. The Court sits in the city ofJohannesburg. After initially occupying commercial offices inBraamfontein, it now sits in a purpose-built complex onConstitution Hill. The first court session in the new complex was held in February 2004. Originally the finalappellate court for constitutional matters, since the enactment of theSeventeenth Amendment of the Constitution in 2013, the Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to hear any matter if it is in the interests of justice for it to do so.
The Constitutional Court consists of eleven judges who are appointed by thePresident of South Africa from a list drawn up by theJudicial Service Commission. The judges serve for a term of twelve years. The Court is headed by theChief Justice of South Africa and theDeputy Chief Justice. The Constitution requires that a matter before the Court be heard by at least eight judges. In practice, all eleven judges hear almost every case. Decisions are reached by a majority[clarification needed] and written reasons are given.
The movement for the establishment of a constitutional court in South Africa was begun in 1920 by theAfrican National Congress (ANC).[1]
By 1956,judges andliberals in the country had drawn up abill of rights in support of the creation of the court. The first meeting of selected members of the court took place in 1994. In 1995, PresidentNelson Mandela appeared at the court to deliver a speech for its commissioning. According toSouth African History Online Mandela said, "The last time I appeared in court was to hear whether or not I was going to be sentenced to death. Fortunately for myself and my colleagues we were not. Today I rise not as an accused, but on behalf of the people of South Africa, to inaugurate a court South Africa has never had, a court on which hinges the future of our democracy."[2]
Constitution Hill is the seat of the Constitutional Court of South Africa. The Constitution Hill precinct is located at 11 Kotze Street inBraamfontein,Johannesburg near the western end of the suburb ofHillbrow. The Hill overlooks downtownJohannesburg to the South and the wealthy northern suburbs ofHoughton,Parktown andSandton to the north.
The court building was constructed using bricks from the demolished awaiting-trial wing of the former prison. Most of the prison was demolished to make way for the new court, but the stairwells were kept and incorporated into the new building as a reminder of the Constitution's transformative aspirations. Inside the main room, a row of horizontal windows has been set up behind the seats of the judges. While the windows are at head-height on the inside, they are on ground level on the outside. Those sitting in the court consequently have a view of the feet of passersby moving along, above the heads of the judges, to remind them that in a constitutional democracy the role of judges is to act in the interests of the people of the nation, rather than in their own self-interest.[3] The first court session in the new building at this location was held in February 2004. The court building is open to the public who want to attend hearings or view theart gallery in the courtatrium. The court houses a collection of more than 200contemporary artworks chosen by Constitutional Court judgeAlbie Sachs, including works byGerard Sekoto,William Kentridge, andCecil Skotnes.
The doors to the Court have the 27 rights of the Bill of Rights carved into them, written in all 11 official languages of South Africa. One of the stairwells from the old awaiting-trial block with the Portuguese wordsA luta continua (the struggle continues) written in lights, has been retained.
Sections 174 to 178 of the Constitution deal with the appointment of judicial officers.[4] Judges may not be members of Parliament, of the government or of political parties. To select judges theJudicial Service Commission first draws up a list of candidates, which must have at least three more names than the number of vacancies. The Commission does this after calling for nominations and holding public interviews. Then the President, after consultation with the Chief Justice and the leaders of political parties represented in the National Assembly, chooses the judges from this list.
In terms of section 176(1) of the Constitution, judges of the Constitutional Court serve for a non-renewable term of 12 years or until they reach the age of 70, whichever is earlier; but these limits may be extended by an Act of Parliament. Section 4 of the Judges' Remuneration and Conditions of Employment Act 47 of 2001 has extended the term limit to an effective term of 15 yearsincluding prior service on other courts. The effect is that judges who had served more than 3 years before their appointment to the Constitutional Court retain a 12-year term limit; those who did not, have a longer tenure. The same section extends the retirement age to 75. However, in terms of section 3(2)(b), if the judge has already been a judge (in any court) for 15 years by the time they reach the age of 65, they may voluntarily retire.
| Name | Born | Appt. by | Age at appt. | First day / Length of service | Mand. retirement | Opt. retirement | Previous positions | Succeeded |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mandisa Maya | 20 March 1964 (age61) inTsolo,Eastern Cape | Cyril Ramaphosa | 58 (Deputy Chief Justice) 60 (Chief Justice) | 1 September 2022 3 years, 5 months | 20 March 2034 | N/A | Eastern Cape High Court | Mogoeng Mogoeng Raymond Zondo (as Deputy Chief Justice and Chief Justice) |
| Dunstan Mlambo | c. September 1959 (age 65)inBushbuckridge,Mpumalanga | Cyril Ramaphosa | 65 | 1 August 2025 | September 2029 | N/A | Labour Court of South Africa | Sisi Khampepe Mandisa Maya (as Deputy Chief Justice) |
| Nonkosi Mhlantla | 2 May 1964 (age61) inPort Elizabeth,Eastern Cape | Jacob Zuma | 51 | 1 December 2015 10 years, 2 months | 1 December 2027 | N/A | Eastern Cape High Court Supreme Court of Appeal | Thembile Skweyiya |
| Leona Theron | 7 November 1966 (age59) inDurban,KwaZulu-Natal | Jacob Zuma | 51 | 1 July 2017 8 years, 7 months | 1 July 2029 | N/A | KwaZulu-Natal High Court | Johann van der Westhuizen |
| Steven Majiedt | 18 December 1960 (age65) inKenhardt,Northern Cape | Cyril Ramaphosa | 58 | 1 October 2019 6 years, 4 months | 18 December 2030 | N/A | Northern Cape Division | Dikgang Moseneke |
| Zukisa Tshiqi | 11 January 1961 (age65) in Cefane,Ngcobo,Eastern Cape | Cyril Ramaphosa | 58 | 1 October 2019 6 years, 4 months | 11 January 2031 | N/A | South Gauteng High Court | Bess Nkabinde |
| Jody Kollapen | 19 May 1957 (age68) inLady Selbourne, Pretoria,Gauteng | Cyril Ramaphosa | 64 | 1 January 2022 4 years, 1 month | 19 May 2027 | N/A | North Gauteng High Court | Edwin Cameron |
| Rammaka Mathopo | 28 January 1963 (age63) inGauteng | Cyril Ramaphosa | 58 | 1 January 2022 4 years, 1 month | 28 January 2033 | N/A | South Gauteng High Court | Johan Froneman |
| Owen Rogers[5] | 22 October 1958 (age67) inCape Town,Western Cape | Cyril Ramaphosa | 63 | 1 August 2022 3 years, 6 months | 22 October 2028 | N/A | Western Cape High Court Competition Appeal Court | Chris Jafta |
The judgments of the court are based on the Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land. They enforce the basic rights and freedoms of all persons. They are binding on all organs of government, including the parliament, the presidency, the police force, the army, the public service and all courts. This means that the Court has the power to declare anAct of Parliament null and void if it conflicts with the Constitution and to control executive action in the same way.
When interpreting the Constitution, the Court is required to consider international human rights law and may consider the law of other democratic countries.[8] Since the enactment of the Superior Courts Act, the Constitutional Court has had jurisdiction to hear any matter if it is in the interests of justice for it to do so.
The Court is one of many bodies created by the Constitution to defend the rights of citizens. It is concerned with matters of broad constitutional principle. Bad or incorrect conduct by state officials can be reported to the Office of thePublic Protector, formerly called theOmbudsman. TheHuman Rights Commission has been established to handle complaints of violation of human rights in daily life. The ordinary courts, notably thesmall claims courts, theMagistrates' Courts, theHigh Courts and theSupreme Court of Appeal, deal with day-to-day disputes between citizens and between citizens and the state.
The Constitutional Court has a special responsibility to parliament and the provincial legislatures. If there is a dispute in parliament or in a provincial legislature concerning whether or not legislation that has been passed and assented to is constitutional, a third of the members of the body concerned may apply to the Constitutional Court to give a ruling. Similarly, the President or the Premier of a Province may refer a bill to the Court for a decision on its constitutionality before assenting to that Bill.
The Court does not hear evidence or question witnesses. It does not decide directly whether accused persons are guilty or whether damages should be awarded to an injured person. These are matters for the ordinary courts. Its function is to determine the meaning of the Constitution in relation to matters in dispute. One consequence of this is that the Court works largely with written arguments presented to it by the parties. The hearings of the Court are intended to address particularly difficult issues raised by the written arguments of the parties.
The hearings of the Court are open to the public and the press. No cameras or recorders are ordinarily permitted. The public is invited to attend all sessions. Ordinary rules of decent dress and decorum apply.
On 30 May 2008, the judges of the Constitutional Court issued a statement reporting that they had referred Cape Judge President JudgeJohn Hlophe to the Judicial Service Commission for what they described in their statement as approaching some of them "in an improper attempt to influence this Court's pending judgement in one or more cases".[12] The statement stated further that the complaint related to four matters in which either Thint (Pty) Ltd or the Deputy President,Jacob Zuma, was involved. Judge Hlophe was reported to have rejected the allegations as "utter rubbish" and as "another ploy" to damage his reputation.
JusticesChris Jafta andBess Nkabinde had been the primary complainants and had supported the Court's complaint. Six years later, however, when the misconduct enquiry against Hlophe was pending, Jafta and Nkabinde brought a court challenge to the tribunal's jurisdiction, saying their own complaint was not legally valid.[13] Commentators slammed Jafta and Nkabinde's "cowardice", which had brought the Constitutional Court into disrepute.[14] The judges claimed, in response, that they were simply upholding the Constitution.[15] The High Court dismissed the judges' application on 26 September 2014,[16] but they appealed.[17] The Supreme Court of Appeal dismissed that appeal in March 2016, criticising Jafta and Nkabinde's damaging court application and implying that the case raised questions about their "integrity".[18] On 6 April 2016, Jafta and Nkabinde filed an appeal to the Constitutional Court – their own court – asking it to overturn the Supreme Court of Appeal's judgment.[19] They did so partly on the basis that the SCA made "hurtful" imputations about them. The Constitutional Court had already held, in 2012, that it could not hear appeals in the Hlophe matter and that any SCA judgment was final.[20]
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