| Congressional Space Medal of Honor | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | Medal |
| Awarded for | "exceptionally meritorious efforts and contributions to the welfare of the Nation and mankind" |
| Country | United States |
| Presented by | theUnited States Congress |
| Eligibility | NASAastronauts |
| Status | Active |
| Established | September 29, 1969 |
| First award | October 1, 1978 |
| Total | 28 |
| Total awarded posthumously | 17 |
 Congressional Space Medal of Honor ribbon | |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | (none) |
| Next (lower) | NASA Distinguished Service Medal NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal |
TheCongressional Space Medal of Honor was authorized by theUnited States Congress in 1969 to recognize "anyastronaut who in the performance of his or her duties has distinguished himself or herself by exceptionally meritorious efforts and contributions to the welfare of the Nation and mankind".[1] It is awarded by thepresident of the United States in Congress's name on recommendations from theadministrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The award is a separate decoration from theMedal of Honor, which is a military award for extreme bravery and gallantry in combat.
While the Congressional Space Medal of Honor is a civilian award of the United States government, it is authorized as a non-military decoration for display on U.S. military uniforms because it is awarded by a federal agency. In such cases, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor is worn as a ribbon "immediately preceding the Prisoner of War Medal".[2] DoD policy specifically prohibits wear of any non-military awards for valor or service, but the Congressional Space Medal of Honor only recognizes meritorious achievement, so it does not fall under this prohibition.[3]
To be awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, an astronaut must perform feats of extraordinary accomplishment while participating inspace flight under the authority of NASA. Typically, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor is awarded for scientific discoveries or actions of tremendous benefit to mankind. The decoration may also be awarded for extreme bravery during a space emergency or in preventing a major space disaster, or posthumously to those astronauts who die while performing a U.S. space mission. As of 2022[update], all 17 astronauts killed on US missions had been awarded the medal.
PresidentGeorge W. Bush awarded the most CSMOH with 16; 14 of them posthumous for crews of the two destroyed space shuttle flights,Challenger andColumbia. PresidentJoe Biden awarded the CSMOH toCrew Dragon Demo-2 membersDoug Hurley andBob Behnken on January 31, 2023. The 16-year hiatus from April 2006 to January 2023 is the longest gap between awards.
The medal has been awarded to 30 astronauts, of which 17 were made posthumously for those who died preparing for or during an American spaceflight. Of those 17, three died in theApollo 1 fire, seven died in theSpace ShuttleChallenger disaster, and seven in theSpace ShuttleColumbia disaster. Four of the twelve moonwalkers received the medal (Armstrong, Conrad, Shepard, and Young), but only Neil Armstrong for his lunar mission. TheNew Nine class of U.S. astronauts (the second group of astronauts selected by NASA) has the most recipients of the medal, with seven. Second isNASA Astronaut Group 8 which received five awards, four for astronauts killed in theChallenger Disaster (Shannon Lucid is the only Group 8 astronaut to receive the award who was not killed in theChallenger Disaster).
Five recipients are living, three over 80 years old.Frank Borman was the last remaining of the first six recipients of the CSMOH in 1978.
In the table below, an asterisk indicates a posthumous award.
| Photo | Name | Date | Awarded by | Notes | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Neil Armstrong (1930–2012) | October 1, 1978 | Jimmy Carter | Apollo 11 (Commander of the first lunar landing, first man to walk on the Moon) | [1][4] |
 | Frank Borman (1928–2023) | October 1, 1978 | Jimmy Carter | Apollo 8 (Commander of the first lunar orbit) | [1][5] |
.jpg) | Pete Conrad (1930–1999) | October 1, 1978 | Jimmy Carter | Skylab 2 (first Skylab Commander; responsible for salvaging the critically malfunctioning station) | [1][6] |
 | John Glenn (1921–2016) | October 1, 1978 | Jimmy Carter | Mercury-Atlas 6 (first American in orbit) | [1][7] |
_Grissom_portrait.jpg) | Gus Grissom* (1926–1967) | October 1, 1978 | Jimmy Carter | Mercury-Redstone 4,Gemini 3 (spacecraft commander of the first manned Gemini mission),Apollo 1 (spacecraft commander); died aboard Apollo 1 | [1][8] |
 | Alan Shepard (1923–1998) | October 1, 1978 | Jimmy Carter | Mercury-Redstone 3 (first American in space) | [1][9] |
.jpg) | John Young (1930–2018) | May 19, 1981 | Ronald Reagan | Commander ofSTS-1, the firstSpace Shuttle mission | [1][10] |
 | Thomas P. Stafford (1930–2024) | January 19, 1993 | George H. W. Bush | Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (U.S. Commander) | [1][11] |
 | Jim Lovell (1928–2025) | July 26, 1995 | Bill Clinton | Apollo 13 (Commander of the ill-fated mission) | [1][12] |
 | Shannon Lucid (1943–) | December 2, 1996 | Bill Clinton | Longest female spaceflight (passed bySunita Williams) | [1][13] |
 | Roger Chaffee* (1935–1967) | December 17, 1997 | Bill Clinton | Died aboardApollo 1 | [1][14] |
 | Ed White* (1930–1967) | December 17, 1997 | Bill Clinton | Gemini 4 (first U.S.space walk) andApollo 1; died aboard Apollo 1 | [1][14] |
 | William Shepherd (1949–) | January 15, 2003 | George W. Bush | Expedition 1 (first ISS Commander) | [1][15] |
 | Rick Husband* (1957–2003) | February 3, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-107 (died aboardColumbia) | [1][16] |
 | Willie McCool* (1961–2003) | February 3, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-107 (died aboardColumbia) | [1][16] |
 | Michael P. Anderson* (1959–2003) | February 3, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-107 (died aboardColumbia) | [1][16] |
 | Kalpana Chawla* (1962–2003) | February 3, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-107 (died aboardColumbia) | [1][16] |
 | David M. Brown* (1956–2003) | February 3, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-107 (died aboardColumbia) | [1][16] |
 | Laurel Clark* (1961–2003) | February 3, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-107 (died aboardColumbia) | [1][16] |
 | Ilan Ramon* (1954–2003) | February 3, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-107 (died aboardColumbia, only non-U.S. citizen recipient) | [1][17] |
 | Dick Scobee* (1939–1986) | July 23, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-51-L (died aboardChallenger) | [1][18] |
.jpg) | Michael J. Smith* (1945–1986) | July 23, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-51-L (died aboardChallenger) | [1][18] |
.jpg) | Judith Resnik* (1949–1986) | July 23, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-51-L (died aboardChallenger) | [1][18] |
 | Ronald McNair* (1950–1986) | July 23, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-51-L (died aboardChallenger) | [1][18] |
.jpg) | Ellison Onizuka* (1946–1986) | July 23, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-51-L (died aboardChallenger) | [1][18] |
.jpg) | Gregory Jarvis* (1944–1986) | July 23, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-51-L (died aboardChallenger) | [1][18] |
 | Christa McAuliffe* (1948–1986) | July 23, 2004 | George W. Bush | STS-51-L (died aboardChallenger,teacher) | [1][18] |
 | Robert Crippen (1937–) | April 26, 2006 | George W. Bush | STS-1 (firstSpace Shuttle flight, Pilot) | [1][19] |
 | Doug Hurley (1966–) | January 31, 2023 | Joe Biden | Crew Dragon Demo-2 (first Astronaut crew into orbit aboard commercial vehicle, Commander) | [20] |
 | Bob Behnken (1970–) | January 31, 2023 | Joe Biden | Crew Dragon Demo-2 (first Astronaut crew into orbit aboard commercial vehicle, Pilot) | [20] |
