The 1925concordat (agreement) between theHoly See and theSecond Polish Republic had 27 articles, which guaranteed the freedom of the Church and the faithful. It regulated the usual points of interests, Catholic instruction in primary schools and secondary schools, nomination of bishops, establishment ofseminaries, a permanentnuncio inWarsaw, who also represents the interests of the Holy See inGdańsk.[1][2] It was considered one of the most favorable concordats for the Holy See, and would become a basis for many future concordats.
The Roman Catholic religion was the religion of majority of the citizens in the Second Polish Republic (see alsodemographics of the Second Republic). ThePolish constitution of 1921 stipulated in Article 114 that the "Roman Catholic faith, the religion of majority of the nation, takes first place among the equally important faiths in the country. The Roman Catholic Church governs itself. Relation to the Church will be determined based on the treaty with the Holy See, upon ratification by theSejm (Polish parliament)."[3] The negotiations started in 1921, and the Polish side (Minister of Religion and Education,Maciej Rataj, lawyerWładysław Abraham and bishopAdolf Szelążek) drafted a proposal by 1923.[3] Then the negotiations were taken over byStanisław Grabski, who represented theendecja faction, then dominant in the government.[3] The negotiations between Grabski andFrancesco Borgongini Duca spanned four months and 23 meetings in Rome.[4] The concordat was signed on 10 February byPietro Gasparri,Cardinal Secretary of State for the Holy See and Stanisław Grabski and Wladyslaw Skrzyński for Poland.[3][5]
The text concordat was published in Poland inDziennik Ustaw. It was presented to Sejm for ratification on 24 March.[3] It was criticized by the representatives of non-Catholic minorities (such as the Ukrainians), as well as by the socialist and communist members of the parliament, but the center-right conservatives and Catholic representatives had the majority and were supportive of the treaty.[3] It was ratified on 27 March.[6]
Under the concordat, the Church enjoyed full protection of the State and prayed for the leaders of Poland during Sunday mass and on 3 May.[2] Clerics made a solemn oath of allegiance to the Polish State.[7] If clergy were under accusation, trial documents would be forwarded to ecclesiastical authorities if clergy were accused of crimes. If convicted, they would not serve incarceration in jails but would be handed over to Church authorities for internment in a monastery or convent.[8] The concordat extended to theLatin Church in five ecclesiastical provinces:Gniezno andPoznań, Warsaw,Wilno,Lwów andKraków. It applied as well toEastern Catholics of theUkrainian Greek Catholic Church in Lwów, andPrzemyśl, and to theArmenian Catholic Church in Lwów.[9] For religious celebration in the specific rites, Canon law was required to be observed.[10] Catholic instruction was mandatory in all public schools, except universities.[11] In Article 24, the Church and State recognized each other's property rights seeming in part from the time of partition before 1918. This meant that property rights and real estate titles of the Church were respected. A later agreement was to define the status of expropriated Church properties, and until that time, the State would pay Church dotations for its clergy. The concordat stipulated that no part of Polish territory could be placed under the jurisdiction of a bishop outside of Poland[12] or not of Polish citizenship.[13]
On paper, the concordat seemed to be a victory for the church. But Polish bishops felt forced to take measures against early violations, in the area of marriage legislation and property rights.Pope Pius XI was supportive of this and of episcopal initiatives to have their own plenary meetings.[14]
The concordat caused a severe conflict between Holy See andLithuania. The concordat established an ecclesiastical province in Wilno, thereby acknowledging Poland's claims to the city despite Lithuanian requests to govern the province directly from Rome.[15] Lithuania and Poland had been in a bitter struggle for thecity and the surrounding area since 1920 when the city was taken over by pro-Polish forces duringŻeligowski's Mutiny. Lithuanians submitted a protest to the Holy See and recalled its representative there; the Holy See responded in kind and all diplomatic relations between Lithuania and the Holy See were terminated.[15] In April 1926,Pope Pius XI unilaterally established and reorganized the Lithuanian ecclesiastical province without regard to Lithuanian demands and proposals.[16] Popular outrage in response to the concordat was one of the reasons that theLithuanian Christian Democratic Party, the leading pro-Catholic party in Lithuania, lost the majority in the1926 parliamentary elections.[16]
As a result, a weak coalition government was formed, which, in turn, inspired the1926 Lithuanian coup d'état. Lithuanian relations with the Holy See were normalized a few months later, on 4 June 1927, when a concordat was signed betweenCardinal Secretary of StatePietro Gasparri for the Holy See and Dr.Jurgis Šaulys for Lithuania. The improvements in 1927 were mostly due to the efforts of Prime MinisterAugustinas Voldemaras.[17]
During World War II, the Holy See hadappointed German and Slovak priests to Polish parishes, violating the concordat.[13] The actions were condemned byPolish government-in-exile, which considered it a betrayal: "Pius XII's decision is tantamount to the acceptance of illegal German demands and comprises an unfriendly act towards the Polish people".[18]
On 12 September 1945, thecommunist-dominatedPolish Provisional Government issued declaration that concordat is no longer valid, citing the violations by the Church. The view was not shared by the Holy See and many Polish priests, such asStefan Wyszyński, who considered the concordat to have been ended by only the Polish side by a declaration.[nb 1]
Not only Poland but also the other Eastern European countries underSoviet control cancelled their concordats with the Holy See after 1945, which can be seen as a part of thePersecutions against the Catholic Church during the pontificate of Pope Pius XII.