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TheConcierto de Aranjuez ([konˈθjeɾ.toðea.ɾaŋˈxweθ], "Aranjuez Concerto") is aconcerto forclassical guitar by the Spanish composerJoaquín Rodrigo. Written in 1939, it is by far Rodrigo's best-known work, and its success established his reputation as one of the most significant Spanish composers of the 20th century.
TheConcierto de Aranjuez was inspired by the gardens at theRoyal Palace of Aranjuez, the spring resort palace and gardens built byPhilip II in the last half of the 16th century and rebuilt in the middle of the 18th century byFerdinand VI. The work attempts to transport the listener to another place and time through the evocation of the sounds of nature.
According to the composer, the first movement is "animated by a rhythmic spirit and vigour without either of the two themes... interrupting its relentless pace"; the second movement "represents a dialogue betweenclassical guitar and solo instruments (cor anglais,bassoon,oboe,horn etc.)"; and the last movement "recalls a courtly dance in which the combination of double and triple time maintains a taut tempo right to the closing bar." He described the concerto itself as capturing "the fragrance of magnolias, the singing of birds, and the gushing of fountains" in the gardens of Aranjuez.
Rodrigo and his wife Victoria stayed silent for many years about the inspiration for the second movement, and thus the popular belief grew that it was inspired by thebombing of Guernica in 1937. In her autobiography, Victoria eventually declared that it was both an evocation of the happy days of their honeymoon and a response to Rodrigo's devastation at the miscarriage of their first pregnancy.[1] It was composed in 1939 in Paris.
Rodrigo dedicated theConcierto de Aranjuez toRegino Sainz de la Maza.[2]
Rodrigo, nearly blind since age three, was a pianist.[3] He did not play the guitar, yet he still managed to capture and project the role of the guitar in Spanish music.[4]
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Composed in early 1939, in Paris, amid the tensions of theimpending war, it was the first work Rodrigo wrote for guitar and orchestra.
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The premiere of theConcierto de Aranjuez was held on 9 November 1940 at thePalau de la Música Catalana, inBarcelona. It was performed by guitaristRegino Sainz de la Maza with theOrquesta Filarmónica de Barcelona conducted byCésar Mendoza Lasalle.
On 11 December 1940, the concerto received its first performance inMadrid, at the Teatro Español de Madrid conducted byJesús Arámbarri, with the same soloist. The United States premiere was given byRey de la Torre on 19 November 1959, with theCleveland Orchestra conducted byRobert Shaw.
This concerto is in three movements,Allegro con spirito,Adagio andAllegro gentile. The first and last movements are inD major, while the famous middle movement is inB minor. Along with the solo guitar, it is scored for an orchestra consisting of twoflutes (one doubling onpiccolo), twooboes (one doubling oncor anglais), twoclarinets in B♭, twobassoons, twohorns in F, twotrumpets in C, andstrings.
The first movement's 40-measure introduction begins with the solo guitar strumming a three-measure theme in6
8. The theme is made oftonic,supertonic, anddominant chords and features aflamenco-likehemiola rhythm. As it repeats several times, the tonic chord's uppermost note gets higher, starting with thethird, then using the fifth, the tonic, and the fifth again.
The second movement inB minor, the best-known of the three, is marked by its slow pace and quiet melody, introduced by thecor anglais, with a soft accompaniment by the guitar and strings. A feeling of quiet regret permeates the piece. Ornamentation is added gradually to the melody in the beginning. An off-tonic trill in the guitar creates the first seeds of tension in the piece; they grow and take hold, but relax back to the melody periodically. Eventually, a climactic build-up starts. This breaks back into the main melody, molto appassionato, voiced by the strings with accompaniment from the woodwinds. The piece finally resolves to a calm arpeggio from the guitar, though it is the strings in the background rather than the guitar's final note that resolve the piece.
The third movement is in mixedmetre, alternating between2
4 and3
4. At the beginning of the movement, four-measure phrases containing 9 beats in total are formed from one3
4 measure followed by three2
4 measures. As the movement progresses, the metre becomes more irregular. It begins with the guitar starting the theme in the "wrong" key ofB major, but the orchestra restates it in the home key of D major.
The concerto was recorded for the first time in either 1947 or 1948 by guitaristRegino Sainz de la Maza with theOrquesta Nacional de España, conducted byAtaúlfo Argenta, on 78 rpm records.[5] This recording was inducted into theLatin Grammy Hall of Fame.[6]Narciso Yepes then made two early recordings of the Aranjuez, both also with Argenta[7] – one in mono with the Madrid Chamber Orchestra (released between 1953 and 1955),[8] and the second in stereo with the Orquesta Nacional de España (recorded in 1957 and released in 1959).[9] AlthoughIda Presti gave the French premiere of theConcierto de Aranjuez in 1948,[10] the first femaleclassical guitarist to record the concerto wasRenata Tarragó (1958 or 1959) – who played with fingertips rather than fingernails – accompanied by the Orquesta de Conciertos de Madrid, conducted byOdón Alonso. William Yeoman provides a discographical survey of recordings of the concerto inGramophone magazine.[11] Due to his extremely lengthy recording career,Julian Bream had ample room to record Joaquín Rodrigo's "Concierto de Aranjuez" five times. Four of those recordings appeared on record albums and one was recorded on film for the final segment of the film series¡Guitarra! A Musical Journey Through Spain. Each time Julian Bream used a different combination of orchestra and conductor.[12]Charo has played the Concerto in concert and in an album.
Until asked to perform and interpretConcierto de Aranjuez in 1991, the Spanish flamenco guitaristPaco de Lucía was not proficient at readingmusical notation, andJosé María Gallardo Del Rey advised and directed him musically. De Lucía claimed inPaco de Lucía-Light and Shade: A Portrait that he gave greater emphasis to rhythmical accuracy in his interpretation of the Concierto at the expense of the perfect tone preferred byclassical guitarists.[13] Composer Joaquín Rodrigo later declared that no one had ever played his composition in such a brilliant manner[citation needed].
At the request ofNicanor Zabaleta, Rodrigo transcribed the Concierto for harp and orchestra in 1974.[14]
Jazz musicianMiles Davis reinterpreted the second movement of the work on his albumSketches of Spain (1960), in the company of arrangerGil Evans. Davis stated: "That melody is so strong that the softer you play it, the stronger it gets, and the stronger you play it, the weaker it gets."[15] Columbia, the label that released Sketches of Spain, had not asked the composer for permission to record or adapt his music, and Rodrigo did not learn of the recording until after its release in 1960, when the blind jazz pianistTete Montoliu, who claimed to have been the first person in Spain to own a copy of the album, played it for the maestro and his family. Rodrigo was irate that the American record label had used his music without permission.[16] Aside from the fact that he, as the composer, had not been asked for permission, “which he considered a violation of moral rights," Rodrigo also tried to block the jazz and pop recordings from being released, before realizing, "In the end, the composer resigned himself to accept the fact that the pop versions reached a far greater public than that of classical music concertgoers, and led to much wider recognition of the original classical concerto for guitar and orchestra,Concierto de Aranjuez."[17] In fact, "Rodrigo changed his mind and came to accept the subsequent jazz recordings of his music in part because the legal terms of use were resolved (Ediciones Joaquín Rodrigo now owns the Gil Evans arrangement), but also in part because these versions, far from obliterating the original guitar concerto, have helped disseminate it."[18] The composer's wife,Victoria Kamhi, was very harsh in her memoir, however, referring to the Miles Davis recording as "an act of piracy."[19] She described how Rodrigo attempted to sue theSGAE in February 1967 in thePalace of Justice for authorizing the transcription of the Concierto for trumpet and jazz, which Davis recorded, but, "we lost the case, for the judge's opinion was that, since Miles Davis' record had granted authors' rights to Joaquín, he had no redress against the SGAE."[20]
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On 30 December 1991, Rodrigo was raised to theSpanish nobility by KingJuan Carlos I with the title ofMarqués de los Jardines de Aranjuez (English:Marquess of theGardens of Aranjuez).[27]
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{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
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