Conch Republic | |
|---|---|
| Micronation (unrecognized entity) | |
 Flag of the Conch Republic | |
 | |
| Area claimed | Key West, Florida, US |
| Claimed by | Dennis Wardlow (mayor of Key West) |
| Dates claimed | April 23, 1982–present |
 The sign "WELCOME TO THE CONCH REPUBLIC" greets those arriving atKey West International Airport. | |
TheConch Republic (/ˈkɒŋk/) is amicronation declared as asecession of the city ofKey West, Florida, from the United States on April 23, 1982. It has been maintained as a tourism booster for the city. Since then, the term "Conch Republic" has been expanded to refer to "all of theFlorida Keys, or, that geographic apportionment of land that falls within the legally defined boundaries ofMonroe County, Florida, northward to 'Skeeter's Last Chance Saloon' inFlorida City,Dade County, Florida, with Key West as the micronation's capital and all territories north of Key West being referred to as 'The Northern Territories'".[1]
While the protests that sparked the creation of the Conch Republic (and others since then) have been described by some as "tongue-in-cheek", they were motivated by frustrations over genuine concerns. The original protest event was motivated by aU.S. Border Patrol roadblock and checkpoint that greatly inconvenienced residents and tourists.
The Conch Republic celebratesIndependence Day every April 23 as part of a week-long festival of activities involving numerous businesses in Key West[2] including local rum distilleries likeChef Distilled.[3] The organization—a "Sovereign State of Mind", seeking only to bring more "humor, warmth and respect" to a world in sore need of all three according to its late secretary general, Peter Anderson—is a key tourism booster for the area.[4]
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In 1982, theUnited States Border Patrol set up a roadblock and inspection point onUS 1 just north of the merger ofMonroe County Road 905A/Miami-Dade County Road 905A onto US 1 (the only two roads connecting the Florida Keys with the mainland), in front of the Last Chance Saloon just south ofFlorida City. Vehicles were stopped and searched fornarcotics andillegal immigrants.
The Key West City Council complained repeatedly about the inconvenience for travelers to and from Key West, claiming that it hurt the Keys' important tourism industry.Eastern Air Lines, which had a hub atMiami International Airport, saw a window of opportunity when the roadblocks were established; Eastern was at the time the only airline to establishjet service toKey West International Airport, counting on travelers from Key West to Miami preferring to fly rather than to wait for police to search their vehicles. When the city council's complaints went unanswered by the U.S. federal government and attempts to get aninjunction against the roadblock failed in court, as a form of protest MayorDennis Wardlow and the council declared Key West's independence on April 23, 1982. In the eyes of the council, since the U.S. federal government had set up the equivalent of a border station as if they were a foreign nation, they might as well become one. As many of the local citizens were referred to asConchs, the micronation took the name of the Conch Republic.
As part of the protest, Mayor Wardlow was proclaimed prime minister of the republic, which immediatelydeclared war against the United States (symbolically breaking a loaf of staleCuban bread over the head of a man dressed in a naval uniform), quickly surrendered after one minute (to the man in the uniform), and applied for one billiondollars inforeign aid.
Conch Republic officials were invited to theSummit of the Americas in Miami in 1994, and Conch representatives were officially invited to 1995's Florida Jubilee.[5]
The faux secession and the events surrounding it generated great publicity for the Keys' plight—the roadblock and inspection station were removed soon afterward. It also resulted in the creation of a new avenue of tourism for the Keys.
On September 20, 1995, it was reported that the478th Civil Affairs Battalion of theUnited States Army Reserve was to conduct a training exercise simulating an invasion of a foreign island. They were to land on Key West and conduct affairs as if the islanders were foreign. However, no one from the 478th notified Conch officials of the exercise.
Seeing another chance at publicity, Wardlow and the forces behind the 1982 Conch Republic secession mobilized the island for a full-scale war, sending the schoonerWestern Union out to attack an incoming Coast Guard cutter with water balloons,conch fritters and stale Cuban bread (to which the Coast Guard responded with their fire hoses, quickly ending the battle), and protested to theDepartment of Defense for arranging this exercise without consulting the city officials. The leaders of the 478th issued an apology the next day, saying they "in no way meant to challenge or impugn the sovereignty of the Conch Republic", and submitted to a surrender ceremony on September 22.[6]
During theU.S. federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, as a protest, the republic sent a flotilla of Conch Navy, civilian, and fire department boats toFort Jefferson, located inDry Tortugas National Park, to reopen it. The action was dubbed a "full-scale invasion" by the Conch Republic. Inspired by efforts of theSmithsonian Institution to keep its museums open by private donations, local residents had raised private money to keep the park running (as a closed park would damage the tourist-dependent local economy), but could find no one to accept the money and reopen the park.[7]
When officials attempted to enter the monument, they were cited. When the citation was contested in court the following year, the resultant case,The United States of America v. Peter Anderson, was quickly dropped.[8]
On January 13, 2006, Peter Anderson (the defendant in the Dry Tortugas case from 1995 to 1996) purported to annex the abandoned span ofSeven Mile Bridge, which had been replaced by a parallel span in 1982. The move was in response to a recent event regarding Cubanrefugees. On the previous January 4, fifteen Cuban refugees reached the bridge, but were returned to Cuba by the U.S. Border Patrol because the U.S. government had declared the bridge a "wet feet" location under thewet feet, dry feet policy. The rationale was that, since two sections of the span had been removed and it was no longer connected to land, it was not part of U.S. territory subject to the "dry feet" rule, and thus the refugees could not stay.
Anderson, seizing upon the U.S.'s apparent disavowal of the abandoned span, claimed it for the Republic. He expressed hope to use the bridge for affordable, ecologically friendly housing. In response, Russel Schweiss, spokesman for Florida governorJeb Bush, declared, "With all due respect to the Conch Republic, the bridge belongs to all the people of Florida, and we're not currently in negotiations to sell it."[9] The refugee decision was later overturned, but only after the refugees had been returned to Cuba.
In another protest, beginning in 2008, the northern keys including Key Largo formed a separation of the Conch Republic known as the Independent Northernmost Territories of the Conch Republic. Proponents claim this separation is a result of disagreements over the definition and use of the term "Conch Republic".[10]
As of 2022, thesouthernmost point buoy mentions the Conch Republic.
Through their website, the republic issuespassports as souvenirs, but some have evidently bought them in the mistaken belief they are legitimate travel and identity documents. Shortly after theSeptember 11 attacks, FBI investigators thought that hijackerMohamed Atta had possibly purchased a Conch Republic passport[11] from the website.International vehicle registration code stickers can also be purchased from vendors in Key West, bearing the initials "KW" and "CR"—the country codes for Kuwait and Costa Rica, respectively.
The Conch Republic actively maintains an Army, Navy, and Air Force whose primary duties are to help re-enact the Great Sea Battle of 1982 and the retaking ofFort Jefferson. TheConch Republic Navy comprises no fewer than 10 civilian boats and the schoonerWolf under the command ofAdmiralFinbar Gittelman. The Army consists of the 1st Conch Artillery, garrisoned inFort Taylor.[12]
The Conch Republic Air Force has more than a dozen appointed aircraft in its fleet. The flagship, a 1942 Waco, was flown byFred R. Cabanas, a legendary stunt pilot and ambassador for the Conch Republic at air shows worldwide.[13] He flew "Conch Fury" in the 2005 Reno Air Races. Fred was declared General of the Air Force by the mayor of Key West after intercepting a defecting CubanMiG-23 with hisPitts Special in 1991.[14] Following his death in January 2013,[15] Fred was succeeded by his son, Raymond Cabanas.[16]
Some of the action inJoe Haldeman's 1989 science fiction novelBuying Time (published in UK asThe Long Habit of Living) takes place in the Conch Republic, a lawless place where assassination and other activities are perfectly legal.
Science fiction writerSpider Robinson'sCallahan's Crosstime Saloon series—about an Irish bar full of time travellers, aliens and musicians—find themselves relocated to the Conch Republic in the 2000 novelCallahan's Key.
In 1994, Joe and Meri-Lynn Britz wrote the national anthem for the Conch Republic, "Conch Republic".[17] It was recorded by the Key Lime Pie band and voted on and accepted by the city of Key West City Commissioners.
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