Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Multilateral free trade agreement
For the agreement it superseded, seeTrans-Pacific Partnership.

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
  Member states
TypeFree Trade Agreement andEconomic Integration Agreement
Signed8 March 2018
LocationSantiago,Chile
Sealed23 January 2018
Effective30 December 2018
Condition60 days after ratification by 50% of the signatories, or after six signatories have ratified
Parties
DepositaryGovernment of New Zealand
Languages

TheComprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), previously abbreviated asTPP11 orTPP-11 before enlargement,[1][2][3] is amultilateraltrade agreement betweenAustralia,Brunei,Canada,Chile,Japan,Malaysia,Mexico,New Zealand,Peru,Singapore, theUnited Kingdom andVietnam.

The twelve members have combined economies representing 14.4% of globalgross domestic product, at approximatelyUS$15.8 trillion, making the CPTPP the world's fourth largestfree trade area by GDP, behind theUnited States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, theEuropean single market, and theRegional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.

History

[edit]

Trans-Pacific Partnership

[edit]

The CPTPP evolved from theTrans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) abbreviated as TPP11 or TPP-11,[4] an agreement which was never ratified due to the withdrawal of the United States.[5]

The TPP had been signed on 4 February 2016 but never entered into force, as the U.S. withdrew from the agreement soon after the election of PresidentDonald Trump.[6] All other TPP signatories agreed in May 2017 to revive the agreement,[7] withShinzo Abe's administration in Japan widely reported as taking the leading role in place of the U.S.[8][9]

Establishment of the CPTPP

[edit]

In January 2018, the CPTPP was created as a succeeding agreement, retaining two-thirds of its predecessor's provisions; 22 measures favored by the U.S. but contested by other signatories were suspended, while the threshold for enactment was lowered so as not to require U.S. accession.[10][11]

The agreement to establish the CPTPP was signed on 8 March 2018 byAustralia,Brunei,Canada,Chile,Japan,Malaysia,Mexico,New Zealand,Peru,Singapore, andVietnam, with the ceremony held in Santiago, Chile.[12][13] The agreement specifies that its provisions enter into effect 60 days after ratification by at least half the signatories (six of the eleven participating countries).[10] On 31 October 2018, Australia was the sixth nation to ratify the agreement; it subsequentlycame into force for the initial six ratifying countries on 30 December 2018.[14]

Negotiations

[edit]

During the round of negotiations held concurrently with theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forumin Vietnam in November 2017, theCanadian prime ministerJustin Trudeau refused to sign the agreement in principle, stating reservations about the provisions on culture andautomotives. Media outlets in Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, which strongly supported quick movement on a deal, strongly criticized what they portrayed as Canadian sabotage.[15]

Canada insisted thatcultural andlanguage rights, specifically related to itsFrench-speaking minority, be protected.[16]

However, Canada's major reservation was a conflict between the percentage of avehicle that must originate in a CPTPP member nation to entertariff-free, which was 45% under the original TPP language and 62.5% under theNAFTA agreement. Japan, which is a major automobile part exporter, strongly supported lower requirements.[15] In January 2018, Canada announced that it would sign the CPTPP after obtaining binding side letters on culture with every other CPTPP member country, as well as bilateral agreements with Japan, Malaysia, and Australia related tonon-tariff barriers. Canada's Auto Parts Manufacturers' Association sharply criticized increasing the percentages of automobile parts that may be imported tariff-free, noting that the United States was moving in the opposite direction by demanding stricter importation standards in the NAFTA renegotiation, laterUSMCA.[16]

In February 2019, Canada'sJim Carr,Minister of International Trade Diversification, delivered a keynote address at a seminar concerning CPTPP - Expanding Your Business Horizons, reaching out to businesses stating the utilisation of the agreement provides a bridge that will enable people,goods and services to be shared more easily.[17]

Chapters

[edit]

TPP modification and incorporation

[edit]

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) incorporatesmost of the provisions of the abandoned Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement, usingmutatis mutandis.[18][19] Several clauses within Article 30 of the TPP were suspended for the CPTPP, including:

  • Accession (30.4)[18]
  • Entry into Force (30.5)[18]
  • Withdrawal (30.6)[18]
  • Authentic Texts (30.8).[18]

The final text of CPTPP was mostly identical to theoriginal TPP, except for some provisions advanced by theUnited States under the TPP, but not supported by the other members. In theintellectual property chapter,copyright andpatent terms were shortened relative to TPP, and standards for digital IP protections were eliminated. Provisions allowing use ofinvestor–state dispute settlements forinvestment agreements and authorizations were also rescinded.[11] In summary, the CPTPP amends aspects of the followingTPP chapters:

  • Chapter 9: Investment[18]
  • Chapter 10: Cross-Border Trade in Services[18]
  • Chapter 11: Financial Services[18]
  • Chapter 13: Telecommunications[18]
  • Chapter 15: Government Procurement[18]
  • Chapter 18: Intellectual Property[18]
  • Chapter 20: Environment[18]
  • Chapter 26: Transparency and Anti-Corruption.[18]

CPTPP Chapters

[edit]

There are currently 30 chapters in the CPTPP Agreement listed below:[20][21]

  Amended TPP Chapters
NoAreaNoArea
Chapter 1Initial Provisions and General DefinitionsChapter 16Competition Policy
Chapter 2National Treatment andMarket Access for GoodsChapter 17State-Owned Enterprises andDesignated Monopolies
Chapter 3Rules of Origin and Origin ProceduresChapter 18Intellectual Property
Chapter 4Textile andApparel GoodsChapter 19Labour
Chapter 5Customs Administration and Trade FacilitationChapter 20Environment
Chapter 6Trade RemediesChapter 21Cooperation andCapacity Building
Chapter 7Sanitary and Phytosanitary MeasuresChapter 22Competitiveness andBusiness Facilitation
Chapter 8Technical Barriers to TradeChapter 23Development
Chapter 9InvestmentChapter 24Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
Chapter 10Cross-BorderTrade in ServicesChapter 25Regulatory Coherence
Chapter 11Financial ServicesChapter 26Transparency andAnti-corruption
Chapter 12Temporary Entry for Business PersonsChapter 27Administrative and Institutional Provisions
Chapter 13TelecommunicationsChapter 28Dispute Settlement
Chapter 14Electronic CommerceChapter 28Exceptions and General Provisions
Chapter 15Government ProcurementChapter 30Final Provisions

Chapter 2: Goods

[edit]

The chapter on goods requires the elimination of most tariffs between members and the final elimination of approx 99% of tariff lines.[21]

Chapter 14: E-commerce

[edit]

Thee-commerce chapter of the CPTPP mandates that signatories adopt or at the very least maintain laws forconsumer protection with the aim to fightfraud and deceptive commercial activities.[22]

Chapter 17: State Owned Enterprise

[edit]

The chapter onstate-owned enterprises (SOEs) requires signatories to share information about SOEs with each other, with the intent of engaging with the issue of state intervention in markets. It includes the most detailed standards forintellectual property of any trade agreement, as well as protections againstIntellectual property infringement against corporations operating abroad.[11][23]

Membership

[edit]
Main article:Member states of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

Legislative process

[edit]

An overview of the legislative process in selected states is shown below:

SignatorySignature[12]InstitutionConclusion dateIn favourAgainstABDepositedEffectiveRef.
Mexico8 March 2018Senate24 April 2018732428 June 201830 December 2018[24][25][26]
Presidential Assent21 May 2018Granted
Japan8 March 2018House of Representatives18 May 2018Majority approval (Standing vote)6 July 201830 December 2018[27][28][29]
House of Councillors13 June 201816869
Singapore8 March 2018No parliamentary approval required19 July 201830 December 2018[30][31]
New Zealand8 March 2018House of Representatives24 October 2018111825 October 201830 December 2018[32][33]
Royal assent25 October 2018Granted
Canada8 March 2018House of Commons16 October 201823644129 October 201830 December 2018[34][35]
[36][37]
Senate25 October 2018Majority approval (Voice vote)
Royal assent25 October 2018Granted
Australia8 March 2018House of Representatives19 September 2018Majority approval (Standing vote)31 October 201830 December 2018[38][39][40]
[41][42]
Senate17 October 20183315
Royal assent19 October 2018Granted
Vietnam8 March 2018National Assembly12 November 201846901615 November 201814 January 2019[43][44][45]
Peru8 March 2018Congress14 July 2021970921 July 202119 September 2021[46][47]
Malaysia8 March 2018Cabinet of Malaysia30 September 202229 November 2022[48][49]
[50][51]
Chile8 March 2018Chamber of Deputies17 April 20197768223 December 202221 February 2023[52][53]
[54][55]
Senate11 October 202227101
Brunei8 March 2018No parliamentary approval required13 May 202312 July 2023[56][57]
United Kingdom16 July 2023House of Lords23 January 2024Majority approval (Voice vote)17 May 202415 December 2024[58][59][60]
[61][62][63]
House of Commons19 March 2024Majority approval (Voice vote)
Royal assent20 March 2024Granted

Ratifications

[edit]

On 28 June 2018,Mexico became the first country to finish its domesticratification procedure of the CPTPP, withPresidentEnrique Peña Nieto stating, "With this new generation agreement, Mexico diversifies its economic relations with the world and demonstrates its commitment to openness andfree trade".[24][25]

On 6 July 2018,Japan became the second country to ratify the agreement.[27][64]

On 19 July 2018,Singapore became the third country to ratify the agreement and deposit its instrument of ratification.[30][65]

On 17 October 2018, the Australian Federal Parliament passed relevant legislation through theSenate.[66] The official ratification was deposited on 31 October 2018. This two-week gap madeAustralia the sixth signatory to deposit its ratification of the agreement, and it came into force 60 days later.[40]

On 25 October 2018,New Zealand ratified the CPTPP, increasing the number of countries that had formally ratified the agreement to four.[33]

Also on 25 October 2018,Canada passed and was granted royal assent on the enabling legislation.[36] The official ratification was deposited on 29 October 2018.[34][35][37]

On 2 November 2018, the CPTPP and related documents were submitted to theNational Assembly ofVietnam for ratification.[67] On 12 November 2018, the National Assembly passed a resolution unanimously ratifying the CPTPP.[68] The Vietnamese government officially notifiedNew Zealand of its ratification on 15 November 2018.[43]

On 14 July 2021, the CPTPP was approved by theCongress of the Republic of Peru. The official ratification was deposited on 21 July 2021.[46]

On 30 September 2022,Malaysia ratified the CPTPP and deposited its instrument of ratification.[51][50]

On 17 April 2019, the CPTPP was approved by theChamber of Deputies of Chile. The final round of approval in theSenate was scheduled for November 2019, after being approved by its Commission of Constitution.[69] However, due toa series of massive protests against the government ofSebastián Piñera, the ratification process was paused. Only in 2022, the ratification process was resumed after a new Congress and a new President were elected. Despite the public opposition ofGabriel Boric to the treaty before his election as President, the new administration did not interfere in the voting. The CPTPP was approved in the Senate with 27 votes in favor (mainly from the right-wing opposition and some center-left politicians) and 10 against, mostly by members of the ruling coalition.[70] The treaty was deposited on 23 December, once severalside letters were negotiated with the other signatories in specific topics considered harmful by the Chilean government.[71] On 23 February 2023, Boric ratified Chile's entry to TPP-11.[72]

On 13 May 2023,Brunei ratified the CPTPP and deposited its instrument of ratification.[56]

Entry into force

[edit]

The agreement came into effect 60 days after ratification and deposit of accession documents by at least half the signatories (six of the eleven signatories).[10] Australia was the sixth country to ratify the agreement, which was deposited with New Zealand on 31 October 2018, and consequently the agreementcame into force betweenAustralia,Canada,Japan,Mexico,New Zealand, andSingapore on 30 December 2018.[31]

On 1 January 2019,Australia,Canada,Mexico,New Zealand, andSingapore implemented a second round of tariff cuts.Japan's second tariff cut took place on 1 April 2019.[37]

On 15 November 2018,Vietnam deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force inVietnam on 14 January 2019.[37][43][73]

On 21 July 2021,Peru deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force inPeru on 19 September 2021.[46]

On 30 September 2022,Malaysia deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force inMalaysia on 29 November 2022.[74]

On 23 December 2022,Chile deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force inChile on 21 February 2023.[72]

On 13 May 2023,Brunei deposited the accession documents, and the agreement entered into force inBrunei on 12 July 2023.[57]

CPTPP Commission

[edit]

The CPTPP Commission is the decision-making body of the CPTPP, which was established when the CPTPP entered into force on 30 December 2018.[75] The official languages of CPTPP areEnglish,French, andSpanish; English is used prevailing in the case of conflict or divergence.[76] The CPTPP commission in 2025 is chaired byAustralia.[77]

CPTPP Commission meetings
No.YearDateHostCityHost leader
1201919 JanuaryJapanTokyoPrime MinisterShinzo Abe
29 OctoberNew ZealandAucklandPrime MinisterJacinda Ardern
320205 AugustMexicoVirtual meetingPresidentAndrés Manuel López Obrador
420212 JuneJapanPrime MinisterYoshihide Suga
51 SeptemberPrime MinisterYoshihide Suga
620228 OctoberSingaporePrime MinisterLee Hsien Loong
7202316 JulyNew ZealandAucklandPrime MinisterChris Hipkins
8202428 NovemberCanadaVancouverPrime MinisterJustin Trudeau
9202520-21 NovemberAustraliaMelbournePrime MinisterAnthony Albanese

1st CPTPP Commission (2019)
Representatives from the eleven CPTPP signatories participated in the 1st CPTPP Commission meeting held inTokyo on 19 January 2019,[78] which decided:

  • A decision about the chairing and administrative arrangements for the commission and special transitional arrangements for 2019;[79]
  • A decision to establish the accession process for interested economies to join the CPTPP;[79] Annex[80]
  • A decision to create rules of procedure and a code of conduct for disputes involving Parties to the;[81] Annex;[82] Annex I[83]
  • A decision to create a code of conduct for investor-State dispute settlement.;[84] Annex[85]* Members of the CPTPP Commission also issued a joint ministerial statement on 19 January 2019.[86]

2nd CPTPP Commission (2019)
The 2nd CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 9 October 2019 inAuckland,New Zealand. Alongside the commission, the following Committees met for the first time in Auckland: Trade in Goods;Rules of Origin; Agricultural Trade; Technical Barriers to Trade; Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures; Small and Medium Sized Enterprises; State Owned Enterprises; Development; Cooperation and Capacity Building; Competitiveness and Business Facilitation; Environment; and the Labour Council. The Commission adopted two formal decisions, (i) on its Rules of Procedure under Article 27.4 and (ii) to establish a Roster of Panel Chairs as provided for under Article 28.11.[87][88]

3rd CPTPP Commission (2020)
The 3rd CPTPP Commission meeting was held virtually and hosted byMexico on 5 August 2020.[89]

4th CPTPP Commission (2021)
The 4th CPTPP Commission meeting was held virtually and hosted byJapan on 2 June 2021. The Commission decided to move forward with the application of theUnited Kingdom as an aspirant economy.[90]

5th CPTPP Commission (2021)
The 5th CPTPP Commission meeting was held virtually and hosted byJapan on 1 September 2021.[91] The Commission decided to establish a Committee on Electronic Commerce composed of government representatives of each Party.

6th CPTPP Commission (2022)
The 6th CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 8 October 2022 and hosted bySingapore.[92]

7th CPTPP Commission (2023)
The 7th CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 16 July 2023 in Auckland, New Zealand. The commission decided to establish a Committee on Customs Administration and Trade Facilitation.[93] The meeting included the formal signing of theaccession of the United Kingdom.[94]

8th CPTPP Commission (2024)
The 8th CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 28 November 2024 inVancouver, Canada.[95] The Commission decided to move forward with the application ofCosta Rica as an aspirant economy.[96]

9th CPTPP Commission (2025)
The 9th CPTPP Commission meeting was held on from 20-21 November 2025 inMelbourne, Australia.[77] On the 20 November the commission planned to finish the negotiations and addCosta Rica by years end, and declared four other countries (Uruguay, theUnited Arab Emirates, thePhilippines andIndonesia) as meeting the criteria to join the CPTPP.[97] The commission decided to move forward with the application ofUruguay as an aspirant economy first before the end of the 2025 and then with theUnited Arab Emirates, thePhilippines andIndonesia in 2026 if appropriate.[97]

Enlargement

[edit]

CPTPP rules require all twelve signatories to agree to the admission of additional members.[98] Article 34 of CPTPP states that "any State or separate customs territory that is a member ofAPEC, and any other State or separate customs territory as the Parties may agree" are eligible to accede to the agreement.[99][100]

Current applicants

Country or regionStatusApplicationNegotiations openedNegotiations concludedSignatureRef.
Costa RicaInvitation to join received11 August 202228 November 2024[101][102]
ChinaFormal application submitted16 September 2021[103][104]
TaiwanFormal application submitted
under the name of "TheSeparate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (TPKM)."		22 September 2021[105][106][107]
EcuadorFormal application submitted29 December 2021[108][109]
UruguayInvitation to join received1 December 202221 November 2025[110][111][112]
UkraineFormal application submitted5 May 2023[113][114]
IndonesiaFormal application submitted19 September 2024[115][116]
PhilippinesFormal application submittedAugust 2025[117]
United Arab EmiratesFormal application submittedAugust 2025[117]

Applicants

[edit]

China

[edit]

Chinese leaders have made aspirational statements about joining the TPP since 2013.[118]: 177  In May 2020,Chinese PremierLi Keqiang said thatChina was willing to consider joining CPTPP.[119] Meanwhile,General Secretary of the Chinese Communist PartyXi Jinping said at anAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in November 2020 that China would "actively consider" joining CPTPP.

In December 2020, Japan Foreign MinisterToshimitsu Motegi has said that "TPP-11 sets high standards for regulations on e-commerce, intellectual property and state-owned enterprises", suggesting the amount of government intervention in the Chinese economy will not meet CPTPP requirements.[120]

China's application to CPTPP is unlikely to gain traction. Although not a member of CPTPP, the U.S. can exercise the "Wrecking amendment" (Article 32.10) within theUnited States–Mexico–Canada Agreement to dissuadeCanada andMexico from voting in favour of the Chinese application.[121]

On 16 September 2021, China formally applied to join CPTPP.[104]

Japan Economy MinisterYasutoshi Nishimura was quoted by Reuters: "Japan believes that it's necessary to determine whether China, which submitted a request to join the TPP-11, is ready to meet its extremely high standards"; indicating that Japan would not support the Chinese application under the current circumstances.[122]

Former Australian Trade MinisterDan Tehan indicated that Australia would oppose China's application until China halts trade strikes against Australian exports and resumes minister-to-minister contacts with the Australian government. Also, Australia has lodged disputes against China in theWTO on restrictions imposed by China on exports of barley and wine.[123]

Costa Rica

[edit]

Costa Rica filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 11 August 2022 as part of recently elected PresidentRodrigo Chaves Robles's strategy of strengthening trade with Asian economies.[101][124] Costa Rica was invited on 28 November 2024 to begin accession talks by the CPTPP commission at its 8th meeting, an Accession Working Group for Costa Rica chaired by Peru and vice-chaired by Canada and New Zealand was created.[102][125][96] On 28 April 2025, Japan and Costa Rica agreed to work together to support Costa Rica's bid to join the trade bloc.[126] At the 9th CPTPP meeting on 20 November 2025 the commission planned to finish the negotiations and add Costa Rica by years end.[97]

Ecuador

[edit]

Ecuador filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 29 December 2021 as the country moves to reduce its reliance on oil and diversify its economy through exports.[108][109]

Indonesia

[edit]

Indonesia initially showed the least interest of three linkedASEAN members to apply to CPTPP, however continued to monitor the developments of the trade bloc, with Indonesian ambassador to the USRosan Roeslani leaving the door open but clarifying that Indonesia was not in the process of applying to CPTPP at that time.[127] In October 2023,Jakarta Globe reported that the primary reason for Indonesia's lack of interest in CPTPP was due to thegovernment's policy of reducing imported goods in its public procurement in order to develop its domestic industry, which is incompatible with CPTPP requirements for members to eliminate over 98 percent of tariffs in the free trade area.[128] In December 2023,Chief Economic Affairs MinisterAirlangga Hartarto heavily discussed CPTPP with British Trade Envoy to Indonesia,Richard Graham; this meeting occurred a few months after the UK signed the accession protocols to join CPTPP.[129] In April 2024, Hartarto conveyed Indonesia's interest in joining CPTPP toBritish Minister of State for Indo-PacificAnne-Marie Trevelyan during a meeting inLondon; Trevelyan emphasised that the UK supported Indonesia's bids to join theOECD and CPTPP.[130] On 3 June 2024, Hartarto announced that Indonesia would apply to join CPTPP in 2024, as it would be a faster method to gain access to new markets, highlighting the UK and Mexico, than negotiating individual bilateral agreements.[131]Indonesia filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 19 September 2024.[115]

Philippines

[edit]

ThePhilippines' interest in the CPTPP has remained, but the consultative process and legal analysis of the terms necessary for accession have been drawn out.[127] The Philippines previously wanted to join the TPP in 2016 underBenigno Aquino, who said that the country stood to gain from becoming a member of the trade pact.[132]Philippine Ambassador to the U.S.Jose Manuel Romualdez later clarified that the US withdrawal from TPP pushed the Philippines' application to CPTPP down the agenda, yet China's interest in acceding to CPTPP has made the trade bloc more attractive for the Philippines.[127] In July 2024, Trade Undersecretary Allan Gepty announced that the Philippines would apply for membership of CPTPP by the end of the year.[133] ThePhilippines reportedly submitted its application to the CPTPP trade pact in August 2025 according to unnamed Japanese officials.[117]

Taiwan

[edit]

Taiwan applied to join CPTPP on 22 September 2021.[134]

It had previously expressed interest to joinTPP in 2016.[135] After TPP's evolution to CPTPP in 2018, Taiwan indicated its will to continue efforts to join CPTPP.[136] In December 2020, the Taiwanese government stated that it would submit an application to join CPTPP following the conclusion of informal consultations with existing members.[137]In February 2021 again, Taiwan indicated its will to apply to join CPTPP at an appropriate time.[138] A few days after China submitted its request to join the CPTPP, Taiwan sent its own request to join the CPTPP, a move that has been one of the main policy objectives ofTsai Ing-wen's government.[139]

Ukraine

[edit]

On 1 May 2023, theUkrainian government announced its intention for the accession of Ukraine to CPTPP.[140]Ukraine aims to accelerate its efforts to restore itseconomy severely damaged by theRussian invasion.[141]Canadian Trade MinisterMary Ng expressed support for Ukraine's application.[142] Ukraine submitted a formal request to join the trade bloc on 5 May 2023.[113][114]

United Arab Emirates

[edit]

United Arab Emirates reportedly submitted its application to the CPTPP trade pact in August 2025 according to unnamed Japanese officials.[117]

Uruguay

[edit]

Uruguay filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 1 December 2022.[110] Uruguay's application received backlash fromArgentina,Brazil, andParaguay, of which make up theMercosur trade bloc, particularly followingPresidentLacelle Pou opening negotiations for afree trade agreement with China and signalling his willingness to cut deals with other countries.Paraguay's Foreign Minister Julio Arriola responded by stating that "Mercosur member states should negotiate as a bloc and via consensus and we continue in that line,” citing the organization's founding treaties.[143] In 2024 Uruguay joined the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) which adherence to was cited as being an essential requirement to join the CPTPP.[144][145] On 1 March 2025 former foreign ministerOmar Paganini stated he believes that Uruguay is poised to enter the pact with nine countries having said yes to membership and none opposed, however incumbent foreign ministerMario Lubetkin was less confident saying that Uruguay was far from reaching a deal.[146] Uruguay was formally invited to join amid the 9th CPTPP Commission meeting held in Melbourne, Australia.[112]

Existing FTAs with applicants

[edit]

The following countries have table shows the existing free trade agreements between CPTPP member states and applicants, the more existing FTAs the faster the negotiations. As listed by theWorld Trade Organization.

CountryChinaCosta RicaEcuadorIndonesia PhilippinesTaiwan United Arab EmiratesUkraineUruguay
AustraliaFree Trade Agreement,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership		nonenoneComprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement,
ASEAN Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership		ASEAN Free Trade Area,Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnershipnonenonenone
BruneiASEAN–China Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership		nonenoneASEAN Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership		ASEAN Free Trade Area,Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnershipnonenonenone
CanadanoneFree Trade AgreementnonenonenoneFree Trade Agreementnone
ChileFree Trade AgreementFree Trade AgreementGlobal System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries,
Latin American Integration Association		Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries,
Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement		nonenoneProtocol on Trade Negotiations,
Latin American Integration Association
JapanRegional Comprehensive Economic PartnershipnonenoneEconomic Partnership Agreement,
ASEAN Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership		ASEAN Free Trade Area,Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnershipnonenonenone
MalaysiaASEAN–China Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership		noneGlobal System of Trade Preferences among Developing CountriesASEAN Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership		ASEAN Free Trade Area,Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnershipnonenonenone
MexicononeFree Trade AgreementGlobal System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries,
Latin American Integration Association,
Partial Economic Agreement		Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing CountriesnonenoneProtocol on Trade Negotiations,
Latin American Integration Association
New ZealandFree Trade Agreement,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership		nonenoneASEAN Free Trade AreaASEAN Free Trade Area,Regional Comprehensive Economic PartnershipEconomic Cooperation Agreementnonenone
PeruFree Trade AgreementFree Trade AgreementAndean Community,
Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries,
Latin American Integration Association		Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing CountriesnonenoneProtocol on Trade Negotiations,
Latin American Integration Association
SingaporeFree Trade Agreement,
ASEAN–China Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership		Free Trade AgreementGlobal System of Trade Preferences among Developing CountriesASEAN Free Trade Area,
Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries		ASEAN Free Trade Area,Regional Comprehensive Economic PartnershipEconomic Partnership Agreementnonenone
United KingdomnoneCentral America Association AgreementAndean Countries–United Kingdom Trade AgreementnonenonePolitical, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreementnone
VietnamASEAN–China Free Trade Area,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership		noneGlobal System of Trade Preferences among Developing CountriesASEAN Free Trade Area,
Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries,
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership		Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnershipnonenonenone

Expressed interest

[edit]

Several countries have expressed interest in joining CPTPP since the revisions from TPP, includingColombia,South Korea, andThailand.[147]

Cambodia

[edit]

On 17 June 2025,Cambodia created a government task force to study the feasibility of joining CPTPP.[148]

European Union

[edit]

In April 2024,Finland andSweden proposed to theEuropean Union that it should deepen ties with the Asia-Pacific region including CPTPP, in addition to theIndo-Pacific Economic Framework and theRegional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.[149]

At the beginning ofhis second Presidency,US PresidentDonald Trump rapidly began imposing "Reciprocal tariffs" on countries with largetrade deficits with the United States. Following Trump's "Liberation Day" tariffs announcement, the European Union and the CPTPP countries revived a stalled plan for aStrategic partnership between the two trade blocs—vocally backed by Canada, New Zealand, and Singapore as well as quietly backed by Japan.[150] On 13 May 2025, Sweden announced that it would propose that the European Union join CPTPP with the aim of forming the world's biggest free trade area to help counter the impact of US President Donald Trump's tariffs. The European Union hasfree trade agreements with 8 out of 12 CPTPP members, potentially fast tracking any future EU accession negotiations.[151] Facing persistent dysfunction at the World Trade Organization and new US tariffs, EU leaders are exploring closer cooperation with the CPTPP as both an alternative and a catalyst for global trade reform.European Commission PresidentUrsula von der Leyen has proposed structured collaboration between the EU and CPTPP members, presenting this as a first step toward redesigning the global trade order and demonstrating that broad, rules-based free trade remains achievable.[152]German ChancellorFriedrich Merz and other EU leaders have voiced support for this initiative, emphasizing the need for new institutional mechanisms to replace the WTO’s stalled dispute resolution functions.[153]

South Korea

[edit]

In January 2021,South Korea'sMoon administration announced it was interested in joining CPTPP.[154] The country will examinesanitary and phytosanitary measures,fisheries subsidies, digital trade and guidelines related tostate-run enterprises to meet the requirements that CPTPP had suggested.[155] The South Korean government formally announced it will begin its application to join CPTPP in December 2021.[156] During the 57th Japan-South Korea Business Conference, both parties agreed to support preliminary measures by relevant organisations to facilitate South Korea's bid to join the CPTPP.[157]

Thailand

[edit]

In November 2021, aThai government official stated thatThailand aimed to join talks on membership of CPTPP, which had been viewed as a method to boost theThai economy, additionally it would increase the competitivity of Thai goods against rivals, notably Malaysia and Vietnam, in sectors such as agricultural and electronic industries.[158] Foreign MinisterDon Pramudwinai was expected to submit a letter of intent for the country to apply to join the pact to the cabinet for its approval.[159] A campaign against joining the pact called "#NoCPTPP" which has gathered 400,000 signatures has demanded the prime minister to not consider joining the pact.[160] Thailand has remained interested in joining CPTPP as part of its free trade agreement strategy to expand its trade and investment opportunities with various partners around the world, however has not submitted a formal application.[161]

United States

[edit]

On 25 January 2018, U.S. PresidentDonald Trump in an interview announced his interest in possibly rejoining theTPP if it were a "substantially better deal" for the United States. He had withdrawn the U.S. from the original agreement in January 2017.[162] On 12 April 2018, he told theWhite House National Economic Council DirectorLarry Kudlow and U.S. Trade RepresentativeRobert Lighthizer to look into joining CPTPP.[163] U.S. Wheat Associates President Vince Peterson had said in December 2018 that American wheat exporters could face an "imminent collapse" in their 53% market share in Japan due to exclusion from CPTPP. Peterson added, "Our competitors in Australia and Canada will now benefit from those [CPTPP] provisions, as U.S. farmers watch helplessly." TheNational Cattlemen's Beef Association stated that exports of beef to Japan, America's largest export market, would be at a serious disadvantage to Australian exporters, whose tariffs on exports to Japan would be cut by 27.5% during the first year of CPTPP.[164][165]

In December 2020, a bipartisan group of U.S. policy experts,Richard L. Armitage andJoseph S. Nye Jr., called for Washington to join the CPTPP,[166][167] but this call was rejected by Secretary of CommerceGina Raimondo when meeting Japanese government leaders on 15 November 2021. Raimondo stated that the Biden administration would not be joining CPTPP but instead planned to create anew trade framework as an alternative to CPTPP in the Indo-Pacific region.[168]

Responses

[edit]

EconomistJosé Gabriel Palma [es] has criticized the treaty for severely restricting the sovereignty of the signatories.[169] Signatories are subject to international courts and have restrictions on what theirstate-owned enterprises can do.[170] According to Palma the treaty makes it difficult for countries to implement policies aimed to diversify exports thus becoming a so-calledmiddle income trap.[169] Palma also accuses that the treaty is reinforcing unequal relations by being drafted to reflect the laws of the United States.[170]

In the case of Chile, Palma holds the treaty is redundant regarding the possibilities of trade asChile already has trade treaties with ten of its members.[170] On the contrary, economistKlaus Schmidt–Hebbel consider that the CPTPP "deepening" of already existing trade relations ofChile is a point in favour of it.[171] In the view of Schmidt-Hebbel approving the treaty is important for the post-Covid economic recovery ofChile and wholly in line with the economic policies of Chile since the 1990s.[171]

In mid November 2021 theWaitangi Tribunal, a standing commission of inquiry established in 1975 to investigate theNew Zealand Crown's breaches of theTreaty of Waitangi, found that the Crown had failed to meet its Treaty obligations to protectMāori interests as part of the CPTPP but acknowledged that several major changes occurred in the negotiation process.[172] While the Tribunal was satisfied that the Crown's engagement with Māori over the CPTPP and secrecy had been resolved through negotiation, it ruled there were significant risks to Māori in thee-commerce provisions of the CPTPP and data sovereignty.[173] Following an earlier 2016 Tribunal ruling, a Māori advisory committee called Te Taumata had been established while a second body known as Ngā Toki Whakarururanga was established as a result of the mediation agreement.[172]

See also

[edit]

Bilateral FTAs

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"大筋合意に至ったTPP11 包括的及び先進的な環太平洋パートナーシップ協定"(PDF).Mizuho Research Institute (in Japanese). 13 November 2017. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 15 November 2017. Retrieved24 January 2018.
  2. ^Jennings, Ralph (13 March 2018)."How An Australia-Canada-Japan Led TPP-11 Trade Deal Compares To China's Alternative".Forbes.Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved13 March 2018.
  3. ^Blanco, Daniel (5 June 2024)."Se alcanza acuerdo en texto final del TPP11".El Financiero (in Spanish).Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved24 January 2018.
  4. ^""大筋合意に至ったTPP11 包括的及び先進的な環太平洋パートナーシップ協定""(PDF).Mizuho Research Institute (in Japanese). 13 November 2017. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 15 November 2017.
  5. ^Jegarajah, Sri; Dale, Craig; Shaffer, Leslie (21 May 2017)."TPP nations agree to pursue trade deal without US".CNBC.Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved21 May 2017.
  6. ^Riley, Charles (23 January 2017)."Trump's decision to kill TPP leaves door open for China".CNN Business.Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved23 January 2017.
  7. ^"Saving the Trans-Pacific Partnership: What are the TPP's prospects after the US withdrawal?".The Straits Times. 21 May 2017.Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved21 May 2017.
  8. ^Goodman, Matthew P. (8 July 2022)."Shinzo Abe's Legacy as Champion of the Global Economic Order".Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived fromthe original on 8 July 2022.
  9. ^Funabashi, Yoichi (22 February 2018)."In America's absence, Japan takes the lead on Asian free trade".The Washington Post.Archived from the original on 22 February 2018.
  10. ^abcDwyer, Colin (8 March 2018)."The TPP Is Dead. Long Live The Trans-Pacific Trade Deal".NPR.Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved29 November 2018.
  11. ^abcGoodman, Matthew P. (8 March 2018)."From TPP to CPTPP".Center for Strategic and International Studies.Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved13 April 2018.
  12. ^abAP Staff (8 March 2018)."11 nations to sign Pacific trade pact as US plans tariffs".New York Daily News. Associated Press.Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved9 March 2018.
  13. ^Swick, Brenda C.; Augruso, Dylan E. (19 January 2018)."Canada Reaches Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement".The National Law Review.Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved9 March 2018.
  14. ^"The CPTPP Enters Into Force on December 30, 2018".Asian Trade Centre. 31 October 2018. Retrieved15 December 2024.
  15. ^abTasker, John Paul (11 November 2017)."'We weren't ready' to close deal: Trudeau defends Canada's actions on TPP".CBC News.Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved14 April 2018.
  16. ^ab"Canada reaches deal on revised Trans-Pacific Partnership".CBC News. 23 January 2018.Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved14 April 2018.
  17. ^"Minister Carr calls on Manitoba businesses to expand their horizons with the help of the CPTPP".Government of Canada. 13 February 2019.Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved14 June 2019.
  18. ^abcdefghijklm"Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)"(PDF).Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, New Zealand. Retrieved9 November 2024.
  19. ^Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and."Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership".New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved9 November 2024.
  20. ^"TTWTO VCCI - (FTA) Full Text of CPTPP".wtocenter.vn. Retrieved15 January 2025.
  21. ^abOpportimes, Redacción (19 October 2022)."The CPTPP: 12 major commitments".Opportimes. Retrieved25 January 2025.
  22. ^Sanjay Kathuria; Arti Grover; Viviana Maria Eugenia Perego; Aaditya Mattoo; Pritam Banerje (2019). "Unleashing E-Commerce for South Asian Integration".World Bank Publications. p. 57.ISBN 9781464815195.
  23. ^Greenfield, Charlotte (31 October 2018)."Countering global protectionism, Pacific trade pact nears takeoff".Reuters.Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved5 June 2024.
  24. ^abO'Boyle, Michael (25 April 2018)."Mexico's senate ratifies sweeping Asia-Pacific trade deal".Reuters.Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved9 May 2018.
  25. ^abParker, Hon D. (28 June 2018)."CPTPP law in the House as Mexico first to ratify".Beehive New Zealand.Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved30 December 2018.
  26. ^"DECRETO por el que se aprueba el Tratado Integral y Progresista de Asociación Transpacífico, hecho en Santiago de Chile el ocho de marzo de dos mil dieciocho, así como los cuatro acuerdos paralelos negociados en el marco de la suscripción del mismo".Diario Oficial de la Federación. 23 May 2018. Retrieved24 August 2024.
  27. ^ab"Press Releases: Notification of Completion of Domestic Procedures for the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP11 Agreement)".Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 6 July 2018.Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved30 December 2018.
  28. ^"Japan's lower house passes TPP-11, pushing related trade bills".The Japan Agri News. 30 May 2018.Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved4 August 2018.
  29. ^"Japanese Senate Ratifies CPTPP Protocol".House of Councillors Sangiin.Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved22 July 2019.
  30. ^ab"CPTPP".Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore. Archived fromthe original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved25 October 2020.
  31. ^abGreenfield, Charlotte (31 October 2018)."Countering global protectionism, Pacific trade pact nears takeoff".Reuters.Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved5 June 2024.
  32. ^"Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (CPTPP) Amendment Bill".New Zealand Parliament. 24 October 2018.Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved8 June 2024.
  33. ^abParker, Hon D. (25 October 2018)."New Zealand ratifies CPTPP during trade minister's trip to Ottawa and Washington".The Beehive.Archived from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved30 December 2018.
  34. ^ab"Statement by Minister Carr on Canada's Ratification of Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership".Government of Canada. 29 October 2018.Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved30 December 2018.
  35. ^abMcGregor, Janyce (29 October 2018)."Canada ratifies, Pacific Rim trade deal set to take effect by end of year".CBC News.Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved30 December 2018.
  36. ^ab"House Government Bill (C-79)".Parliament of Canada.Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved9 June 2024.
  37. ^abcd"Timeline of discussions".Government of Canada. 20 February 2018.Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved30 December 2018.
  38. ^Birmingham, Simon (19 September 2018)."Landmark TPP-11 passes through House of Representatives".Ministry for Trade, Tourism and Investment. Archived fromthe original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved19 October 2018.
  39. ^Customs Tariff Amendment (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Implementation) Bill 2018 Australian Parliament
  40. ^abMorrison, Scott; Birmingham, Simon (31 October 2018)."Australia ratifies the TPP-11".Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment. Archived fromthe original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved30 December 2018.
  41. ^Coorey, Phillip (17 October 2018)."TPP passes the Senate, Australian exporters to win: PM Scott Morrison".Financial Review.Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved19 October 2018.
  42. ^"Customs Amendment (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Implementation) Bill 2018".Parliament of Australia.Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved9 June 2024.
  43. ^abcParker, Hon D. (15 November 2018)."Viet Nam seventh nation to ratify CPTPP".The Beehive.Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved15 November 2018.
  44. ^"National Assembly passes resolution ratifying CPTPP".Nhân Dân. 12 November 2018. Archived fromthe original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved13 November 2018.
  45. ^Vu, Khanh (12 November 2018)."Vietnam becomes seventh country to ratify Trans-Pacific trade pact".Reuters.Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved13 November 2018.
  46. ^abc"Pleno aprueba Tratado Integral y Progresista de Asociación Transpacífico".Congreso. 14 July 2021.Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved19 July 2021.
  47. ^"Peruvian Congress ratifies the Trans-Pacific Partnership Treaty".The Rio Times. 15 July 2021.Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved16 July 2021.
  48. ^"Miti: Malaysia on track to ratify CPTPP".Malay Mail. 8 September 2021.Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved25 December 2021.
  49. ^Ismail, Sharifah (20 December 2021)."CPTPP: An opportunity lost in 2021".Bernama. Archived fromthe original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved25 December 2021.
  50. ^ab"Malaysia ratifies the CPTPP".Bernama. 10 May 2022.Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved8 October 2022.
  51. ^ab"Malaysia Ratifies The CPTPP"(PDF).Malaysia Ministry Of International Trade And Industry. 5 October 2022. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 14 October 2022. Retrieved12 October 2022.
  52. ^Azzopardi, Tom (17 April 2019)."Chile's Lower House Ratifies Trans-Pacific Trade Deal".Bloomberg Law.Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved14 July 2019.
  53. ^"CÁMARA APROBÓ ACUERDO TRANSPACÍFICO-11".Cámara de Diputados de la República de Chile (in Spanish). 17 April 2019.Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved2 August 2019.
  54. ^"Legislatura Sesión: 65 / 370 Martes 11 de Octubre de 2022 a las 20:32".Republica da Chile Senado. 11 October 2022.Archived from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved9 June 2024.
  55. ^Wilson, José Miguel (26 September 2022)."TPP11: Senado votará este miércoles el tratado a pesar de resistencia oficialista".La Tercera (in Spanish).Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved9 June 2024.
  56. ^abSato, Fumika (16 May 2023)."Brunei becomes 11th nation to ratify CPTPP trade deal".Nikkei Asia.Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved17 May 2023.
  57. ^ab"CPTPP member countries are 100% operational".World Nation News. 13 July 2023.Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved13 July 2023.
  58. ^Parker, George; Williams, Aime (31 January 2021)."UK applies to join trans-Pacific trade group".Financial Times.Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved9 April 2024.
  59. ^Milligan, Ellen; Murray, Brendan (31 March 2023)."UK to Join Indo-Pacific Trade Bloc in Major Post-Brexit Pact".Bloomberg News.Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved9 April 2024.
  60. ^"Trade (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) Bill".UK Parliament. 8 November 2023.Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved22 November 2023.
  61. ^Frank-Keyes, Jessica (20 March 2024)."'Red-letter day': UK accession to CPTPP trade pact passes into law".City A.M.Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved20 March 2024.
  62. ^Hands, Greg (17 May 2024)."Businesses set to benefit as UK concludes tax agreement with Peru and ratifies deal to join major Indo-Pacific trade bloc".GOV.UK.Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved17 May 2024.
  63. ^"UK to join CPTPP by 15 December".GOV.UK. 30 August 2024. Retrieved30 August 2024.
  64. ^Parker, Hon D. (6 July 2018)."Japan, world's third largest economy, ratifies CPTPP".The Beehive.Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved30 December 2018.
  65. ^Parker, Hon D. (19 July 2018)."Singapore becomes third nation to ratify CPTPP".The Beehive.Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved30 December 2018.
  66. ^"Australia becomes fourth signatory country to ratify CPTPP".VietnamPlus. 17 October 2018.Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved5 June 2024.
  67. ^"Trans-Pacific trade agreement submitted to NA for approval".Voice of Vietnam. 2 November 2018.Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved5 June 2024.
  68. ^"NA ratifies CPTPP trade deal".Voice of Vietnam. 12 November 2018.Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved5 June 2024.
  69. ^"Comisiones concluyen el análisis del TPP11 y pasa a Sala - Senado - República de Chile".Republica da Chile Senado (in Spanish). 17 October 2019.Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved19 October 2019.
  70. ^Paranhos, Simona; Reyes, Carlos (11 October 2022)."Senado aprueba TPP11, con votos en contra de parlamentarios oficialistas".La Tercera (in Spanish).Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved11 October 2022.
  71. ^Espina, Raúl (12 October 2020)."El último gallito del Gobierno con el TPP11 después de su aprobación en el Senado".El Mostrador (in Spanish).Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved19 October 2022.
  72. ^abPortes, Ignacio (23 February 2023)."Chile formally joins TPP-11 multilateral trade alliance".The Brazilian Report.Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved23 February 2023.
  73. ^Elms, Deborah Kay (23 January 2019)."The Unsexy Challenge of CPTPP".Nikkei Asia.Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved23 January 2019.
  74. ^Chung, Hailey (6 October 2022)."CPTPP will come into effect for Malaysia on Nov 29, says Azmin".The Edge Malaysia.Archived from the original on 6 June 2024. Retrieved6 June 2024.
  75. ^"News First CPTPP Commission Meeting".Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 21 January 2019. Archived fromthe original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved1 February 2019.
  76. ^"Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Preamble"(PDF).Government of New Zealand. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 3 March 2018. Retrieved10 February 2018.
  77. ^ab"Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)".Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.Archived from the original on 30 May 2025. Retrieved30 May 2025.
  78. ^"TPP Commission".Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. 19 January 2019.Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved21 January 2021.
  79. ^ab"Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding Administration for Implementation of the CPTPP"(PDF).Cabinet Secretariat. 19 January 2019. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 1 February 2019. Retrieved1 February 2019.
  80. ^"Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) Accession Process"(PDF).Cabinet Secretariat. 19 January 2019. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 1 February 2019. Retrieved1 February 2019.
  81. ^"Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding SSDS Rules of Procedures for Panels"(PDF).Cabinet Secretariat. 19 January 2019. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 1 February 2019. Retrieved1 February 2019.
  82. ^"Rules of Procedure Under Chapter 28 (Dispute Settlement) of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership"(PDF).Cabinet Secretariat. 19 January 2019. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 1 February 2019. Retrieved1 February 2019.
  83. ^"Annex I Code of Conduct for State-State Dispute Settlement Under Chapter 28 (Dispute Settlement) of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership"(PDF).Cabinet Secretariat. 19 January 2019. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 1 February 2019. Retrieved1 February 2019.
  84. ^"Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding ISDS Code of Conduct"(PDF).Cabinet Secretariat. 19 January 2019. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 1 February 2019. Retrieved1 February 2019.
  85. ^"CODE OF CONDUCT FOR INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT UNDER CHAPTER 9 SECTION B (INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT) OF THE COMPREHENSIVE AND PROGRESSIVE AGREEMENT FOR TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP"(PDF).Cabinet Secretariat. 19 January 2019. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 1 February 2019. Retrieved1 February 2019.
  86. ^"Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Ministerial Statement Tokyo, Japan, January 19, 2019"(PDF).Cabinet Secretariat. 19 January 2019. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 1 February 2019. Retrieved1 February 2019.
  87. ^"Commission Report"(PDF).New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 19 October 2019. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 21 October 2019. Retrieved20 October 2019.
  88. ^"Concluding Joint Statement"(PDF).New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 19 October 2019. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 21 October 2019. Retrieved20 October 2019.
  89. ^"Third CPTPP Commission Meeting".Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 6 August 2020. Archived fromthe original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved7 August 2020.
  90. ^"Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding the United Kingdom's Formal Request to Commence the Accession Process"(PDF).Cabinet Secretariat. 2 June 2021.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved18 June 2021.
  91. ^"Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding the Establishment of a Committee on Electronic Commerce"(PDF).Cabinet Secretariat. 2 September 2021.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved2 September 2021.
  92. ^"Sixth CPTPP Commission Meeting".Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 8 October 2021. Archived fromthe original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved28 December 2022.
  93. ^"CPTPP: Joint Ministerial Statement on the Occasion of the Seventh Commission Meeting"(PDF).GOV.UK. 17 July 2023.Archived(PDF) from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved17 July 2023.
  94. ^Crerar, Pippa (16 July 2023)."Kemi Badenoch signs treaty for UK to join Indo-Pacific trade bloc".The Guardian.Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved17 July 2023.
  95. ^"Canada's chairing of the CPTPP Commission in 2024".Government of Canada. 21 February 2024.Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved11 April 2024.
  96. ^abCPTPP Commission (29 November 2024)."Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) joint ministerial statement, 28 November 2024".GOV.UK.Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved29 November 2024.
  97. ^abc"CPTPP trade pact hopes to add Costa Rica by year's end, begin Uruguay talks".Japan Wire by Kyodo News. 21 November 2025. Retrieved21 November 2025.
  98. ^Kye-wan, Cho (5 February 2021)."As UK joins CPTPP hopefuls, S. Korea hurries to prepare application".The Hankyoreh.Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved20 May 2024.
  99. ^"Consolidated TPP Text – Chapter 30 – Final Provisions".Government of Canada. 10 February 2017.Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved20 May 2024.
  100. ^Stephens, Hugh; Kucharski, Jeff (15 November 2022)."The CPTPP Bids of China and Taiwan: Issues and Implications".Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada.Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved20 May 2024.
  101. ^abMurillo, Alavaro (11 August 2022)."Costa Rica seeks entry to trans-Pacific trade bloc".Reuters.Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved17 August 2022.
  102. ^abMartinez, Juan (29 November 2024)."Costa Rica Invited to Join Pacific Trade Powerhouse CPTPP".The Rio Times.Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved29 November 2024.
  103. ^"China applies to join key Asia-Pacific trade pact".BBC News. 17 September 2021.Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved4 June 2024.
  104. ^abMacSwann, Angus; Richardson, Alex; Porter, Mark (16 September 2021)."China officially applies to join CPTPP trade pact".Reuters.Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved16 September 2021.
  105. ^"台灣已申請加入CPTPP 王美花23日對外說明".Central News Agency (in Chinese). 22 September 2021.Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved25 June 2024.
  106. ^Blanchard, Ben (22 September 2021)."Taiwan applies to join Pacific trade pact week after China".Reuters.Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved25 June 2024.
  107. ^Young, Audrey (23 September 2021)."Taiwan follows China and applies to join CPTPP trade pact".The New Zealand Herald.Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved24 June 2024.New Zealand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade has confirmed it has received a formal request from the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu
  108. ^ab"Ecuador applies to join CPTPP trade pact".NHK World-Japan. Archived fromthe original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved25 June 2024.
  109. ^abMiyamoto, Hidetake (29 December 2021)."Ecuador applies for CPTPP membership to diversify trade".Nikkei Asia.Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved25 June 2024.
  110. ^ab"Uruguay presentó formalmente la solicitud de ingreso al Acuerdo Transpacífico".El País (in Spanish). 1 December 2022.Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved26 June 2024.
  111. ^Miyamoto, Hidetake (1 December 2022)."Uruguay applies to join CPTPP in bid for Asian export boost".Nikkei Asia.Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved26 June 2024.
  112. ^ab"Decision by the Commission of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding Uruguay's Formal Request to Commence the Accession Process".
  113. ^abKomiya, Kantaro; Craymer, Lucy (7 July 2023)."Ukraine asks to join CPTPP trade pact".Reuters.Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved7 July 2023.
  114. ^ab"Ukraine Submits Request to Join CPTPP Trade Pact".The Japan News. 7 July 2023.Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved8 July 2023.
  115. ^abThe Strait Times (25 September 2024)."Indonesia formally requests to join Trans-Pacific trade pact".The Strait Times.Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved26 September 2024.
  116. ^Strangio, Sebastian."Indonesia Officially Lodges Application to Join Trans-Pacific Trade Pact".The Diplomat.Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved15 October 2024.
  117. ^abcdStrangio, Sebastian."Philippine, UAE Have Applied for CPTPP Membership, Report Claims".The Diplomat. Retrieved16 November 2025.
  118. ^Ma, Xinru; Kang, David C. (2024).Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations. Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics. New York:Columbia University Press.ISBN 978-0-231-55597-5.
  119. ^Zhenhua, Lu (29 May 2020)."Premier Sends 'Powerful' Signal for China to Join Asia-Pacific's Largest Trade Pact".Caixin Global.Archived from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved31 May 2020.
  120. ^Kato, Masaya; Takeuchi, Kosuke (16 September 2021)."With eye on China, Japan refuses to ease TPP rules for new members".Nikkei Asia.Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved29 September 2021.
  121. ^Tiezzi, Shannon (17 September 2021)."Will China Actually Join the CPTPP".The Diplomat.Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved29 September 2021.
  122. ^"China applies to join Pacific trade pact to boost economic clout".Reuters. 16 September 2021.Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved29 September 2021.
  123. ^"Australia to oppose China's bid to join trade pact until it halts strikes against exports".The Guardian.Australian Associated Press. 18 September 2021.Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved26 June 2024.
  124. ^Kyodo News (17 August 2022)."中米コスタリカがTPP加盟申請".Kyodo News (in Japanese).São Paulo. Archived fromthe original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved17 August 2022.
  125. ^Murillo, Alavaro (29 November 2024)."Costa Rica receives invitation to join Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement".Reuters.San Jose.Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved29 November 2024.
  126. ^Jiji Press (24 May 2025)."Japan to Cooperate over Costa Rica's CPTPP Membership Bid".Nippon.com. Tokyo.Jiji Press. Archived fromthe original on 24 April 2025. Retrieved14 June 2025.
  127. ^abcHayden, Shannon; Heine, Javiera (10 March 2022)."CPTPP: Can We Expect Additional Southeast Asian Members Soon?".The Diplomat.Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved18 November 2023.
  128. ^Shofa, Jayanty (12 October 2023)."Indonesia Still Has No Plans to Join CPTPP Trade Pact".Jakarta Globe.Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved18 November 2023.
  129. ^Shofa, Jayanty (22 December 2023)."Indonesia Eyes CPTPP to Enter Latin American Market".Jakarta Globe.Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved7 January 2024.
  130. ^Saputra, Bayu; Adji, Raka (1 May 2024)."Indonesia expresses interest in joining CPTPP".Antara.Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved7 May 2024.
  131. ^Damayanti, Ismi; Sagami, Maki; Senga, Iyo (24 May 2024)."Indonesia to apply for CPTPP membership this year: minister".Nikkei Asia.Archived from the original on 24 May 2024. Retrieved3 June 2024.
  132. ^Canivel, Roy S. (25 March 2021)."PH wants to join mega free trade pact".The Inquirer.Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved3 June 2024.
  133. ^Desiderio, Louella (24 July 2024)."Philippines eyes bilateral FTA with Chile".The Philippine Star.Archived from the original on 24 July 2024. Retrieved25 July 2024.
  134. ^Liang, Pei-Chi; Liu, Kay."Taiwan submits application to join CPTPP trade deal".Focus Taiwan (in Chinese). Archived fromthe original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved22 September 2021.
  135. ^Tsai, Ing-wen (5 June 2016)."President Tsai meets delegation led by US Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman John McCain".Office of the President | Republic of China (Taiwan).Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved2 February 2021.
  136. ^Strong, Matthew (7 December 2018)."Taiwan will continue CPTPP efforts despite comments by Japan".Taiwan News. Archived fromthe original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved2 February 2021.
  137. ^"Taiwan on track to apply to join trans-Pacific trade pact".The Japan Times. 14 December 2020.Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved26 June 2024.
  138. ^Lin, Shirley (2 February 2021)."Taiwan will apply to join CPTPP at the right time: Foreign ministry".Radio Taiwan International.Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved2 February 2021.
  139. ^Lin, Miaojung; Baschuk, Bryce; Wang, Cindy (22 September 2021)."Taiwan Applies to Join Pacific Trade Deal Just Days After China".Bloomberg. Retrieved22 September 2021.
  140. ^Ministry of Economy of Ukraine (1 May 2023)."Ukraine's delegation to the negotiations on accession to Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership appointed".gov.ua.Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved29 May 2023.
  141. ^"Ukraine planning to apply for membership in major Pacific trade pact".The Japan Times. 22 April 2023. Archived fromthe original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved29 May 2023.
  142. ^Shakil, Ismail; Scherer, Steve (26 May 2023)."Canada backs Ukraine's application to join trans-Pacific trade pact".Reuters.Ottawa.Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved29 May 2023.
  143. ^Parks, Ken (1 December 2022)."Mercosur Tensions Rise as Uruguay Seeks Trade Deal Outside Bloc".Bloomberg.Archived from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved26 June 2024.
  144. ^WIPO (7 October 2024)."Uruguay joins the PCT".World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Retrieved16 September 2025.
  145. ^Penadés, Fabiana (10 June 2024)."Uruguay takes final step towards Patent Cooperation Treaty".Clarke Modet. Retrieved16 September 2025.
  146. ^Carlos Cáceres, Juan (1 March 2025)."Uruguay's Orsi will look to strengthen Mercosur but also expand trade".Buenos Aires Herald.Buenos Aires. Retrieved16 September 2025.
  147. ^"TPP countries to start accession talks for new members in 2019".The Japan Times. 19 July 2018.Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved6 September 2022.
  148. ^Niseiy, Sao Phal (18 April 2024)."Cambodia Weighs Joining CPTPP Trade Pact".Cambodianess.Phnom Penh.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved8 June 2025.
  149. ^Gijs, Camille (18 April 2024)."The EU needs to get its trade mojo back, say Sweden and Finland".Politico.Archived from the original on 17 May 2025. Retrieved8 June 2025.
  150. ^Foster, Peter; Gridneff, Ilya; Bounds, Andy; Walker, Owen (4 May 2025)."EU eyes closer ties to transpacific bloc as Trump jolts trade order".Financial Times.London;Toronto;Brussels;Singapore.Archived from the original on 4 May 2025. Retrieved8 June 2025.
  151. ^Johnson, Simon (4 May 2025)."Sweden to propose EU membership of Pacific rim free trade group CPTPP".Reuters.Stockholm.Archived from the original on 20 May 2025. Retrieved8 June 2025.
  152. ^Fortuna, Gerardo (27 June 2025)."Let's create a new World Trade Organization - Von der Leyen".Euronews.Archived from the original on 27 June 2025. Retrieved27 June 2025.
  153. ^Foy, Henry (27 June 2025)."Von der Leyen proposes setting up EU-led alternative to WTO".Financial Times.Archived from the original on 27 June 2025. Retrieved27 June 2025.
  154. ^Wilson, Jeffrey; Channer, Hayley (22 February 2021)."Expanding the CPTPP: A form guide to prospective members".The Interpreter.Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved13 June 2021.
  155. ^Park, Han-na (11 January 2021)."Seoul will actively pursue CPTPP: finance minister".The Korea Herald.Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved13 June 2021.
  156. ^Kyodo (13 December 2021)."South Korea to apply for CPTPP free trade pact membership".The Japan Times.Seoul. Archived fromthe original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved25 December 2021.
  157. ^The Korea Herald (28 May 2025)."S. Korean, Japanese biz leaders agree to boost cooperation in AI, chips, CPTPP entry".The Korea Herald.Archived from the original on 30 May 2025. Retrieved30 May 2025.
  158. ^Thepgumpanat, Panarat (22 November 2021)."Thailand plans to join talks on trans-Pacific trade pact membership".Reuters.Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved18 November 2023.
  159. ^Arunmas, Phusadee (22 October 2022)."Minister to submit letter on CPTPP".Bangkok Post.Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved18 November 2023.
  160. ^"เครือข่าย #NoCPTPP ออกจดหมายเปิดผนึก จี้นายกฯ ยุติถกร่วม CPTPP".Thai PBS (in Thai). 2 December 2021.Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved17 April 2022.
  161. ^Singh, Akanksha (21 July 2023)."Thailand's FTA strategy to open up new markets".Thailand Business News.Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved18 November 2023.
  162. ^Pramuk, Jacob (25 January 2018)."Trump: I would reconsider a massive Pacific trade deal if it were 'substantially better'".CNBC.Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved25 January 2018.
  163. ^Fabian, Jordan; Needham, Vicki (12 April 2018)."Trump to explore entering Pacific trade pact he once called 'a disaster'".The Hill.Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved30 December 2018.
  164. ^Bevege, Alison (30 December 2018)."Pacific trade pact takes off with tariffs cut in six nations".Reuters.Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved30 December 2018.
  165. ^"US farmers 'helpless' as TPP boosts Aust".SBS News. 29 December 2018.Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved30 December 2018.
  166. ^"U.S. experts urge rejoining Pacific free trade deal amid China's rise".Kyodo News. 8 December 2020.Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved21 January 2021.
  167. ^Armitage, Richard L.; Nye Jr., Joseph S.; Cha, Victor; Goodman, Matthew P.; Green, Michael K. (7 December 2020)."The U.S.-Japan Alliance in 2020 – An Equal Alliance with a Global Agenda".Center for Strategic and International Studies.Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved21 January 2021.
  168. ^"US will not join CPTPP, but pursue specific trade tie-ups with allies: Gina Raimondo".The Star. 17 November 2021.Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved22 November 2022.
  169. ^abPalma, José Gabriel (26 March 2019)."El TPP-11 y sus siete mentiras: de democracia protegida a corporaciones protegidas".Ciper (in Spanish).Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved20 July 2021.
  170. ^abcPalma, José Gabriel (26 January 2021)."Todo lo que siempre quiso saber sobre el TPP-11 (pero nunca se atrevió a preguntar)".Ciper (in Spanish).Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved20 July 2021.
  171. ^abSchmidt-Hebbel, Klaus (31 March 2021)."Columna Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel: "Chile: mucho mejor con el TPP-11"".Universidad del Desarrollo (in Spanish).Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved19 July 2021.
  172. ^abDunlop, Māni (19 November 2021)."Waitangi Tribunal finds Crown failed to meet Treaty obligations in parts of CPTPP".RNZ.Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved21 May 2024.
  173. ^Ruru, Karanama (9 March 2024)."The Waitangi Tribunal, explained".Stuff.Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved21 May 2024.

External links

[edit]
History
State economies
Industries
Taxation
Banking and Finance
Regulatory agencies
Energy
Economic conditions
Unions
Free trade agreements
Bilateral
Multilateral
History
Currency
Banking and Finance
Government agencies
Corridors and Regions
States
Economic blueprint
Economic co-operation
Policies and Programs
Agreements
Industries
Other topics
Companies
Currency,
governance,
regulation
History
Chronological
Recurrent
Nations,
regions,
cities
England
Northern
Ireland
Scotland
Wales
People
and labour
Sectors
Resource and
production
Financial
services
Other
Trade and
business
organisations
Existing
Bilateral
Multilateral
Negotiating
Bilateral
  • European Union
  • United Arab Emirates
  • India
Existing
Bilateral
Multilateral
Defunct or
expired
Existing
Bilateral
Multilateral
Pending
Awaiting
legislation
Negotiating
Bilateral
  • United Arab Emirates
  • Pacific Alliance
  • Gulf Cooperation Council (CCASG / GCC)
Plurilateral
Active
Bilateral
Multilateral
Plurilateral
Negotiating
Bilateral
Plurilateral
Obsolete
Bilateral
EC/EU FTA
Africa
Coat of arms of Chile
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Memberships
Territorial disputes
Related topics
Bilateral relations
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
Dependencies
Former
Historical
Multilateral relations
Diplomacy
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Former
Multilateral relations
Memberships
Related topics
Bodies
Topics
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership&oldid=1323900131"
Categories:
Hidden categories:
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp