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Comparison of orbital launch systems

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Falcon 9 Block 5, the most prolific active orbital launch system in the world.

Thiscomparison of orbital launch systems lists the attributes of all current and future individual rocket configurations designed to reach orbit. A first list contains rockets that are operational or have attempted an orbital flight attempt as of 2024; a second list includes all upcoming rockets. For the simple list of all conventional launcher families, see:Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fueled orbital launch systems, see:Comparison of solid-fueled orbital launch systems.

Background

[edit]

Spacecraft propulsion[note 1] is anymethod used to acceleratespacecraft and artificialsatellites.Orbitallaunch systems are rockets andother systems capable of placingpayloads into orbeyondEarth orbit. All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have beenchemical rockets falling into one of three main categories:

  • Solid-propellant rockets or solid-fuel rockets have a motor that usessolid propellants, typically a mix of powderedfuel andoxidizer held together by apolymer binder and molded into the shape of a hollow cylinder. The cylinder is ignited from the inside and burns radially outward, with the resulting expanding gases and aerosols escaping out via the nozzle.[note 2]
  • Liquid-propellant rockets have a motor that feeds liquid propellant(s) into a combustion chamber. Most liquid engines use abipropellant, consisting of two liquid propellants (fuel and oxidizer) which are stored and handled separately before being mixed and burned inside the combustion chamber.
  • Hybrid-propellant rockets use a combination of solid and liquid propellant, typically involving a liquid oxidizer being pumped through a hollow cylinder of solid fuel.

All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (solid-fuel or liquid bipropellant) for launch, though some[note 3] have usedair-breathing engines on theirfirst stage.[note 4]

Current rockets

[edit]

Orbits legend:

VehicleOriginManufacturerHeightMaximum payload mass
(kg)		Reusable / ExpendableOrbital
launches
including
failures[a]		Launch site(s)Dates of flight
LEOGTOOtherFirstLatest
Angara A5 /Briz-M RussiaKhrunichev48.7 m24,500[1]5,200[1]2,800 to GEO[1]Expendable3[1]RussiaPlesetsk,
RussiaVostochny		20142025
Angara-1.2 RussiaKhrunichev42.7 m3,700[2]N/A2,400 to SSO[3]
3400 to polar[2]		Expendable5[2]RussiaPlesetsk,
RussiaVostochny		20222025
Ariane 6 A62EuropeArianeGroup63 m10,900[4]5,100[4]7,200 to SSO
4,800 to MEO
1,300 to GEO
2,600 to HCO
3,500 to TLI[4][5]		Expendable4[6]FranceCSG20242025
Atlas V 551 United StatesULA58.3 m18,850[7]8,900[7]13,550 to SSO
14,520 to polar[8]
3,850 to GEO[7]		Expendable18[8]United StatesVAFB,
United StatesCCSFS		20062025
Atlas VN22[b] United StatesULA52.4 m13,000[10]N/AN/AExpendable3[11]United StatesCape Canaveral2019[12]2024
Ceres-1 (3)[c] ChinaGalactic Energy20 m420[14]N/A300 to SSO[14]Expendable15[13]ChinaJSLC20222025
Ceres-1S[d] ChinaGalactic Energy20 m400[14]N/A300 to SSO[14]Expendable5[13]ChinaOMSP20232025
Chollima-1 North KoreaNADA> 38 m> 300[15]N/AN/AExpendable3[16]North KoreaSohae20232023
Electron United States
 New Zealand		Rocket Lab18 m300[17]N/A200 to SSO[18]Partially reusable69[19]New ZealandMahia,
United StatesMARS		20172025
Epsilon (2) JapanIHI24.4 m1,500[20]N/AN/AExpendable1[20]JapanKSC20162016
Epsilon (2) / CLPS JapanIHI24.4 mN/AN/A590 to SSO[20]Expendable4[20]JapanKSC20182022
Falcon 9 Block 5 United StatesSpaceX70 m13,0003,500[21]1,000 toBLTPartially reusable (launch site)512[22][23]United StatesVandenberg,
United StatesCape Canaveral,
United StatesKennedy		20182025
~ 18,500[24]5,5004,500 to MEOPartially reusable (drone ship)
22,800[25]8,300[25]4,020 to TMI[25]Expendable
Falcon Heavy United StatesSpaceX70 m30,000[26]8,000[27]N/APartially reusable[e]11[28]United StatesKennedy20182024
63,800[28]26,700[28]16,800 to TMI[28]Expendable
Firefly Alpha United StatesFirefly Aerospace29 m1,030[29]N/A630 to SSO[29]Expendable6[30]United StatesVAFB,
United StatesCCSFS		20212025
Gravity-1 ChinaOrienspace31.4 m6,500[31]N/A4,200 to SSO[31]Expendable2[31]ChinaOMSP20242025
GSLV Mk II IndiaISRO49.1 m6,000[32]2,250[32]N/AExpendable12[33]IndiaSDSC20102025
H3-22S JapanMitsubishi57 mN/A[34]4,000[35]N/AExpendable5[36]JapanTNSC20232025
H3-24L/W JapanMitsubishi63 m16,000[35]6,500[35]N/AExpendable1[37]JapanTNSC20252025
Hyperbola-1 (2)[f] Chinai-Space22.5 m500[39]N/A300 to SSO[40]Expendable7[40]ChinaJSLC20212025
Jielong 1 ChinaCALT19.5 mN/AN/A200 to SSO[41]Expendable1[42]ChinaJSLC20192019
Jielong 3 ChinaCALT31.8 mN/AN/A1,500 (500 km SSO)[43]Expendable8[43]ChinaOMSP20222025
Kinetica 1 ChinaCAS Space30 m2,000[44]N/A1,500 (500 km SSO)[44]Expendable10[44]ChinaJSLC20222025
Kuaizhou 1A ChinaExPace19.8 m390[45]N/A260 to SSO[45]Expendable28[45]ChinaJSLC,
ChinaTSLC,
ChinaXSLC		20132025
Kuaizhou 1A Pro ChinaExPace19.8 m500[46]N/A360 to SSO[46]Expendable2[46]ChinaJSLC,
ChinaTSLC,
ChinaXSLC		20242025
Kuaizhou 11 ChinaExPace25.3 m1,500[47]N/A1,000 to SSO[47]Expendable3[48]ChinaJSLC20202024
Long March 2C ChinaCALT38.8 m3,850[49]1,250[49]1,400 to SSO[49]Expendable74ChinaJSLC,
ChinaTSLC,
ChinaXSLC		19822025
Long March 2C /YZ-1S ChinaCALT38.8 mN/AN/A2,000 to SSO[50]Expendable9[50]ChinaJSLC,
ChinaXSLC		20182025
Long March 2D ChinaSAST41.1 m4,000[51]N/A1,300 to SSO[52]Expendable97[53][54]ChinaJSLC,
ChinaTSLC,
ChinaXSLC		19922025
Long March 2D /YZ-3 ChinaSAST41.1 mN/AN/A2,000 to SSOExpendable4[55]ChinaJSLC,
ChinaXSLC		20182024
Long March 2F ChinaCALT62 m8,400[56]N/AN/AExpendable26[57][58][59]ChinaJSLC19992025
Long March 3A ChinaCALT52.5 m6,000[60]2,600[60]5,000 to SSO
1,420 to TLI[60]		Expendable27[60]ChinaXSLC19942018
Long March 3B/E ChinaCALT56.3 m11,500[61]5,500[61]6,900 to SSO
3,500 to TLI[61]		Expendable96[61]ChinaXSLC20072025
Long March 3B/E /YZ-1 ChinaCALT56.3 mN/AN/A2,200 to MEOExpendable15[62]ChinaXSLC20152024
Long March 3C ChinaCALT54.8 m9,100[63]3,800[63]2,300 to TLI[61]Expendable19[64][63]ChinaXSLC20082025
Long March 3C /YZ-1 ChinaCALT54.8 mN/AN/AN/AExpendable3[65]ChinaXSLC20152025
Long March 4B ChinaSAST44.1 m4,200[66]1,500[66]2,800 to SSO[66]Expendable53[66]ChinaJSLC,
ChinaTSLC		19992025
Long March 4C ChinaSAST45.8 m4,200[67]1,500[67]2,800 to SSO[67]Expendable58[67]ChinaJSLC,
ChinaTSLC,
ChinaXSLC		20062025
Long March 5 ChinaCALT56.9 m~ 25,000[68]~ 14,000[68]15,000 to SSO
4,500 to GEO
8,200 to TLI
6,000 to TMI[69][70]		Expendable8[69]ChinaWSLS20172025
Long March 5 /YZ-2 ChinaCALT56.9 mN/AN/A4,500 to GEO[71]Expendable1[71]ChinaWSLS20162016
Long March 5B ChinaCALT56.9 m23,000[72]N/AN/AExpendable4[72]ChinaWSLS20202022
Long March 5B /YZ-2 ChinaCALT56.9 mN/AN/AN/AExpendable3[73]ChinaWSLS20242025
Long March 6 ChinaSAST29 m1,500[74]N/A1,080 to SSO[74]Expendable14[74]ChinaTSLC20152025
Long March 6A ChinaSAST50 m8,000[75]N/A4,000 to SSO[76]Expendable18[76]ChinaTSLC20222025
Long March 6C ChinaCALT43 m4,500N/A2,500 to SSO[77]Expendable1[77]ChinaTSLC20242024
Long March 7 ChinaCALT53.1 m13,500[78]N/A5,500 to SSO[79]Expendable9[80]ChinaWSLS20172025
Long March 7 /YZ-1A ChinaCALT53.1 mN/AN/A9,500 to SSOExpendable1[81]ChinaWSLS20162016
Long March 7A ChinaCALT60.13 mN/A7,000[79]5,000 to TLIExpendable12[82]ChinaWSLS20202025
Long March 8 822[83] ChinaCALT50.34 m7,600[84]2,500[84]4,500 to SSO[84]
1,500 to TLI		Expendable3[84]ChinaWSLS20202025
Long March 8 820[83] ChinaCALT48 m4,500N/A3,000 to polar[85]Expendable1[85]ChinaWSLS20222022
Long March 8A ChinaCALT50.3 m9,800[86]3,500[86]7,700 to SSO[87]Expendable4[88]ChinaWSLS20252025
Long March 11 ChinaCALT20.8 m700[89]N/A350 to SSO[89]Expendable12[89]ChinaJSLC,
ChinaXSLC		20152023
Long March 11H ChinaCALT20.8 m700[89]N/A350 to SSO[89]Expendable6[89]ChinaOMSP20192025
Long March 12 ChinaCALT59 m10,000[90]N/A6,000 to SSO[90]Expendable3[90]ChinaWSLS20242025
LVM 3 IndiaISRO43.4 m8,000[91]4,000[91]3,000 to TLIExpendable7[92]IndiaSDSC2017[g]2025
Minotaur-C-XL-3210 United StatesNorthrop Grumman27.9 m1,275[94]N/A880 to SSO[94]Expendable2[94]United StatesVAFB20042017
Minotaur I United StatesNorthrop Grumman19.2 m580[95]N/A~ 430 to SSO[95]
400 to Polar[96]		Expendable12[h][96]United StatesMARS,
United StatesVAFB		20002021
Minotaur IV United StatesNorthrop Grumman23.9 m1,735[97]N/A1,170 to Polar[97]Expendable3[97][i]United StatesMARS,
United StatesVAFB		20102025
Minotaur IV / HAPS United StatesNorthrop Grumman23.9 mN/AN/AN/AExpendable1[99]United StatesKLC20102010
Minotaur IV / Orion 38 United StatesNorthrop Grumman23.9 mN/AN/AN/AExpendable1[100]United StatesCCSFS20172017
Minotaur

IV+

 United StatesNorthrop Grumman23.9 m1,950[101]N/A1,430 to Polar[101]Expendable1[101]United StatesKLC20112011
Minotaur V United StatesNorthrop Grumman24.6 mN/A678[102]465 to HCO[102]Expendable1[102]United StatesMARS20132013
New Glenn United StatesBlue Origin98 m45,000[103]13,000[103]N/APartially reusable2[104]United StatesCCSFS

United StatesVSFB

20252025
Nuri (KSLV-II) South KoreaKARI47.2 m3,300[105]N/A1,900 to SSO[105]Expendable3[106]South KoreaNaro20212023
Pegasus XL United StatesNorthrop Grumman16.9 m475[107]125[107]~ 325 to SSO[108]
365 to Polar[107]		Expendable29[107]United StatesCCSFS,
United StatesVAFB,
United StatesMARS,
SpainGando,
Marshall IslandsKwajalein Atoll		19942021
Pegasus XL / HAPS United StatesNorthrop Grumman16.9 m500[109]N/AN/AExpendable6[109]United StatesVAFB,
United StatesMARS		19972005
Proton-M RussiaKhrunichev57.2 m23,700[110]N/AN/AExpendable1[111]KazakhstanBaikonur20212021
Proton-M /Briz-M RussiaKhrunichev58.2 mN/A6,300[112]3,300 to GEO[112]Expendable101[112]KazakhstanBaikonur20012023
Proton-M /Blok DM-03 RussiaKhrunichev57.2 mN/A6,000[110]3,200 to GEO[113]Expendable7[114]KazakhstanBaikonur20102023
PSLV-CA IndiaISRO44.4 m2,100[115]N/A1,100 to SSO[115]Expendable18[116][115]IndiaSDSC20072024
PSLV-DL IndiaISRO44.4 mN/AN/A1,257 to SSO[117]Expendable4[118]IndiaSDSC20192024
PSLV-QL IndiaISRO44.4 mN/AN/A1,523 to SSO[117]Expendable2[119]IndiaSDSC20192019
PSLV-XL IndiaISRO44.4 m3,800[120]1,300[120]1,750 to SSO[120]
550 toTMI[121]		Expendable27[120]IndiaSDSC20082025
Qaem 100 IranIRGC15.5 m80[122]N/AN/AExpendable3[122][j]IranShahrud20232024
Qased IranIRGC18.8 m40[123]N/AN/AExpendable3[123]IranShahrud20202023
Shavit-2 IsraelIAI22.1 m380 inRetrograde[124]N/AN/AExpendable7[125]IsraelPalmachim20072025
Simorgh IranIranian Space Agency26 m350[126]N/AN/AExpendable8[127][126][k]IranSemnan20172025
Soyuz-2.1a RussiaTsSKB-Progress51.4 m7,020 fromBaikonur
6,830 fromPlesetsk
7,150 fromVostochny[128]		N/AN/AExpendable54[129][l]KazakhstanBaikonur,
RussiaPlesetsk		20132025
Soyuz-2.1a /Fregat RussiaTsSKB-Progress46.9 mN/AN/A4,450 to SSO[130]Expendable22[130]KazakhstanBaikonur,
RussiaVostochny		20062023
Soyuz-2.1a /Volga RussiaTsSKB-Progress46.9 mN/AN/AN/AExpendable1[131]KazakhstanBaikonur,
RussiaPlesetsk,
RussiaVostochny		20162016
Soyuz-2.1b RussiaTsSKB-Progress44.1 m8,200 fromBaikonur
7,850 fromPlesetsk
8,320 fromVostochny[128]		N/AN/AExpendable20[132]KazakhstanBaikonur,
RussiaPlesetsk		20082025
Soyuz-2.1b /Fregat RussiaTsSKB-Progress46.7 m5,500[133]3,060[133]4,900 to SSO
1,200 to HCO[133]		Expendable59[133]KazakhstanBaikonur,
RussiaPlesetsk,
RussiaVostochny		20062025
SLS Block 1 United StatesNASABoeing
Northrop Grumman		98 m95,000[134]N/A27,000+ to TLI[134]Expendable1[135]United StatesKSC20222022
SSLV IndiaISRO34 m500[136]N/A300 to SSO[137]Expendable3[137]IndiaSDSC20222024
Tianlong-2 ChinaSpace Pioneer32.8 m2,000[138]N/A1,500 to SSO[138]Expendable1[138]ChinaJSLC20232023
Vega-CItalyItalyArianeGroupAvio36.2 m3,300[139]N/A2,300 to SSO2,500
to polar[139]		Expendable5[140]FranceCSG20222025
Vulcan Centaur VC2 United StatesULA61.6 m19,000[141]8,400[141]15,200 to polar,3,900 to MEO,2,600 to GEO,6,300 to TLI[141]Expendable2[142]United StatesCCSFS20242024
Vulcan Centaur VC4 United StatesULA61.6 m24,600[141]11,700[141]20,000 to polar,6,200 to MEO,4,900 to GEO,9,200 to TLI[141]Expendable1[143]United StatesVSFB,
United StatesCCSFS		20252025
Zhuque-2E ChinaLandSpace49.5 m6,000[144]N/A4,000 to SSO[144]Expendable3[144]ChinaJSLC20242025
  1. ^Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
  2. ^forStarliner[9]
  3. ^Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[13]
  4. ^Sea-launched version of the third unofficial iteration of the Ceres-1 launch vehicle.
  5. ^Either 2 or 3 boosters recoverable.
  6. ^Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[38]
  7. ^A suborbital test flight was conducted in 2014 (designated LVM-3/CARE) without the cryogenic upper stage (CUS).[93]
  8. ^A suborbital mission was conducted in 2024.
  9. ^Additionally, two suborbital missions were conducted in 2010 and 2011.[98]
  10. ^A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2022.
  11. ^A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2016.[126]
  12. ^Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage.[129]

Rockets in flight testing

[edit]
VehicleOriginManufacturerHeightMaximum payload mass
(kg)		Reusable / ExpendableOrbital
launches
including
failures[a]		Suborbital test flightsLaunch site(s)Dates of flight
LEOGTOOtherFirstLatest
Angara A5 /Orion RussiaKhrunichev54.9 mN/A6,500[145]3,700 to GEO[145]Expendable1[145]RussiaPlesetsk,
RussiaVostochny		20242024
Angara A5 /Persei RussiaKhrunichev54.9 mN/A6,500[145]3,700 to GEO[145]Expendable1[145]RussiaPlesetsk,
RussiaVostochny		20212021
Eris Block 1 AustraliaGilmour Space Technologies25 m305[146]N/A215 to SSO[146]Expendable1[147]AustraliaBowen20252025
GYUB TV2South KoreaSouth KoreaMND19.5 m100[148]N/AN/AExpendable1[148]South KoreaJeju sea launch platform20232023
KAIROS JapanSpace One18 m250[149]N/A150 to SSO[149]Expendable2[150]JapanSpaceport Kii20242024
New-type satellite carrier rocket[151] North Korea
 Russia		NADA

Khrunichev

N/AN/AN/AN/AExpendable1[152][151]North KoreaSohae20242024
Spectrum GermanyIsar Aerospace28 m1,000[153]N/A700 to SSO[153]Expendable1[154]NorwayAndøya
FranceCSG		20252025
Zuljanah IranIranian Space Agency25.5 m220[155]N/AN/AExpendable1[155]2[155]IranSemnan20252025

Upcoming rockets

[edit]

Upcoming launch vehicles

VehicleOriginManufacturerHeightPayload mass to ... (kg)Reusable / ExpendableLaunch Site (s)Date of first flight
LEOGTOOther
Agnibaan IndiaAgniKul Cosmos18 m100[156]N/AN/AExpendableIndiaSDSC2025
Angara A5 /KVTK RussiaKhrunichevN/AN/A7,500[157]4,500 to GEO[157]ExpendableRussiaPlesetsk,
RussiaVostochny		2028[157]
Angara A5M RussiaKhrunichevN/A26,800[158]4,100-5,200[158]N/AExpendableRussiaPlesetsk,
RussiaVostochny		2027
Angara A5P RussiaKhrunichevN/A18,200[159]N/AN/AExpendableRussiaVostochny2028
Angara A5V RussiaKhrunichev70 m37,500[160]13,300[160]8,000 to GEO
~15,000 to HEO
~10000 to TLI[160]		ExpendableRussiaVostochny2028[160]
Antares 330 United StatesNorthrop Grumman

Firefly Aerospace[b]

47 m10,500[161]N/AN/AExpendableUnited StatesMARS2026
Ariane 6 A64EuropeArianeGroup63 m21,900[4]11,700[4]15,500 to SSO
10,700 to MEO
4,700 to GEO
6,900 to HCO
8,600 to TLI[4][5]		ExpendableFranceCSG2026
AuroraCanadaCanadaReaction Dynamics18 m200[162]N/AN/AExpendableCanadaNova ScotiaN/A
Aventura 1ArgentinaArgentinaTLON Space10 mN/AN/A25[163]N/AUruguay Launch platform2025
Blue Whale 1 South KoreaPerigee Aerospace21 m165[164]N/A185 to SSO[164]Partially reusableSouth KoreaCETACEA 1 sea launch platform[165]SwedenEsrange2025[164]
190[164]220 to SSO[164]Expendable
Cosmos RussiaSR space18.5 m390N/A310 to SSON/ARussiaVostochny,
RussiaYasny		N/A
Cyclone-4M UkraineYuzhnoye
Yuzhmash		38.9 m5,000[166]910[166]3,350 to SSO[166]ExpendableCanadaNova ScotiaN/A
Dauntless United StatesVaya Space18.3 m> 500[167]N/A> 300 to SSO[167]ExpendableUnited StatesCCSFS,
United States The Spaceport Company Launch Platform		2026[168]
Daytona United StatesPhantom Space20.3 m> 600[169]N/AN/AExpendableUnited StatesVSFB,
United StatesCCSFS,
AustraliaASC		2026
Eclipse United StatesFirefly Aerospace55.7 m16,300[170]3,200[170]2,300 to TLI[170]ExpendableUnited StatesCCSFS,
United StatesMARS,
United StatesVSFB		2026[170]
Epsilon SJapanJapanJAXA27.2 m1,400[171]N/A600 to SSO[171]ExpendableJapanKSC2026[172]
Gravity-2 ChinaOrienspace70 m21,500[173]1,500[173]21,500 to SSO[173]Partially reusableChinaWSLS2025[174]
HANBIT-NANO HyPERSouth KoreaSouth KoreaInnospace21.7 mN/AN/A90[175]ExpendableBrazilCEA,
NorwayAndøya,
AustraliaASC		2025[176]
HANBIT-NANO LiMERSouth KoreaSouth KoreaInnospace21.8 mN/AN/A90[177]ExpendableBrazilCEA,
NorwayAndøya,
AustraliaASC		2025[176]
Hyperbola-3 Chinai-Space69 m8,500[178]N/AN/APartially reusableChinaJSLC2025[178]
13,000[179]Expendable
H3-22L JapanMitsubishi63 mN/A4,000[35]N/AExpendableJapanTNSCN/A
H3-30S JapanMitsubishi57 mN/A2,100[35]4,000 to SSO[35]ExpendableJapanTNSC2025[180]
Jielong 4 ChinaCALTN/AN/AN/AN/AExpendableN/AN/A
KSLV-IIISouth KoreaSouth KoreaKARI54 m10,000[181]3,500[181]7,000 to SSO

1,800 to TLI[181]

ExpendableSouth KoreaNaro2030
Long March 9 ChinaCALT114 m150,000[182]N/A50,000 to TLI[182]Partially/fully reusableChinaWSLS2033[183]
Long March 10 ChinaCALT89[c]–93.2 m[d]N/AN/A27,000 to TLI[184]ExpendableChinaWSLS2027[185]
Long March 10A ChinaCALT67.4 m14,000[184]N/AN/APartially reusableChinaWSLS2026[186]
18,000[184]Expendable
MaiaFranceFranceMaiaSpace50 mN/AN/A500 to SSO[187]Partially reusableFranceCSG2026[187]
1,500 to SSO[187]Expendable
Miura 5 SpainPLD Space35.7 m1,080[188]N/A540 to SSO[188]Partially reusableFranceCSG2026[189]
Nebula-1 ChinaDeep Blue Aerospace21 m2,000[190]N/AN/APartially reusableChinaWSLS2025[191]
Nebula-2 ChinaDeep Blue AerospaceN/A25,000[190]N/AN/APartially reusableChinaWSLSN/A
Neutron United States
 New Zealand		Rocket Lab42.8 m8,500[192]N/A6,000 to SSO
6,200 to polar[192]		Partially reusable (launch site)United StatesMARS2026
13,000[192]1,800[192]9,700 to SSO
10,100 to polar[192]		Partially reusable (drone ship)
15,000[192]2,800[192]11,500 to SSO
11,800 to polar[192]		Expendable
NGLV IndiaISRO93 m23,000[193]9,600[193]N/APartially reusableIndiaSDSC2031
NGLV-H IndiaISRO93 m31,700[193]12,400[193]N/APartially reusableIndiaSDSCN/A
Nova United StatesStoke Space40.2 m3,000N/AN/AFully reusableUnited StatesCCSFS2026
7,0002,500800 to HCO1,250 to TLIExpendable
Pallas-1 ChinaGalactic Energy42 m8,000N/AN/APartially reusableChinaWSLS /TSLC2025[194]
Prime United KingdomOrbex19 m200[195]N/A180 to SSO[195]ExpendableUnited KingdomSutherland2026
RFA One GermanyRFA30 m1,600[196]450[196]1,300 to SSOExpendableUnited KingdomSaxaVord,
NorwayAndøya,
FranceCSG,
AustraliaWhalers Way		2025[197]
Rokot-M RussiaKhrunichevN/A1,950N/AN/AExpendableRussiaPlesetskTBA
ŞİMŞEK-1TurkeyTurkeyRoketsanN/A400N/AN/AExpendableTurkeyİğneada2027
SirayaTaiwanTaiwanTASA25 m200N/AN/AExpendableN/ATBA
Sirius 1FranceFranceSirius Space24.7 mN/AN/A175 to SSOExpendableN/A2025
Skyrora XL United KingdomSkyrora22.7 m315N/A315 to SSO[198]ExpendableUnited KingdomSaxaVord,
CanadaNova Scotia		2026
GYUB[199]South KoreaSouth KoreaMND26.8 m500[200]N/AN/AExpendableSouth KoreaJeju sea launch platformN/A
SLS Block 1B[e] United StatesNASA /Boeing
Northrop Grumman		111 m105,000[201]N/A37,000 to TLI[202]ExpendableUnited StatesKSC2028
SLS Block 2[f] United StatesNASA /Boeing
Northrop Grumman		111 m130,000[203]N/A45,000 to HCO[202]ExpendableUnited StatesKSC2033
SL1 GermanyHyImpulse30 m500N/AN/AExpendableUnited KingdomSaxaVord,
FranceCSG,
AustraliaWhalers Way		2027[204]
Soyuz-5 (Irtysh) RussiaTsSKB-Progress
RSC Energia		61.87 m18,000[205]N/A2,500 to GEOExpendableKazakhstanBaikonur2025[206]
Soyuz-7 (Amur) RussiaJSC SRC Progress55 m10,500[207]2,6004,700 to SSOPartially reusableRussiaVostochny2028
13,600[207]Expendable
Starship Block 3 expendable[208] United StatesSpaceX150 m[208]400,000[208]N/AN/AExpendable[208][209]United StatesStarbaseTBA
Starship Block 3[208] United StatesSpaceX150 m[208]200,000[208]N/AN/AFully reusable[208][209]United StatesStarbaseTBA
Terran R United StatesRelativity Space82 m23,5005,500[210]N/APartially reusableUnited StatesCCSFS2026[210]
33,500Expendable
Tianlong-3 ChinaSpace Pioneer71 m17,000N/A14,000 to SSOPartially reusableChinaJSLC,
ChinaWSLS		2025[211]
Tronador II-250ArgentinaArgentinaCONAE27 m500N/AN/AExpendableArgentinaBNPB2030
Vega-EItalyESAASI36.2 m3,000[212]N/AN/AExpendableFranceCSG2026
Vikram 1[213] IndiaSkyroot Aerospace[214]20 m315 to 45º inclination 500 km LEON/A200 to 500 km SSPOExpendableIndiaSDSC2026
Vikram 2[213] IndiaSkyroot AerospaceN/A520 to 45º inclination 500 km LEON/A410 to 500 km SSPOExpendableIndiaSDSCTBA
Vikram 3[213] IndiaSkyroot AerospaceN/A720 to 45º inclination 500 km LEON/A580 to 500 km SSPOExpendableIndiaSDSCTBA
Volans V500SingaporeSingaporeEquatorial Space SystemsN/A150N/AN/AExpendableN/A2026
Vulcan Centaur VC0 United StatesULA61.6 m10,8003,5002,300 to TLIExpendableUnited StatesVSFB,
United StatesCCSFS		TBA
Vulcan Centaur VC6 United StatesULA61.6 m27,200[215]14,400[215]6,500 to GEO
11,500 to TLI		ExpendableUnited StatesVSFB,
United StatesCCSFS		2025
ZephyrFranceFranceLatitude19 m100N/A80 to SSOExpendableUnited KingdomSaxaVord2026
Zero JapanInterstellar Technologies32 m800N/A250 to SSOExpendableJapanTaiki2027[216]
Zhuque-3 ChinaLandSpace76.6 m12,500 (RTLS)[217]N/AN/APartially reusableChinaJSLC,
ChinaWSLS		2025[217]
18,300 (barge)[217]Partially reusable
21,000[218]Expendable
  1. ^Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
  2. ^provides the first stage, including engines
  3. ^Height for uncrewed version
  4. ^Height for crewed version
  5. ^withEUS
  6. ^withEUS and
    advanced boosters

Retired rockets

[edit]
Main article:Comparison of retired orbital launch systems
RetiredSoyuz-U, the most launched launch system in history, of the groundbreaking and still heavily usedR-7 family.

Launch systems by country

[edit]
Main article:List of orbital launch systems

The following chart shows the number of launch systems developed in each country, and broken down by operational status. Rocket variants are not distinguished; i.e., theAtlas V series is only counted once for all its configurations 401–431, 501–551, 552, and N22.

10
20
30
40
50
AUS
BRZ
CHN
EUR
ESP
FRA
IND
IRN
ISR
JPN
NKR
NZL
RUS
SKR
TWN
UKR
UK
USA
  •   Operational
  •   In development
  •   Retired

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^There are many different methods. Each method has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed through asupersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort ofengine is called arocket engine.
  2. ^The first medieval rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs, in warfare as early as the 13th century.
  3. ^Such as thePegasus rocket andSpaceShipOne.
  4. ^Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (oftenmonopropellant rockets) orresistojet rockets fororbital station-keeping and some usemomentum wheels forattitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have usedelectric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north–south stationkeeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have usedion thrusters andHall effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.

References

[edit]
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