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Comparison of operating system kernels

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Akernel is a component of a computeroperating system.[1] It serves as an intermediary connecting software to hardware, enabling them to work together seamlessly.[2] A comparison of system kernels can provide insight into the design and architectural choices made by the developers of particular operating systems.

Comparison criteria

[edit]

The following tables comparegeneral and technical information for a number of widely used and currently availableoperating system kernels. Please see the individual products' articles for further information.

Even though there are a large number and variety of availableLinux distributions, all of these kernels are grouped under a single entry in these tables, due to the differences among them being of the patch level. Seecomparison of Linux distributions for a detailed comparison. Linux distributions that have highly modified kernels — for example,real-time computing kernels — should be listed separately. There are also a wide variety of minor BSD operating systems, many of which can be found atcomparison of BSD operating systems.

The tables specifically do not include subjective viewpoints on the merits of each kernel or operating system.

Feature overview

[edit]

The major contemporary general-purposekernels are shown in comparison. Only an overview of the technical features is detailed.

Kernel name
Programming
language
Used inCreatorExecutable
format
(also see
section
below)		TypeIntegratedfirewallSMP supportMultiplearchitecture
support
(also see
section below).		VirtualizationSecurityProfiling/DebuggingSoftreal-time supportHardreal-time supportCan keepRTC inUT[3]
Amiga ExecAmigaOSCommodore InternationalHUNKExokernel (atypical)[4]NoNoNoYesNoNoYesNoNoNo
Amiga Exec SG (2nd Generation)AmigaOS 4Hyperion EntertainmentELF/HUNKExokernel (atypical)[5]NoNoNoYesNoNoYesNoNo?
DragonFly BSD kernelCDragonFly BSDMatt DillonELFhybridIpfirewall,
PF		YesNoYeschroot,jail, vkernelUnix permissionsDDB,KGDB???
FreeBSD kernelCFreeBSD,

Debian GNU/kFreeBSD,Gentoo/FreeBSD,Orbis OS

The FreeBSD ProjectELF, others - platform dependentmonolithicIPFilter,Ipfirewall,
PF		YesYesYeschroot,jail,bhyveUnix permissions,POSIX.1e and NFSv4 ACLs,[6][7] Capsicum,TrustedBSD MAC,OpenBSMKDB, DDB,KGDB,DTrace,hwpmcYes?Yes
GNU HurdCGNU/Hurd (Arch Hurd,Debian GNU/Hurd)GNU Project/Free Software FoundationELFmultiserver microkernelNoPartial[8]NoYeschroot,XenUnix permissions,POSIX ACL,POSIX Capabilities????
GNU MachCpart ofGNU Hurd, used inGNU/HurdGNU Project/Free Software FoundationELFmicrokernelNoPartial[8]NoYeschroot,XenUnix permissions,POSIX ACL,POSIX Capabilities????
Inferno kernelInfernoBell Labs /Vita Nuova Holdings?virtual machine?YesYesYeschroot,Xen?????
L4L4Jochen LiedtkeNomicrokernelNoYesYesYesYesAfterburner/L4[1], Marzipan[2],capabilities inL4/Fiasco[9]L4/Fiasco[9]L4/Fiasco[9]??
Linux kernelCLinux (kernel),Android, Ubuntu, CentOS,webOS, Fire OS,Firefox OS,ChromeOS, Syllable Server, Mastodon Linux, OpenBSD/Linux, Plan 9/Linux,Sailfish OS,Tizen, amongst others.Linus Torvalds[10]ELF, othersmonolithicYesYesYescgroups,chroot,Lguest,Xen,KVM,kvm-lite,LXCUnix permissions,POSIX ACL,POSIX Capabilities, keyctl,LSM (SELinux,SMACK,TOMOYO Linux,AppArmor)OProfile,kprobe,SystemTap,JProbe,ftrace,KDB,KGDB,kernel marker,perf tools,eBPFpreempt=full, threadirqsPREEMPT RT, CPU task isolation[11]Yes
Compute Node LinuxCompute Node LinuxCray Inc.????????????
MachCNeXTSTEP andOPENSTEP for Mach,Tru64 UNIX andMkLinuxCarnegie Mellon UniversityMach-Omicrokernel,hybrid kernel?Yes?Yes???Yes??
MINIX 3 kernelCMINIX 3Andrew S. TanenbaumELF,[12]a.out[13][14]microkernelNoNoYesYesNoUnix permissionsCall profiling, statistical profiling, Minix Debugger (mdb)NoNo?
NetBSD kernelCNetBSD,

GNU/kNetBSD (Debian GNU/NetBSD),

The NetBSD ProjectELF, others - platform dependentmonolithic, anykernel usingrump kernel architectureIPFilter,PF,NPFYesYesYesXen,chrootkauth,Unix permissionsDDB,KGDB,tprofPOSIX real-time scheduling extensionsKernel preemption[15]Yes
NetWare kernelNetWareNovellNLMhybridYesYesNoYes??????
OpenBSD kernelCOpenBSDOpenBSD developersELF, others - platform dependentmonolithicPFYesYesYes?Unix permissions????
OS/2 kernelOS/2 version 2 and aboveIBMLXhybridNoYesNoPowerPC version developed but never officially released.YesNoYesYesYesNo?
Plan 9 kernelCPlan 9 from Bell LabsBell Labs?monolithicipmuxYesYesYes??????
ReactOS kernelCReactOSReactOS FoundationPEhybrid?YesYesYes?YesYes???
Rockbox kernelRockboxThe Rockbox Project????Yes???????
SunOS kernelCSunOSSun Microsystemsa.out
monolithic?YesYesYes?Unix permissions????
Solaris kernelCSolaris,

OpenSolaris,GNU/kOpenSolaris (Nexenta OS)

Sun MicrosystemsELF (32-bit only until
Solaris 7 in 1998)		monolithicYesYesYesZones,chrootUnix permissions,ACL,RBAC, Auditing,Privileges,Zones,Trusted ExtensionsDTrace, CPU profiling, microstate accounting, perf counters, kernel lock stats, kstats, mdb, kmdbReal-time scheduler?Yes
SVR5 kernelCUnixWare 7,OpenServer 6Santa Cruz OperationELFmonolithicIPFilterYesNoYesNoUnix permissions???Yes
Trix kernelTrixMassachusetts Institute of Technologya.outmonolithic?YesNoYes??????
Windows NT kernelCAllWindows NT family systems,2000,
XP,2003,Vista,Windows 7,Windows 8,Windows Phone 8,Windows Phone 8.1,Windows 10,Windows 11,Windows Server		MicrosoftPEhybridYesYesYesYesHyper-VACL,PrivilegesEvent Tracing,[16] dgbss, kdMultimedia Class Scheduler ServiceNoUnofficial[17]
Windows 9x kernelC++Windows 95,Windows 98,Windows MeMicrosoftPEmonolithic
XNU (Darwin kernel)C,C++macOS,iOS,iPadOS,tvOS,watchOS,

OpenDarwin,PureDarwinGNU/Darwin

Apple Inc.Mach-OhybridIpfirewall,
PF (starting in Lion)		YesYesYeschrootUnix permissions,NT/NFSv4 ACLs,TrustedBSD MAC,OpenBSMKDB, DDB,DTraceYesNoYes
SPARTAN kernelCHelenOSJakub JermarELFmicrokernel?YesYesYes??????
ZirconC++Fuchsia OSGoogleELFmicrokernelNoYesYesYesLguest,Xen,KVM,kvm-liteYesKDB, DDB,GDBYesNoYes

Failure analysis and availability

[edit]
Kernel NameKernel LogSerious system error reportFatal system error reportKernelcrash dumpKernel debuggerHardware error detectionSoftwareRAIDRemote storage replication
Memory hotplug
Kernellive patchingKernel live update
DragonFly BSD kernelYes?Kernel panic?ddb???????
FreeBSD kernelkern.msgbuf in sysctl?Kernel panicYes[18]KGDB?GEOM,ZFS(HAST in user-space)No???
Linux kernelkmsgLinux kernel oopsKernel panic / drm_panickdumpKDB /KGDBEDAC (formerly Bluesmoke)md,LVMDRBDYesYeslivepatchKexec HandOver / Live Update Orchestrator[19]
NetBSD kernelYes?Kernel panic?DDB /KGDB?RAIDframe,ZFS?????
OpenBSD kernelYes?Kernel panicYes[20]ddb?softraid?????
Solaris kernelYes?YesSystem core dump[21]mdbereportSolaris Volume Manager,ZFS?????
Windows NT kernelNT Kernel Logger inETWStop Error (Blue Screen of Death)Kernel-mode DumpKDWHEAStorage Spaces / Disk ManagementStorage Replica / DFS Replication??Hotpatch[22]?
XNUYes?Kernel panic?ddb / kdp?AppleRAID?????
Zircon????????????

Scalability and clustering

[edit]
[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding missing information.(March 2025)
Kernel NameSupported number of CPU coresNUMA supportComputer cluster interconnectApplication checkpointing
/
Process migration		Single system imageClustered file system
Remote direct memory access (RDMA) supportInfiniBand supportPCI Express
Non-Transparent Bridge (NTB) support		CXL 3.1
inter-host communication withGIM support
DragonFly BSD kernel256[23]Partial[23]????sys_checkpoint[24]planned[25]HAMMER2
FreeBSD kernel1024[26]YesYes[27]YesYes[28]??NopNFS[29]
Linux kernel8192YesYesYesYes[30]NoCheckpoint/Restart(openMosix)pNFS /Ceph /OCFS2 /GFS2
Solaris kernel512[31]YesYesYes[32]??NoNoPxFS
Windows NT kernel?Yes?????NoCluster Shared Volumes

Realtime support

[edit]
Kernel NameFullkernel preemptionPreventpriority inversion (Priority inheritance)Realtime SchedulingRealtime PriorityRealtime I/OCPU IsolationDisable CPU'sInterrupt request (IRQ) handlingDisable CPU's timer ticksPrevent memory from being swapped out
kernel threadsinterrupt handlerslock sectionskernel spaceuserland
DragonFly BSD kernel???????????mlock/mlockallsystem call
FreeBSD kernel????UMUTEX_PRIO_INHERIT on _umtx_op[33]SCHED_FIFO /SCHED_RR onULE scheduler[34]rtprio system call[34]???Yes, since FreeBSD 9.0[35]mlock/mlockall system call
Linux kernelpreempt=fullthreadirqsPREEMPT_RT[36]RT-mutex / (mutex with Proxy Execution[37])PI-futexes[38]SCHED_FIFO /SCHED_RR onCFS/EEVDFrtprio system callIOPRIO_CLASS_RT[39]isolcpusirqaffinitynohz_full[40]mlock/mlockall system call
NetBSD kernel???????????mlock/mlockall system call
OpenBSD kernel???????????mlock/mlockall system call
Solaris kernel????Yes[41]??????mlock/mlockall system call
Windows NT kernelYes[42]??AutoBoost[43]?REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS????Windows 8 and later[44]VirtualLock
XNU????os_unfair_lock[45]??????mlock system call
Zircon????????????

Transport protocol support

[edit]
Kernel NameInternet layer (L3)Transport layer (L4)L4S Congestion controls
IPv4IPv6IPSecTCPMultipath TCPUDPSCTPDCCPQUICAccurate ECN (AccECN)TCP PragueDual-Queue Coupled Active Queue Management
DragonFly BSD kernelYesYes?Yes?YesNoNo????
FreeBSD kernelYesYes?YesUnofficial patch exists[46]YesYesOptional????
Linux kernelYesYesYesYesPartial[47]YesYesdropped in 6.16(QUIC in Linux Kernel)optional[48][49](Linux kernel tree with L4S patches)DualPI2 qdisc[50][51]
NetBSD kernelYesYesYesYes?YesYesYes????
OpenBSD kernelYesYes?Yes?Yes??????
Solaris kernelYesYes?Yes?YesYes?????
Windows NT kernelYesYes?Yes?YesNo?????
XNUYesYes?YesYesYesNoNo????
Zircon???Yes?YesYesYes????

Data link layer and Tunneling protocol support

[edit]
[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding missing information.(April 2025)
Kernel NameData link layer (L2)L2 over L2L2 segmentationlayer 2.5 (L2.5)L2 over L2.5L2 over L3L3 over L3L2 over L4
PPPEthernetPPPoEIEEE 802.1Q (VLAN)IEEE 802.1ad (QinQ)MPLSVLL Epipe (VPWS)L2TPv3L2GREL3 GREMobile IP Minimal Tunneling[52]IP in IP (IPIP)[53]6in4 (SIT)[54]PPTPL2TPVXLAN
DragonFly BSD kernelYes[55]Yes?Yes[56]?????Yes[57]gif[58]???
FreeBSD kernelLegacy kernel PPP[59][a] andnetgraph-based kernel PPP[60]YesYes[61]Yes[62]?????Yes[63]Yes[64]gif[65]??Yes[66]
Linux kernelYes[67]Yes[68]Yes[69]Yes[70]Yes[71]?Yes[72]?Yes[73]NoYes[74]Yes[75]No[b]Yes[76]Yes[77]
NetBSD kernelYes[78]YesYes[79]Yes[80]?Yes[81]?l2tp interface[82]?Yes[83]gif[84]???
OpenBSD kernelYes[85]YesYes[86]Yes[87]svlan[87]?mpw[88]?egre[89]Yes[89]No?gif[90]??Yes[91]
Solaris kernelYes[92]YesYes[93]Yes??????NoYes?No[b]No[b]Yes
Windows NT kernel?Yesraspppoe.sys??????Yes[94]Noipinip.sysNo[95]?rasl2tp.sysYes
XNUYesYes?Yes??????Nogif???
Zircon????????????????
  1. ^Dropped since FreeBSD 8.0-RELEASE
  2. ^abcImplemented in user-space only

Inter-process communication support

[edit]
Kernel NameSignalMessagingShared memoryStream-orientedKernel-assistedRemote Procedure Call
Message queue (Mailbox)between kernel and userspaceAnonymousNamedPipeLocal socket
Anonymous pipeNamed pipe
FreeBSD kernelYesPOSIX/System VAF_NETLINK sockets[96]SHM_ANON[97]YesBidirectional[98]YesAF_UNIX?
XNUYesPOSIXAF_ROUTE and AF_SYSTEM sockets,Mach IPC?YesUnidirectionalYesAF_UNIXMach IPC
DragonFly BSD kernelYes???YesBidirectionalYesAF_UNIX?
NetBSD kernelYes?AF_ROUTE sockets?YesUnidirectionalYesAF_UNIX?
OpenBSD kernelYes?AF_ROUTE sockets?YesBidirectionalYesAF_UNIX?
LinuxYesPOSIX/System VAF_NETLINK socketsmemfdPOSIX/System VUnidirectionalYesAF_UNIXBinder
Solaris kernelYesPOSIX/System V??YesBidirectionalYesAF_UNIXDoors
Windows NT kernel?MailSlot[99]??YesUnidirectionalNPFSAF_UNIX[100]ALPC

In-kernel security

[edit]
Kernel
File access controlDisable memory execution support
KernelASLR
Mandatory access controlCapability-based security
In-kernel
key management
Audit APISandboxSYN flood protectionUDP flood protectionPing flood protectionSmurf attack protectionNetwork Behavior Analysis
Linux
Traditional Unix permissions,POSIX ACLYesYesLSM (SELinux,SMACK,TOMOYO Linux,AppArmor)Yeskeyctlfanotify /inotifySELinux Sandbox,seccompSYN cookieshashlimit module / intermediate lockless queues[101]ICMP rate limitingreverse path filteringNetfilter
FreeBSD kernel
Traditional Unix permissions,POSIX and NFSv4 ACLYesYesTrustedBSD MACIn-kernel privilege division, and Capsicum?OpenBSM / inotify[102]Capsicum, MAC frameworkSYN cookies????
Solaris kernel
Traditional Unix permissions,POSIX ACL,NFSv4 ACLDefault?Solaris Trusted ExtensionsProcess privileges[103]????????
Windows NT kernel
Access control listDEPYesMandatory Integrity ControlProcess security tokens, and AppContainersNoYesWindows Event LogYes[104]Yes???
XNU
Traditional Unix permissions,NT/NFSv4 ACL[105]YesYesTrustedBSD MAC??OpenBSMApple XNU Sandbox?????
KernelCode signingRuntime integrity checkingApplication WhitelistingVerifying
Kernel (Secure Boot)Kernel driverApplicationblock devicefilesystem
LinuxYesModule signature verificationLinux Integrity Measurement Architecture(Linux Kernel Runtime Guard)?dm-verityfs-verity
FreeBSD kernel???????
NetBSD kernel????veriexec??
Solaris kernel???????
Windows NT kernelYesKernel-Mode Code Signing[106]?Kernel Patch ProtectionAppLocker?Windows Resource Protection
XNU?kext signing?Kernel Patch Protection[107]???

In-kernel virtualization

[edit]
Kernel NameContainer
(no resource management,
no security)		Container
(no resource management)		Container
(resource management)		ParavirtualizationFull virtualizationUser-space executionKernel as LibraryKernel as Kernel DriverHypervisor-Enforced Kernel Partitioning
LinuxchrootLXCVirtio,Hyper-V (guest only),Xen (guest only),VMI (guest only),kvm-lite,lguestKVMUML(LKL)(coLinux)No
DragonFly BSD kernelchrootjailNoNovkernel??No
FreeBSD kernelchrootjailVirtio,Xen[108]bhyve???No
NetBSD kernelchroot(sysjail (discontinued))NoVirtio, Xen[109]No?Rump kernel?No
OpenBSD kernelchrootNoNoXen (guest only)[110]Yes[111]NoNoNoNo
Solaris kernelchrootSolaris Containers / ZonesNoNoNo??No
Windows NT kernelAppContainers, Job Objects, Windows Server ContainersHyper-VProject DrawbridgeNoVirtual Secure Mode, Device Guard, Credential Guard[112]
XNUchroot???Yes[113]???No

In-kernel server support

[edit]
Kernel NameHTTPFTPNFSCIFSName serverTransport-layer load balancerApplication-layer load balancer9PTLS proxyWAFMemcached server
Linux kernel(TUX web server patch)(TUX web server patch)knfsdksmbd?IP Virtual Server(KTCPVS)(patch available)SOL_TLS[114](Tempesta FW)[115](kmemcached)
DragonFly BSD kernelNoNoYesYes?Yes[116]?NoNo??
FreeBSD kernelNoNoYesNoNoYes[117]NoNoktls[118]??
Solaris kernel??YesYes[119]?Yes[120]Yes[120]?KSSL??
Windows NT kernelHTTP.sys??Yes?YesYesNo???
XNUNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNo??

Binary format support

[edit]

A comparison of OS kernel support for differentbinary formats (executables):

Namea.outECOFFELFFDPIC
ELF
binaries
(mmu less)		flat
binaries
(superH)		HUNKMach-O
Misc
(wrapper based,
like interpreters)
PESOM
(PA-RISC,
HP-UX)		NLMPEFDOS COMMZLELXNE
Amiga ExecNoNoYes[121]NoNoYesNoNoNoNo???????
DragonFly BSD kernelNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
FreeBSD kernelNoNoYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
HP-UX kernelNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNo?????
LinuxNoYesYesYesYesNoNoYesNoYes?No?????
MINIX 3Some[13][14]NoYes[12]NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo?????
NetBSD kernelYesYesYes???dropped[122]?Yes????????
OpenBSD kernel??Yes??????????????
ReactOS kernel????????Yes????????
Solaris kernelYes[123]NoYes[124]NoNoNoNoNoNoNo???????
Windows NT kernelNoNoYes withWSLNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNo[a]No[a]??No[a]
XNUNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
  1. ^abcSupported by Win32 subsystem in user-space on x86

File system support

[edit]

Physicalfile systems:

KernelAcorn ADFSAmiga FFSAPFSBeFSBFScramfsEFSext2ext3ext4F2FSFATFreeVxFSHFSHFS+HPFSISO 9660JFFSJFFS2JFSMINIX fsNSSNTFSOCFSQNX4 FSSystem V FSUDFUFSXFSZFSReiserFSReiser4BtrfsHAMMERTux3exFATReFS
DragonFly BSD kernelNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNolimited writeNoNoNoread onlyYesNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNo
FreeBSD kernelNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesYesYesNoYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoSupport dropped since 10.0-RELEASE[125][126]NoNoNoYesYesread onlyYesread onlyNoNoNoNo?No
Linux kernelYes
[127]		YesUnofficial
[128]		read onlyYesYesread onlyYesYesYesYesYesread onlyYeslimited write (only with empty journal)YesYesYesYesYesYesYesFull read/write support since 5.15[129]YesYes
[127]
[130]		write support?YesYes
[127]		Yes3rd-party moduleYesYesYesNoYesYesNo
MINIX 3 kernelNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoTools available, cannot mountNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
NetBSD kernel???????????????????????????Yes?Yes???????
NetWare kernelNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo?No
OpenBSD kernel???????????????????????????Yes?????????
ReactOS kernelNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYes
[131]		Yes
[131]		Yes
[131]		NoYes
[131]		NoNoNoNoYes
[131]		NoNoNoNoNoRead onlyNoNoNoYes
[131]		NoNoNoNoNoYes[132][131]NoNoNoNo
Solaris kernel??No????Yes???Yes????Yes????NoNo???YesYes?YesNoNoNoNoNo?No
Windows NT kernel??Unofficial
[128]		????Unofficial
[133]		Unofficial
[134]		Unofficial
[134]		NoYes?Unofficial
[128]		Unofficial
[128]		NoYes????NoYes???Yes??NoNoNoUnofficial
[135]		NoNoYesYes
XNUNoNoYesNoNoNoNoUnofficial
[136]		Unofficial
[136]		NoNoYesNoYesYesNoYesNoNoNoNoNoRead-OnlyNoNoNoYesYesNoOfficial support was abandoned; 3rd-party modules availableNoNoNoNoNoYesNo

Networked file system support

[edit]
Kernel NameNFSAFSCIFSCoda9PCeph
DragonFly BSD kernelup to NFSv3NoYesNoNoNo
FreeBSD kernelYesYesYesYesNoYes
Linux kernelYesYesYesYesYesYes
NetBSD kernelup to NFSv3?????
OpenBSD kernelup to NFSv3?????
Solaris kernelYesYesYesNoNoNo
Windows NT kernelYesYesYesNoNoNo
XNUYesYesYesNoNoNo

Pseudo file system support

[edit]
Kernel NameDevice File SystemProcess File System (procfs)Interface for user-space file systems
DragonFly BSD kerneldevfsYesFUSE
FreeBSD kerneldevfsObsoleted[137]FUSE
LinuxdevtmpfsYesFUSE
NetBSD kerneldevfsYesPUFFS
OpenBSD kernelNoNoFUSE
Solaris kerneldevfsYesFUSE (3rd-party implementation)
XNUdevfsNoFUSE (Unoffical implementation)

Supported CPU instruction sets and microarchitectures

[edit]
See also:List of Linux-supported computer architectures
kernelHPSoftbank,
ARM Holdings		IntelMIPSIBMRenesas ElectronicsOracleNXPAnalog DevicesXilinxCadenceCanon,
Axis Comm.		SocionextMicrochip,
Atmel		CML,
Hyperstone		Intel,
Altera		WDCSunplus TechnologyNVIDIATI
VAXAlphaPA-RISCARMx86i960IA-64MIPSPowerPCS/390z/ArchH8300M16CM32R78KV850SuperHSPARCm68kBlackfin (no-mmu)MicroBlazeXtensaETRAX CRISFR-VMN10300AVR32E1 (no-mmu)Nios (no-mmu)Nios IIWDC 65C816S+coreTileraC6X
mmuno-mmux86x86-64mmuno-mmu32-bit64-bitmmuno-mmu32-bit64-bitno-mmummuno-mmummuno-mmummuno-mmu
DragonFly BSD kernelNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
FreeBSD kernelNo6.4 and below only[138]NoYes?YesYesNo10.4 and below only[138]projected to end in 14.x[138]NoYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo12.x and below only[138]?NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
Linux kernelNoYesYesYesYesYesYesNo6.7 and below onlyYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNo4.16 and below only[139]No2.6 and below onlyYesYesYesYesYesYesYes4.16 and below only[139]YesYesYes4.16 and below only[139]4.16 and below only[139]4.16 and below only[139]4.12 and below onlyNoNoYesYesNo4.16 and below only[139]4.16 and below only[139]Yes
MINIX 3 kernel?NoNoYes?YesIn progressNoNoIn progress?NoNoNoNoNo?No?NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
NetBSD kernelYesYesYesYesNo[140]YesYes?YesYesNo[140]YesNoNoNo?????YesNo[140]YesYesNo[140]YesNo[140]????????????????
NetWare kernelNoNoNoNoNoYesNo?NoNoNoNoNoNoNo?????NoNoNoNoNoNoNo????????????????
OpenBSD kernellast supported release 5.8[141]YesYesYes?YesYes?NoYes?YesNoNoNo?????Yes?YesYes?YesYes????????????????
Rockbox kernel???Yes?????Yes????No?????Yes????Yes?????????????????
Solaris kernelNoNoNoNoNoDropped since Oracle Solaris 11 (11/11)[142]Yes?NoNoNoOnly in Solaris 2.5.1NoNoOnly available as a separated version ofOpenSolaris?????NoNoDropped since Solaris 10[143]Yes?NoNo????????????????
Windows NT kernelNoNT 5.0 RC1 and below onlyNoYesNoYesYesNoXP and2003-2008 R2 onlyNT 4.0 and below onlyNoNT 3.51 andNT 4.0 onlyNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
Windows CE kernelNoNoNoYes?Yes?NoNoYes?NoNoNoNoNo?No?NoYes?NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
XNUNoNoNoYes?YesYes?NoNoNoYesYesNoNo?????NoNoNoNoNoNoNo????????????????
SPARTAN kernel?NoNoYes?YesYes?YesYes?YesNoNoNo?????NoNoYesYes?NoNo????????????????
FreeRTOS kernel????Yes[144]??????Yes[144]??NoYes[144]??Yes[144]Yes[144]?Yes[144]?????Yes[144]Yes[144]?????Yes[144]???Yes[144]????
ZirconNoNoNoYesYesNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo

Supported GPU processors

[edit]
Kernel nameIntelNVIDIAAMDARMQualcommImagination TechnologiesBroadcomVeriSilicon
HD/Iris/UHD GraphicsGeForce/Quadro/TeslaRadeonMaliAdrenoPowerVRVideoCore4Vivante
Linux kernelYesYesYesYesYesYes[145]YesYes
Windows NT kernelYesYesYes?Windows Phone 8.x,Windows 10 Mobile,Windows on ARMYes[146]No[147]Yes
XNUvia I/O Kit (macOS only)via I/O Kit (macOS only)Novia I/O Kit (iOS only)NoNo

Supported kernel execution environment

[edit]

This table indicates, for each kernel, what operating systems' executable images and device drivers can be run by that kernel.

Kernel nameLinuxDarwinWindows NTFreeBSDNetBSDSolarisOSF/1Amiga UnixSunOSBSD/OSiBCS2 systemsIRIXUltrixNDISSVR4
FreeBSD kernelYes[148]NoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYes[148]Yes[148]
Linux kernelYesNo(Longene)NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo(NDISwrapper)No
NetBSD kernelYes[149]dropped[122]No?[3]?Yes[149]YesYes[149]dropped[150]Yes[149]Yes[149]Yes[149]dropped[151]dropped[152]Yes[149]dropped[153][154]dropped[155]
OpenBSD kernelDropped since OpenBSD 6.0[156]NoNoDropped since OpenBSD 5.0[157]Dropped since OpenBSD 4.2[158]NoNoNoDropped since OpenBSD 4.8[159]Dropped since OpenBSD 4.8[159]Dropped since OpenBSD 4.8[159]NoDropped since OpenBSD 4.8[159]NoDropped since OpenBSD 5.0[157]
Windows NT kernelWindows Subsystem for Linux 1NoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNo
ReactOS kernelNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo?No
XNUNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo

Supported cipher algorithms

[edit]

This may be usable on some situations like file system encrypting.

Kernel nameDESAESBlowfishTriple DESSerpentTwofishCAST-128DES-XIDEARC2RC5SEEDSkipjackTEAXTEACAST-256RC4CamelliaAnubisKHAZADSalsa20FCrypt
DragonFly BSD kernelYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesNoNoNoYesNoNoNoYesYesNoNoNoNo
FreeBSD kernelYesYesYesYesNoNoYesNoYesNoNoNoYesNoNoYesYesYesNoNoNoNo
LinuxYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNoNoYesNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Windows NT kernelYesYesYesYesNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNoNo
macOS XNU KernelYesYesYes???Yes??YesYes????YesYes?????

Supported compression algorithms

[edit]

This may be usable on some situations like compression file system.

Kernel nameDeflateLZOLZJBzstd
zlibgzip
LinuxYesYesYesNoYes
NetBSD kernelYesYesYes?Yes
Solaris kernelYes??Yes?

Supported message digest algorithms

[edit]
Kernel nameCRC-32 (IEEE)CRC-32CMD2MD4MD5SHA-1SHA-2SHA-3Michael MICPoly1305RIPEMD-128RIPEMD-160RIPEMD-256RIPEMD-320TigerWhirlpoolHMACMDC-2GOSTLASHVMAC
LinuxYes[160][161]Yes[162]NoYes[163]Yes[164]Yes[165]Yes[166]Partial[167]Yes[168]Yes[169]Yes[170]Yes[171]Yes[172]Yes[173]Yes[174]Yes[175]Yes[176]NoNoNoYes[177]
Solaris kernelYesYesYesYesYesYesYes????Yes??Yes?YesYes???
Windows NT kernel??YesYesYesYesYes?No?NoNoNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNo?
FreeBSD kernelYesYes?YesYesYesYes????Yes??Yes?Yes????
XNU kernelYes?Yes?YesYes???????????????
Kernel nameCRC-32 (IEEE)CRC-32CMD2MD4MD5SHA-1SHA-2SHA-3Michael MICPoly1305RIPEMD-128RIPEMD-160RIPEMD-256RIPEMD-320TigerWhirlpoolHMACMDC2GOSTLASHVMAC

Supported Bluetooth protocols

[edit]
Kernel nameACLSCOLMPHCIL2CAPBNEPRFComm.SDPTCPAVTCPAVDTPOBEXCMTPHIDPHCRPCAPIPPP
FreeBSD kernel???YesYes?YesYes???No?????
Linux?Yes?YesYesYesYes?????YesYes???
macOS XNU Kernel????Yes?YesYes???No?????
Kernel nameACLSCOLMPHCIL2CAPBNEPRFComm.SDPTCPAVTCPAVDTPOBEXCMTPHIDPHCRPCAPIPPP

Audio support

[edit]
Kernel nameAudio systemin-kernel mixerin-kernel filter
LinuxALSA, with optionalOSS API compatibility[178]??
Windows NT kernelMME /WDM audio /Kernel Streaming (KS)dropped (KMixer.sys)KS Filters
FreeBSD kernelOSS APIVCHANs in OSS API?
NetBSD kernelnative (Sun-like) /OSS API[179]audio_system[180]?
Solaris kernelSun audio API /OSS APIYes?

Graphics support

[edit]
Kernel nameFramebufferDisplay managementHardware Compositing (Multiple Planes)Display MultiplexerColor transformGPU schedulerGPU memory managementin-kernel Remote Desktop
Matrices1DLUT3D LUT
LinuxLinux framebuffer (fbdev) /Direct Rendering Manager (DRM)Kernel Mode Setting (KMS)Plane abstraction in DRM/KMS[181]VGA Switcheroo[182]Linux Color Pipeline API in DRM[183]DRM sched[184]DMA-BUFNo
Windows NT kernelDxgkrnl.sysVidPN Manager in Dxgkrnl.sys[185]Multiplane overlay (MPO) inWDDM[186]?viaMHC profile[187]?VidSch in Dxgkrnl[188]VidMm in Dxgkrnl.sys, Dxgmms1.sys, and Dxgmms2.sys[189]RdpDD.sys / RdpWD.sys

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^"Kernel Definition".The Linux Information Project. Retrieved4 March 2015.
  2. ^"Kernel in Operating System".GeeksforGeeks. 2020-07-23. Retrieved2025-05-31.
  3. ^IBM PC Real Time Clock should run in UT
  4. ^The Amiga hardware lacked support for memory protection, so the strong isolation goals of the microkernel design could not be achieved.[citation needed]
  5. ^The Amiga hardware lacked support for memory protection, so the strong isolation goals of the microkernel design could not be achieved.[citation needed]
  6. ^"Chapter 14. Security".FreeBSD Handbook.
  7. ^setfacl(1) – FreeBSD General CommandsManual
  8. ^abwww.gnu.org/software/hurd/faq/smp.html
  9. ^abc"The Fiasco microkernel - Status". RetrievedJanuary 11, 2013.
  10. ^"Linux Kernel FAQ".
  11. ^A full task-isolation mode for the kernel
  12. ^abSupports ELF since version 3.2.0"MinixReleases".Minix Wiki. Archived fromthe original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved21 May 2012.
  13. ^aba.out will be phased out in coming releases.van der Kouwe, Erik."Re: ~Segmentation [Was: Minix3 for sparc]".Minix3 for sparc. Google Groups. Retrieved21 May 2012.
  14. ^abCommit to remove a.out utils from minix; only supports running a.out now.Leca, Antoine."3fb8cb760c9075fab05682b89b1542d66481ba58".minix.git. Retrieved21 May 2012.
  15. ^"Announcing NetBSD 5.0".
  16. ^"Event Tracing".Microsoft Docs. 7 January 2021.
  17. ^"IBM PC Real Time Clock should run in UT".
  18. ^Chapter 10. Kernel Debugging - FreeBSD Documentation Portal. The FreeBSD Project
  19. ^Live Update Orchestrator "LUO" Merged For Linux 6.19. Phoronix. December 8, 2025
  20. ^crash(8) - OpenBSD manual pages
  21. ^Core Dump Management on the Solaris OS. Oracle. June 2007
  22. ^Hotpatching on Windows. Microsoft. November 20, 2021
  23. ^abDragonFly's Major Features List. DragonFly Project.
  24. ^DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : sys_checkpoint(2)
  25. ^DragonFly BSD - history. DragonFly Project.
  26. ^FreeBSD 14.0-RELEASE Announcement. FreeBSD Project.
  27. ^RoCE as a performance accelerator. FreeBSD Project. 2018.
  28. ^ntb. FreeBSD Project.
  29. ^"pnfs(4)".FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. August 5, 2018. Retrieved2026-01-22.
  30. ^NTB Drivers. kernel.org.
  31. ^For sun4v platforms, as of Oracle Solaris b147
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  33. ^_umtx_op. The FreeBSD Project.
  34. ^abFreeBSD Foundation: A Year of Sponsored Development in 2024. FreeBSD Foundation. December 20, 2024
  35. ^mav (2010-09-13)."[base] Revision 212541". Retrieved2026-01-23.
  36. ^A realtime preemption overview. LWN. August 10, 2005
  37. ^A proxy-execution baby step. LWN. July 29, 2025
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  39. ^Block io priorities. kernel.org.
  40. ^"(Nearly) full tickless operation in 3.10". Lwn.net. Retrieved2015-04-09.
  41. ^proc lwpsinfo_t Structure Oracle
  42. ^Always Preemptible and Always Interruptible. Microsoft
  43. ^Priority Inversion. Microsoft
  44. ^Bright, Peter (October 28, 2012)."Better on the inside: under the hood of Windows 8". Ars Technica. section "Tick tock".
  45. ^os_unfair_lock_lock - Apple Developer Documentation. Apple
  46. ^"Multipath TCP".Centre for Advanced Internet Architectures - Swinburne University of Technology. Archived fromthe original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved2026-01-24.
  47. ^Cloudflare Talks Up Multi-Path TCP But Dings Linux's Less Than Ideal Support. Phoronix. January 3, 2025.
  48. ^The 6.18 kernel has been released. LWN. December 1, 2025
  49. ^IP Sysctl. kernel.org.
  50. ^Dual-Queue Coupled Active Queue Management (AQM) for Low Latency, Low Loss, and Scalable Throughput (L4S) - Appendix A. Example DualQ Coupled PI2 Algorithm. IETF. January 2023
  51. ^The 6.17 kernel has been released. LWN.net. September 28, 2025
  52. ^RFC 2004
  53. ^RFC 2003
  54. ^RFC 1933, RFC 2893, and RFC 4213
  55. ^DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : ppp(4). DragonFly Projects
  56. ^DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : vlan(4). DragonFly Projects
  57. ^DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : gre(4). DragonFly Projects
  58. ^DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages : gif(4). DragonFly Projects
  59. ^FreeBSD Handbook Chapter 28 PPP and SLIP. The FreeBSD Project
  60. ^Archie Cobbs (November 13, 2012)."ng_ppp(4)".FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved2026-01-22.
  61. ^Julian Elischer (September 15, 2015)."ng_pppoe(4)".FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved2026-01-22.
  62. ^FreeBSD Manual Pages - Kernel Interfaces Manual - VLAN(4)
  63. ^FreeBSD Manual Pages - Kernel Interfaces Manual - GRE(4). The FreeBSD Project
  64. ^Andrey V. Elsukov (November 7, 2014)."me(4)".FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved2026-01-23.
  65. ^FreeBSD Manual Pages - Kernel Interfaces Manual - GIF(4). The FreeBSD Project
  66. ^FreeBSD 10.2-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project
  67. ^PPP (point-to-point protocol) support. kernelconfig.io
  68. ^Ethernet (10 or 100Mbit). kernelconfig.io
  69. ^PPP over Ethernet. kernelconfig.io
  70. ^802.1Q/802.1ad VLAN Support. kernelconfig.io
  71. ^MultiProtocol Label Switching. kernelconfig.io
  72. ^L2TPv3 support. kernelconfig.io
  73. ^IP: GRE tunnels over IP. kernelconfig.io
  74. ^IP: tunneling. kernelconfig.io
  75. ^IPv6: IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnel (SIT driver). kernelconfig.io
  76. ^PPP over L2TP. kernelconfig.io
  77. ^Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN). kernelconfig.io
  78. ^ppp(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
  79. ^pppoe(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
  80. ^vlan(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
  81. ^mpls(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
  82. ^l2tp(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
  83. ^gre(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
  84. ^gif(4) - NetBSD Manual Pages. The NetBSD Project
  85. ^ppp(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project
  86. ^pppoe(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project
  87. ^abvlan(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project
  88. ^OpenBSD 5.8 Changelog. OpenBSD Project
  89. ^abgre(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project
  90. ^gif(4) - OpenBSD manual pages. OpenBSD Project
  91. ^CVS: cvs.openbsd.org: src. OpenBSD Project
  92. ^"Chapter 21 Overview of PPP".Oracle Help Center. Oracle. Retrieved2026-01-22.
  93. ^"sppptun(7M)".Oracle Solaris 11.3 Information Library. Oracle. 2017. Retrieved2026-01-22.
  94. ^GRE Tunneling in Windows Server 2016. Microsoft. November 2, 2024
  95. ^Edward Horley. "Practical IPv6 for Windows Administrators" p.12. December 27, 2013. ISBN 978-1430263708
  96. ^"netlink(4)".FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. 2022-11-30. Retrieved2026-01-27.
  97. ^shm_open(2) The FreeBSD Project
  98. ^"pipe(2)".FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. 2016-07-20. Retrieved2026-01-23.
  99. ^Richard B. Lam. "Shared Memory and Message Queues". "Dr. Dobb's Journal of Software Tools for the Professional Programmer" Volume 20, Number 5. p.30. May, 1995.
  100. ^AF_UNIX comes to Windows. Microsoft. December 19th, 2017
  101. ^Linux 6.18 Will Be A Big Improvement For Servers Encountering DDoS Attacks. Phoronix. October 3, 2025
  102. ^FreeBSD 15.0-RELEASE Announcement. FreeBSD Project. December 2, 2025.
  103. ^"privileges(5)".Oracle Solaris 11.3 Reference Library. Oracle. 2017. Retrieved2026-01-23.
  104. ^"Syn attack protection on Windows Vista, Windows 2008, Windows 7, Windows 2008 R2, Windows 8/8.1, Windows 2012 and Windows 2012 R2". June 2010.SynAttack protection is enabled by default and cannot be disabled
  105. ^"Elementary Information Security, Second Edition, Chapter 4 "Sharing Files""(PDF). Section 4.4 "Microsoft Windows ACLs".The ACLs used in Macintosh OS X and Sun's Solaris operating system are similar to those in Windows to ensure they work well together.
  106. ^Kernel-Mode Code Signing Requirements. Microsoft.
  107. ^iOS Extraction Without a Jailbreak: Full iOS 9 Support, Simplified File System Extraction.ElcomSoft. August 6, 2020
  108. ^"Xen".FreeBSD Wiki. 2025-03-29. Retrieved2026-01-24.
  109. ^"NetBSD/xen".NetBSD Wiki. Retrieved2026-01-24.
  110. ^"xen(4)".OpenBSD manual pages. 2015-12-09. Retrieved2026-01-24.
  111. ^Mike Larkin (2015-12-06)."vmm(4)".OpenBSD manual pages. Retrieved2026-01-24.
  112. ^"Windows 10 Device Guard and Credential Guard Demystified".Ash's Blog. Retrieved2018-03-28.
  113. ^"Hypervisor".Apple Developer Documentation. Retrieved2026-01-24.
  114. ^doc/Documentation/networking/tls.txt kernel.org
  115. ^"Web security - tempesta-tech/tempesta Wiki". Tempesta Technologies INC. October 31, 2017. RetrievedMay 7, 2018.
  116. ^Ziehau, Sepherosa (2013-05-22)."socket: Extend SO_REUSEPORT to distribute workload to available sockets".DragonFly Project Source. Retrieved2024-07-31.
  117. ^Lundberg, Johannes (2018-06-06)."Load balance sockets with new SO_REUSEPORT_LB option". Retrieved2024-07-31.
  118. ^FreeBSD Manual Pages - KTLS(4) Kernel Interfaces Manual
  119. ^"OpenSolaris Project Weaves CIFS Server Into the Solaris Kernel". Archived fromthe original on 2008-05-22. Retrieved2009-08-21.
  120. ^abIntegrated Load Balancer
  121. ^AmigaOS up to version 3.9 could use the ELF format for PowerPC executables and libraries through ppc.library, also known as PowerUP.AmigaOS 4, uses ELF as its native executable format.
  122. ^absrc/trunk: src Remove Darwin, MACH and Mach-O support. The NetBSD Project.
  123. ^to supportSunOS 4.x binaries
  124. ^including a Linux compatibility option
  125. ^attilio (2012-10-17)."[base] Revision 241636". Retrieved2026-01-23.
  126. ^attilio (2013-03-02)."[base] Revision 247665". Retrieved2026-01-23.
  127. ^abcexperimental and dangerous write support
  128. ^abcdadditional driver needed
  129. ^"NTFS3".The Linux Kernel documentation. Retrieved2026-01-23.
  130. ^write support currently broken
  131. ^abcdefgReactOS Wiki - File Systems
  132. ^Vicmarcal (December 6, 2017)."ReactOS 0.4.7 released!".ReactOS Project. Retrieved2026-01-23.
  133. ^additional driver needed - seehttp://www.fs-driver.org/
  134. ^abadditional driver needed - seehttp://www.ext2fsd.comArchived 2012-07-23 at theWayback Machine
  135. ^additional driver needed - seehttps://github.com/maharmstone/btrfs
  136. ^abThird party module required. Mac OS X Kernel Module available here
  137. ^Garrett Wollman; Mike Pritchard (2023-04-10)."procfs(5)".FreeBSD Manual Pages. The FreeBSD Project. Retrieved2026-01-25.
  138. ^abcd"FreeBSD supported platforms".
  139. ^abcdefgLarabel, Michael (2 April 2018)."Linux Set To Shed Nearly 500k Lines Of Code By Dropping Old CPUs - Phoronix".Phoronix. Phoronix Media. Retrieved2018-04-22.The architectures on the chopping block for Linux 4.17 are Blackfin, CRIS, FRV, M32R, Metag, MN10300, Score, and Tile
  140. ^abcdeNetBSD Projects - Support for MMU-less systems
  141. ^"OpenBSD/Vax".
  142. ^"End of Feature Notices for Oracle Solaris 11".Oracle. Oracle. Retrieved2026-01-24.Support for the 32–bit only x86 hardware has been removed. Support for running 32-bit applications and libraries will continue.
  143. ^"Features Removed From the Solaris 10 Operating System - Solaris 10 Release Notes".Solaris 10 Operating System (Solaris 10 1/06 - Solaris 10 1/13). Oracle. Retrieved2026-01-24.
  144. ^abcdefghijOfficial FreeRTOS Ports,Amazon Web Services, Inc.
  145. ^Imagination PowerVR Open-Source GPU Driver To Be Introduced In Linux 6.8. Phoronix. November 23, 2023.
  146. ^Intel Atom integrated graphics card for Windows 8 tablet is based on a PowerVR
  147. ^Raspberry VideoCore 4 support on Windows Microsoft doesn't have plan for OpenGL on UWP also Broadcom doesn't have plan for DirectX
  148. ^abcLinux emulation in FreeBSD - 2 A look inside...
  149. ^abcdefgNetBSD Binary Emulation
  150. ^src/trunk: src Remove compat_osf1, discussed on tech-kern@.. The NetBSD Project.
  151. ^src/trunk: src Retire compat_ibcs2, as discussed on tech-kern@. FreeBSD did.... The NetBSD Project.
  152. ^src/trunk: src Remove IRIX emulation. The NetBSD Project.
  153. ^src/trunk: src Retire NDIS. It appears that it has never worked, after 13 y.... The NetBSD Project.
  154. ^"Summer of Code:NDIS on NetBSD".
  155. ^src/trunk: src Remove compat_svr4 and compat_svr4_32, as discussed on tech-.... The NetBSD Project.
  156. ^"OpenBSD 6.0 Changelog".OpenBSD. Retrieved2026-01-24.
  157. ^ab"OpenBSD 5.0 Changelog".OpenBSD. Retrieved2026-01-23.
  158. ^"OpenBSD 4.2 Changelog".OpenBSD. Retrieved2026-01-23.
  159. ^abcd"OpenBSD 4.8 Changelog".OpenBSD. Retrieved2026-01-23.
  160. ^"Crc32_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  161. ^"Crc32.c « lib - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  162. ^"Crc32c_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  163. ^"Md4.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  164. ^"Md5.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  165. ^"Sha1_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  166. ^"Sha256_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  167. ^"Sha3_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  168. ^"Michael_mic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  169. ^"Poly1305_generic.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  170. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd128.c[dead link]
  171. ^"Rmd160.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  172. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd256.c[dead link]
  173. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/rmd320.c[dead link]
  174. ^https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/tgr192.c[dead link]
  175. ^"Wp512.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  176. ^"Hmac.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  177. ^"Vmac.c « crypto - kernel/Git/Torvalds/Linux.git - Linux kernel source tree".
  178. ^Takashi Iwai (2004-01-22)."Notes on Kernel OSS-Emulation"(plain text).Linux Kernel Documentation. Retrieved2026-01-23.
  179. ^in OSS APIhe_future Improving libossaudio, and the future of OSS in NetBSD. NetBSD Project. April 27, 2020
  180. ^audio_system(9) - NetBSD Manual Pages. NetBSD Project
  181. ^Kernel Mode Setting (KMS) - Plane Abstraction. kernel.org.
  182. ^NVIDIA Is Helping To Improve Linux's Dynamic Display Mux Support For Laptops. Phoronix. 14 October 2024.
  183. ^Linux Color Pipeline API. kernel.org.
  184. ^Deadline Scheduling Policy Being Experimented With For Linux Graphics Drivers. Phoronix. December 30, 2024.
  185. ^Introduction to Video Present Networks. Microsoft. December 15, 2021.
  186. ^Multiplane overlay support. Microsoft.
  187. ^Windows hardware display color calibration pipeline - New GPU color transform pipeline. Microsoft.
  188. ^WDDM Architecture. Microsoft. October 2, 2024.
  189. ^Video Memory Management and GPU Scheduling. Microsoft. July 3, 2024.
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