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Comparative officer ranks of World War I

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For more detailed rank information, see relevant national rank pages.

The following table shows comparative officer ranks of severalAllied andCentral powers duringWorld War I.

Table

[edit]

Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Austro-Hungarian Army ^[a]^[1]^[2]
Austro-Hungarian Army ^[a]^[1]^[2]	Feldmarschall Tábornagy		Generaloberst Vezérezredes	General der Waffengattung Tábornok	Feldmarschall-Leutnant Altábornagy	Generalmajor Vezérőrnagy		Oberst Ezredes	Oberstleutnant Alezredes	Major Őrnagy	Hauptmann /Rittmeister Százados / Kapitány		Oberleutnant Főhadnagy		Leutnant Hadnagy
Austro-Hungarian Navy ^[a]^[3]^[4]
Austro-Hungarian Navy ^[a]^[3]^[4]	Großadmiral Főtengernagy			Admiral Tengernagy	Vizeadmiral Altengernagy	Kontreadmiral Ellentengernagy		Linienschiffkapitän Sorhajókapitány	Fregattenkapitän Fregattkapitány	Korvettenkapitän Korvettkapitány	Linienschiffsleutnant Sorhajóhadnagy		Fregattenleutnant Fregatthadnagy		Korvettenleutnant Korvetthadnagy
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Belgian Army^[5]
Belgian Army^[5]				Luitenant-generaal	Generaal-majoor			Kolonel	Luitenant-kolonel	Majoor	Kapitein-commandant	Kapitein	Luitenant	Onderluitenant		Adjutant
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
British Army ^[b]^[6]^[7]
British Army ^[b]^[6]^[7]	Field marshal		General	Lieutenant-general	Major-general	Brigadier-general		Colonel	Lieutenant-colonel	Major	Captain		Lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Royal Navy ^[b]^[8]^[9]
Royal Navy ^[b]^[8]^[9]	Admiral of the Fleet		Admiral	Vice-admiral	Rear-admiral	Commodore 1st class^[10]		Commodore 2nd class	Captain	Commander	Lieutenant commander		Lieutenant		Sub-lieutenant
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Royal Bulgarian Army &Air Force^[11]
Royal Bulgarian Army &Air Force^[11]			Генерал-полковник General-pukovnik	Генерал-лейтенант General-leytenant	Генерал-майор General-mayor			Полковник Polkovnik	Подполковник Podpolkovnik	Майор Mayor	Капитан Kapitan		Старши лейтенант Starshi leytenant		Лейтенант Leytenant
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Beiyang Army^[12]
Beiyang Army^[12]			一等一级 Yīděng yījí	一等二级 Yīděng èrjí	一等三级 Yīděng sānjí			二等一级 Èrděng yījí	二等二级 Èīděng èrjí	二等三级 Èīděng sānjí	三等一级 Sānděng yījí		三等二级 Sānděng èrjí	三等三级 Sānděng sānjí		等外军官 Děng wài jūnguān
Republic of China Navy^[13]
Republic of China Navy^[13]			一等一级 Yīděng yījí	一等二级 Yīděng èrjí	一等三级 Yīděng sānjí			二等一级 Èrděng yījí	二等二级 Èīděng èrjí	二等三级 Èīděng sānjí	三等一级 Sānděng yījí		三等二级 Sānděng èrjí	三等三级 Sānděng sānjí
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
French Army ^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]
French Army ^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]	Maréchal de France^[c]		Général de division ayant un commandement supérieur (général)^[d]		Général de division	Général de brigade		Colonel	Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine		Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
French Navy ^[19]^[20]^[21]
French Navy ^[19]^[20]^[21]	Amiral de France^[c]		Vice-amiral commandant (amiralissime)^[22]		Vice-amiral	Contre-amiral		Capitaine de vaisseau	Capitaine de frégate	Capitaine de corvette	Lieutenant de vaisseau		Enseigne de vaisseau de 1^re classe		Enseigne de vaisseau de 2^e classe
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Imperial German Army^[23]^[24]
Imperial German Army^[23]^[24]	Generalfeldmarschall	Generaloberst mit dem Rang als Generalfeldmarschall	Generaloberst	General der Waffengattung	Generalleutnant	Generalmajor		Oberst	Oberstleutnant	Major	Hauptmann /Rittmeister		Oberleutnant		Leutnant
Imperial German Navy ^[25]^[26]
Imperial German Navy ^[25]^[26]	Großadmiral			Admiral	Vizeadmiral	Konteradmiral		Kapitän zur See/ Kommodore	Fregattenkapitän	Korvettenkapitän	Kapitänleutnant		Oberleutnant zur See		Leutnant zur See
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Hellenic Army ^[27]
Hellenic Army ^[27]			Στρατηγός Stratigos	Ἀντιστράτηγος Antistratigos	Ὑποστράτηγος Ypostratigos			Συνταγματάρχης Syntagmatarchis	Ἀντισυνταγματάρχης Antisyntagmatarchis	Ταγματάρχης Tagmatarchis	Λοχαγός Lochagos		Ὑπολοχαγός Ypolochagós		Ἀνθυπολοχαγός Anthypolochagos
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Royal Italian Army ^[28]^[29]
Royal Italian Army ^[28]^[29]			Generale d'esercito	Tenente generale^[e]	Maggior generale^[f]	Brigadier generale		Colonnello	Tenente colonnello	Maggiore	Primo capitano	Capitano	Tenente		Sottotenente
Royal Italian Navy^[30]^[31]
Royal Italian Navy^[30]^[31]			Ammiraglio	Vice ammiraglio	Contrammiraglio	Sottoammiraglio		Capitano di vascello	Capitano di frigata	Capitano di corvetta	Tenente di vascello		Sottotenent di vascello		Guardiamarina
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Imperial Japanese Army ^[32]^[33]
Imperial Japanese Army ^[32]^[33]	大元帥陸軍大将 Daigensui-Rikugun-Taishō	元帥陸軍大将 Gensui-Rikugun-Taishō	陸軍大将 Rikugun-Taishō	陸軍中将 Rikugun-Chūjō	陸軍少将 Rikugun-Shōshō			陸軍大佐 Rikugun-Taisa	陸軍中佐 Rikugun-Chūsa	陸軍少佐 Rikugun-Shōsa	陸軍大尉 Rikugun-Tai-i		陸軍中尉 Rikugun-Chūi	陸軍少尉 Rikugun-Shōi		准尉 Jun-i
Imperial Japanese Navy ^[34]^[35]
Imperial Japanese Navy ^[34]^[35]	大元帥海軍大将 Daigensui-Kaigun-Taishō	元帥海軍大将 Gensui-kaigun-Taishō	海軍大将 Kaigun-Taishō	海軍中将 Kaigun-Chūjō	海軍少将 Kaigun-Shōshō			海軍大佐 Kaigun-Daisa	海軍中佐 Kaigun-Chūsa	海軍少佐 Kaigun-Shōsa	海軍大尉 Kaigun-Dai-i		海軍中尉 Kaigun-Chūi	海軍少尉 Kaigun-Shōi		兵曹長 Hēsōchō
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Royal Montenegrin Army^[27]
Royal Montenegrin Army^[27]	Vrhovni komandant			Glavni komandant	Divizjar	Brigadir			Komandir		Kapetan		Poručnik		Potporučnik
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Ottoman Army^[36]
Ottoman Army^[36]	مشير Müşîr			فريق اول Ferik-i evvel	فريق Ferik	ميرلواء Mirliva		ميرالاي Miralay	قايمقام Kaymakam	بنباشي Binbaşı	يوزباشي Yüzbaşı		ملازم اول Mülâzım-ı evvel		ملازم ثاني Mülâzım-ı sânî
Ottoman Navy^[36]
Ottoman Navy^[36]	مشير اميرال Müşîr amiral			اميرال Amiral	وايس اميرال Vice amiral	لواء اميرال Liva amiral	كومودور Komodor	قالين قپتاني Kalyon kaptanı	فرقطين قپتاني Fırkateyn kaptanı	قورڤت قپتاني Korvet kaptanı	برنجي صنف يوزباشي Birinci sınıf yüzbaşı	يوزباشي Yüzbaşı	ملازم اول Mülâzım-ı evvel	ملازم ثاني Mülâzım-ı sânî		مهندس Mühendis^[g]
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Portuguese Army ^[37]^{[better source needed]}
Portuguese Army ^[37]^{[better source needed]}	Marechal^[h]			General^[i]				Coronel^[j]	Tenente-coronel	Major	Capitão		Tenente		Alferes
Portuguese Navy ^[37]
Portuguese Navy ^[37]	Almirante^[h]		Vice-almirante	Contra-almirante				Capitão de mar e guerra	Capitão de fragata	Capitão-tenente	Primeiro-tenente		Segundo-tenente		Guarda-marinha
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Royal Romanian Army ^[38]^[39]^[k]
Royal Romanian Army ^[38]^[39]^[k]				General de corp de armată	General de divizie	General de brigadă		Colonel	Locotenent-colonel	Maior	Căpitan		Locotenent		Sublocotenent
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Imperial Russian Army^[l] ^[40]^[41]
Imperial Russian Army^[l] ^[40]^[41]	Генерал-фельдмаршал General-fel'dmarshal		Генерал рода войск General roda voysk	Генерал-лейтенант General-leytenant	Генерал-майор General-mayor			Полковник Polkovnik	Подполковник Podpolkovnik		Капитан Kapitan^[m]	Штабс-капитан Shtabs-kapitan^[n]	Поручик Poruchik	Подпоручик Podporuchik^[o]		Прапорщик Praporshik
Imperial Russian Navy
Imperial Russian Navy	Генерал-адмирал General-admiral		Адмирал Admiral	Вице-адмирал Vitse-admiral	Контр-адмирал Kontr-admiral			Капитан I ранга Kapitan 1-go ranga	Капитан II ранга Kapitan 2-go ranga		Старший лейтенант Starshiy-leytenant		Лейтенант Leytenant		Мичман Michman
Provisional Russian Navy (from 1917) ^[42]^[43]
Provisional Russian Navy (from 1917) ^[42]^[43]			Адмирал Admiral	Вице-адмирал Vitse-admiral	Контр-адмирал Kontr-admiral			Капитан I ранга Kapitan 1-go ranga	Капитан II ранга Kapitan 2-go ranga		Старший лейтенант Starshiy-leytenant		Лейтенант Leytenant		Мичман Michman
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
Royal Serbian Army ^[44]
Royal Serbian Army ^[44]	Bojni Vojvoda^[p]		General^[q]					Pukovnik	Potpukovnik	Major	Kapetan 1. klase	Kapetan 2. klase	Poručnik		Potporučnik
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers
United States Army ^[45]
United States Army ^[45]	General of the Armies^[r]		General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier general		Colonel	Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain		First lieutenant		Second lieutenant
United States Navy ^[46]
United States Navy ^[46]	Admiral of the Navy^[r]		Admiral	Vice admiral	Rear admiral	Commodore		Captain	Commander	Lieutenant commander	Lieutenant		Lieutenant (junior grade)		Ensign
Rank group	General / flag officers							Senior officers			Junior officers

Notes

[edit]

^^a ^bAustro-Hungarian ranks are shown in both German and Hungarian, as would have been contemporary practice.
^^a ^bSame insignia used by all militaries of theBritish Empire.
^^a ^bMaréchal de France andAmiral de France were as much a dignity of state as a military title. Thus British Field Marshals consulted with French Generals in 1914. The elevation ofJoseph Joffre to Maréchal in 1916 actually marked a diminution of his powers of command. There was noAmiral de France alive during World War I.
^Unofficial rank insignia.^[18]
^There were four grades of Tenente generale:capo di stato maggiore esercito,in comando d'armata,in comando di corpo d'armata andin comando di divisione.
^There were two grades of Maggior generale:in comando di divisione andin comando di brigata.
^Worn on the collar.
^^a ^bAlmirante andMarechal were only honorary ranks, not held by anyone during World War I.
^ThePortuguese Army had the particularity of having only a single rank of General Officer. A Portuguese General could be assigned to command from a division to the entire Army.
^The brigade's organization was British Army model, so the brigade commander was this rank.
^Color for the infantry service branch and generals shown. Each service branch as well as the tenRoșiori regiments had distinct colors for the rank insignia.
^Army/cavalry ranks shown. The cossack cavalry haddistinct ranks.
^Cavalry rank:Rotmistr (Russian:Ротмистр)
^Cavalry rank:Shtabs-rotmistr (Russian:Штабс-ротмистр)
^Cavalry rank:Kornet (Russian:Корнет)
^Field Marshal of Serbia (Voivode) was the highest rank in the army of the Kingdom of Serbia.Radomir Putnik held title from beginning of the war since he was promoted in 1912.
^Like the Portuguese Army, theSerbian Army had only a single rank of General Officer. A Serbian General could be assigned to command from a division to the entire Army.
^^a ^bThe US rankAdmiral of the Navy was a unique rank created for AdmiralGeorge Dewey after the Spanish–American War; it has never been held by any other person.General of the Armies was granted to GeneralPershing at the end of the war.

References

[edit]

^Bunkley 1918, pp. 187–189.
^Williams 1918, p. 264.
^Bunkley 1918, pp. 190–192.
^Williams 1918, p. 268.
^Williams 1918, pp. 252–253.
^Bunkley 1918, p. 145.
^Williams 1918, pp. 228–229.
^Bunkley 1918, p. 151.
^Williams 1918, pp. 218–220.
^"Royal Navy Ranks and Badges, World War 1".
^Thomas & Babac 2001, p. 43.
^Ping 2009, p. 43.
^Ping 2009, p. 51.
^Jouineau 2009, p. 7.
^Almanach Hachette 1917, p. 77.
^Bunkley 1918, p. 161.
^Williams 1918, p. 237.
^Champeaux 2014, pp. 123–124.
^Funcken & Funcken 1966, pp. 144–145.
^Bunkley 1918, p. 167.
^Williams 1918, p. 242.
^Le Hunsec 2012, pp. 91–107.
^Bunkley 1918, pp. 171–172.
^Williams 1918, p. 282.
^Bunkley 1918, pp. 174–175.
^Williams 1918, p. 274.
^^a ^bThomas & Babac 2001, p. 42.
^Bunkley 1918, pp. 177–180.
^Williams 1918, p. 246.
^Bunkley 1918, pp. 181–183.
^Williams 1918, p. 249.
^Bunkley 1918, pp. 196–198.
^Williams 1918, p. 260.
^Bunkley 1918, p. 201.
^Williams 1918, p. 262.
^^a ^bGeçer 2022.
^^a ^bOver the Front."Portuguese Ranks".Over the Front. Retrieved1 July 2018.
^Thomas & Babac 2001, p. 46.
^Muzeul Militar Național (1930).Uniformele Armatei Române 1830-1930(PDF) (in Romanian). Bucharest: Atelierele Marvan. pp. 57–58. Retrieved21 January 2025.
^Bunkley 1918, p. 203.
^Williams 1918, p. 254.
^Bunkley 1918, pp. 204–205.
^Williams 1918, p. 256.
^Thomas & Babac 2001, p. 39.
^Williams 1918, pp. 82–83.
^Williams 1918, pp. 118–119.

Sources

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Almanach Hachette.Hachette (via genealomaniac.fr). 1917.
Bunkley, Joel William (1918).Military And Naval Recognition Book: A Handbook On The Organization, Uniforms And Insignia Of Rank Of The World's Armed Forces (2nd ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. Retrieved29 June 2022.
Champeaux, Antoine (2014)."Général de corps d'armée".Corps (in French).12 (1): 123.doi:10.3917/corp1.012.0123.
Funcken, Liliane; Funcken, Fred (1966).L'uniforme et les armes des soldats de la guerre 1914-1918: Cavalerie-Artillerie-Génie-Marine [The uniform and arms of the soldiers of the 1914-1918 war: Cavalry-Artillery-Engineering-Marine] (in French). Vol. 2. Casterman.ASIN B0096OCAEK.
Geçer, Kadir (2022).Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Askerî Kıyafetleri 1826-1922 [Ottoman Empire Military Clothing 1826-1922] (in Turkish). Hisart Culture Publications.ISBN 9786050699814.
Le Hunsec, Mathieu (12 March 2012)."L'amiral, cet inconnu" [The Admiral, the Unknown].Revue historique des armées (in French) (266):91–107.ISSN 0035-3299.
Jouineau, André (2009).L'armée française de la Grande Guerre: 1915-1918 [The French Army of the Great War]. Officiers et soldats no. 12. Vol. II. Histoire & Collections.ISBN 978-2-35250-411-5.OCLC 470949883.
Ping, Xu, ed. (2009).Zhōngguó bǎinián jūnfú (zēngbǔ bǎn)中国百年军服 (增补版) [China Regimental 100 Years] (2nd ed.). Gold Wall Press.ISBN 978-7-80084-679-3. Retrieved13 September 2023.
Thomas, Nigel; Babac, Dusan (2001).Armies in the Balkans 1914–18. Men-at-Arms. Osprey Publishing.ISBN 978-1841761947.
Williams, Dion (1918)."XI: Uniforms and Insignia of Foreign Armies and Navies".Army and Navy Uniforms and Insignia. New York, N.Y.: Frederick A. Stokes Company. pp. 216–292. Retrieved5 July 2022.

Military ranks and insignia by country

List of comparative military ranks

Africa

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Former	People's Republic of Angola Biafra Bophuthatswana Ciskei Kingdom of Egypt Ethiopian Empire Katanga People's Republic of Mozambique Rhodesia South West Africa Transkei Venda Zaire
Comparative	Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Apartheid States in Southern Africa

Americas

Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Officers: Army Navy Air Force Coast Guard Enlisted: Army Navy Air Force Coast Guard Other: Marine Corps Space Force Warrant officer Opposing forces Uruguay Venezuela
Former	Canada (pre-Unification) Confederate States of America Union Army Navy Costa Rica Republic of Cuba Empire of Brazil Panama Republic of Texas Army Navy United States Army enlisted World War I World War II
Comparative	Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted

Asia

Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia PR of China Army Navy Air Force Rocket Force Aerospace Force Cyberspace Force Information Support Force Joint Logistics Support Force Armed Police China Coast Guard India Army Air Force Navy Coast Guard Border Roads Organisation Paramilitary forces Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North South Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Army Navy Air Force Marines Civil Armed Forces Maritime Security Agency Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Army Navy Air Force Coast Guard Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan (Republic of China)
Former	Artsakh China Empire Republic (1912–1949) Dutch East Indies East Turkestan (Second Republic) People's Republic of Kampuchea Imperial Iran Imperial Japan Army Navy Korea Empire Liberation Army Kingdom of Laos Manchukuo Mengjiang Mongolian People's Republic Tibet Tuva Vietnam State South South Yemen
Comparative	Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted

Europe

Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Army Navy Air Force Home Guard Estonia Finland France Army Navy Gendarmerie Air and Space Force Foresters Germany Georgia Greece Hungary Iceland Land Forces Coast Guard Ireland Italy Army Navy Air Force Carabinieri Finance Guard Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg North Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Army Navy Air Force Cossacks Between 1994 and 2010 San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Officers: Army Navy Air Force Other: Army Navy Air Force Vatican
States with limited recognition	Kosovo Northern Cyprus Transnistria
Former	Albania Kingdom People's Socialist Republic Austria–Hungary Army Navy Bulgaria Kingdom People's Republic Independent State of Croatia Czechoslovakia German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Army Navy Air Force East Germany Kingdom of Greece Army Navy Air Force France Napoleonic Grand Army Hungary Kingdom People's Republic Italy Kingdom Social Republic Ottoman Empire Polish People's Republic Republika Srpska Romania Kingdom Socialist Republic Russian Empire White Movement Slovakia (First Republic) Soviet Union 1918–35 1935–40 1940–43 1943–55 1955–91 Spain 2nd Republic State Yugoslavia Kingdom Socialist Federal Republic Federal Republic
Comparative	Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted

Oceania

Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Tonga Vanuatu
Comparative	Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted

Language

Anglophone	Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted
Arabophone	Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted
Francophone	Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Gendarmerie Officers Enlisted
Hispanophone	Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted
Lusophone	Army Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Military police Officers Enlisted