The idea of a type of international community or political union ofPortuguese language countries had been proposed and studied numerous times in history. However, the idea for what would become the CPLP came about in 1983, during astate visit to Cabo Verde byJaime Gama,Foreign Minister of Portugal, when he first proposed a biennial summit of heads of state and government ofLusophone countries of the world and the idea of regular meetings between ministerial counterparts of the member states.[4]
In 2005, during a meeting inLuanda, the ministers of culture of the member states declared the 05 May as theLusophone Culture Day (Dia da Cultura Lusófona in Portuguese).[5]
The community has grown beyond its mission in fostering cultural ties between the Portuguese language countries into facilitating trade and political cooperation between theLusophone countries of the world, with the CPLP is the fourth-largest producer of oil in the world and its citizens totalling more than 270 million people.[9][10]
In 2017, inBrasília, the nine-member states agreed to enlarge cooperation in matters of the seas, tourism, economy and more ambitious defense and cooperation mechanisms. More rights to the observer states were also approved, which Argentina planned to join.
The CPLP's guidelines and priorities are established by a biannual Conference of Heads of State and Government (known as theCPLP Summits)[11] and the Organization's plan of action is approved by the Council of Foreign Ministers,[12] which meets every year. Special summits can be requested at any time by 2/3 of the member states, usually for the purpose of pressing matters or incidents at the moment. There are also monthly meetings of the Permanent Steering Committee that follow specific initiatives and projects.
The headquarters of the CPLP is inPenafiel Palace inLisbon, Portugal, but the organization maintains dedicated bureaus in all of the foreign ministries of the CPLP member states.
CPLP is a multilateral forum created to deepen cultural, economic, and political cooperation among theLusophone (Portuguese-speaking) nations of the world.[3] The prime objectives of the CPLP are:[3]
Cooperation in all areas, including education, health, science and technology, defense, agriculture, public administration, communications, justice, public safety, culture, sports and media
The Executive Secretary of the CPLP (Portuguese:Secretário Executivo da CPLP) is the executive head and highest representative of the CPLP. The Executive Secretary is charged with leading the Executive Secretariat (Secretariado Executivo), the CPLP's executive branch responsible for creating and implementing the CPLP's agenda of projects and initiatives.[13] The Executive Secretary, who must be a high-rankingdiplomat orpolitician from one of the member states, is elected for a mandate of two years at the biennial CPLP Summit, and can be reelected once to a second term.[14] The Executive Secretariat is headquartered atPenafiel Palace inLisbon, Portugal.
The Council of Ministers is made up of the ministers of Foreign Affairs of the nine Member States. The powers of the Council of Ministers are:
Coordinate CPLP activities;
Supervise the functioning and development of CPLP;
Approve the CPLP budget;
Make recommendations to the Conference of Heads of State and Government on matters of general policy, as well as the efficient and harmonious functioning and development of the CPLP;
To recommend to the Conference of Heads of State the candidates for the positions of Executive Secretary and Deputy Executive Secretary;
Convene conferences and other meetings with a view to promoting the objectives and programs of the CPLP; Carry out other tasks entrusted to it by the Conference of Heads of State and Government.
The Council of Ministers elects, from among its members, a President on a rotating basis and for a term of two years (usually, the Minister of the host country). The Council of Ministers ordinarily meets once a year and, extraordinarily, when requested by two-thirds of the member states.
The Council of Ministers reports to the Conference of Heads of State and Government, to which it must present its reports. Decisions by the Council of Ministers are taken by consensus.
The Executive Secretary is assisted in his duties by the Director General. The Statutes establish, since the Summit of Bissau in 2006, the existence of a Director General, and the position of Deputy Executive Secretary ceased with his appointment.
The Director General is recruited from among the nationals of the Member States, through public examination, for a period of three years, renewable for an equal period. The Director General is responsible, under the guidance of the Executive Secretary, for the day-to-day management, financial planning and execution, preparation, coordination and guidance of the meetings and projects activated by the Executive Secretariat. The current director general of CPLP is Armindo Brito Fernandes, from São Tomé and Príncipe, who took office on 10 February 2020.
At the VI Summit of CPLP Heads of State and Government (Bissau, 2006) the first CPLP Goodwill Ambassadors were also appointed, who, according to the approved regulation, are appointed for a two-year term and must be personalities of merit. recognized and distinguished themselves in promoting the values defended by the CPLP.
The chosen personalities were three former Heads of State, Jorge Sampaio (Portugal), José Sarney (Brazil) and Joaquim Chissano (Mozambique). A prime minister and a minister, Fernando Van-Dunen (Angola) and Albertino Bragança (São Tomé and Príncipe); the musician Martinho da Vila (Brazil) and Gustavo Vaz da Conceição, president of the Angolan Basketball Federation and member of the Angola Olympic Committee.
At the XV Council of Ministers, on 22 July 2010, in Luanda, Ambassador Luís Fonseca, former CPLP Executive Secretary, was appointed.
In 2016, CPLP revised its cooperation protocol in defense, affirming the organization in the promotion of peace and security.[15]
The 2017 Exercício Felinomilitary exercise taking place inAcademia Militar das Agulhas Negras,Resende, in the state ofRio de Janeiro, Brazil, aims for the increased interoperability of the armed forces of Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe, and East Timor. The first phase of the exercise, known asCarta (chart) took place in Cape Verde in 2016, in which the operation was planned and executed using computer networks as a war game. The Exercício Felino was established in the year 2000.[16][17]
The 2021 Summit in Luanda saw the creation of theCPLP Mobility, a system that seeks to facilitate the entry and permanence of citizens of one country in another.[18]
The Youth Forum of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (FJCPLP) is the Community instance responsible for the protection and promotion of the rights of youth internationally. Created in 1997, its objective is to bring together representative platforms of civil society youth organizations (Youth Councils) in the Member States to strengthen the protagonism and participation of youth in the development of their countries and the world.
For its intervention, the Conference instituted as anchor activities the CPLP Sports Games and the CPLP Young Creators Biennial, to be held interpolated each year. In addition to these activities, sectorial Action Plans for two years are instituted, which seek to meet the priorities identified for the period in question.As part of its action, the Conference establishes partnerships with national or international organizations for activities in areas of clear interest to members. Its current president is Bissau-Guinean Aissatu Forbs Djaló.
The Parliamentary Assembly of Lusophony is the body that brings together the representations of all the Parliaments of the Member States, constituted on the basis of the respective electoral results of the legislative elections.
The Parliamentary Assembly, founded on the principle of one language - the Portuguese language - and common values, constitutes a space for strengthening ties of cooperation, solidarity and exchange between member Parliaments, with a view to contributing to the consolidation of peace, democracy and the rule of law in the respective countries. These are the pillars on which the objectives enshrined in the Statute and Regulations are based, instruments approved right at its first meeting. The rotating presidency of the CPLP Parliamentary Assembly was assumed in July 2021 by Guinea-Bissau, whose executive secretary isCipriano Cassamá.
The Network of Women Parliamentarians of the AP-CPLP (RM-AP-CPLP) is an organism of the Parliamentary Assembly considered a space for consultation and cooperation that watches over issues of gender equality and equity, with specific objectives and competences.This body is governed by its own Statute and integrates all the Deputies in effective functions in the Parliaments of the member countries of the CPLP. The President belongs to the country that holds the presidency of the AP-CPLP, being currently chaired by the Brazilian Rosângela Gomes.Among the competences attributed to the functioning of this Network, the defense and promotion of gender equality and equity in social, political and economic life in the CPLP universe are distinguished; encouraging the formation and training of women parliamentarians; support for the candidacy of Women for the exercise of leadership; encouraging the implementation of public policies and legislation aimed at combating the feminization of poverty, sexually transmitted infections and the education of young people; the encouragement of behavior that is against practices that are likely to cause physical harm; and also, the improvement of the participation of women parliamentarians in conflict prevention and electoral processes.
The Community of Portuguese Language Countries relies on six operating agencies to carry out its mandate:Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, União das Cidades Capitais Luso-Afro-Américo-Asiáticas, Associação das Universidades de Língua Portuguesa, Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa, União dos Advogados de Língua Portuguesa and TV CPLP via Web.
University for International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony (UNILAB)
The UNILAB is a public federal university located inRedenção, Ceará, Brazil. The major courses offered are preferentially the ones included in the mutual interest of all countries in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. They are:Portugal,Brazil,Angola,Cape Verde,Guinea-Bissau,Sao Tome and Principe,Mozambique andEast Timor. Looking for international integration, 50% of the seats in the University are for international students from those countries. The UNILAB is a private postgraduate institution that trains managers and high-level trainers in areas that are a priority for development inLusophone Africa, but also includes East Timor and Macau. Its political-pedagogical project is innovative, as are those of Unila and Uniam, aiming at international integration.
The Union of Luso-Afro-Americo-Asian Capital Cities (União das Cidades Capitais Luso-Afro-Américo-Asiáticas, UCCLA) is an international organization formed by cities in Lusophony. It was founded in Lisbon on 28 June 1985, at the Centro Cultural das Descobertas. On that date, the constitutive document was signed by the presidents of the municipalities ofLisbon (Nuno Abecasis),Bissau (Francisca Pereira),Maputo (Alberto Massavanhane),Praia (Felix Gomes Monteiro),Rio de Janeiro - that ceased being the capital of Brazil in 1960 -(Laura de Macedo),São Tomé (Gaspar Ramos) andMacau (Carlos Algéos Ayres). Its current secretary general is the Portuguese politicianVitor Ramalho [pt].
Founded in 1986 in Lisbon,Portugal, the Association of Portuguese Language Universities (AULP) is an international NGO that promotes cooperation and information exchange between universities and higher institutes. With around 140 members from the eight Portuguese-speaking countries (Portugal,Brazil,Angola,Mozambique,Guinea-Bissau,Cape Verde,São Tomé and Príncipe,East Timor) andMacau, its mission is to facilitate communication between members for the benefit of collective development of teaching and the Portuguese language in the world. It aims to stimulate research and exchange between students and teachers and also proposes continuous reflection through the daily dissemination of news and the organization of conferences and events. The president of the AULP is usually the vice-rector of the university elected to preside over the organization, and it is currently headed by theUniversity of Coimbra, whose vice-rector is the Portuguese João Nuno Calvão da Silva.
The International Portuguese Language Institute is the Community of Portuguese Language Countries's institute supporting the spread and popularity of thePortuguese language in the world. The institute's headquarters is located in Praia, Cape Verde. Its history starts in 1989 when the countries of Portuguese language gathered inSão Luís do Maranhão in Brazil to create a base for a Portuguese language community. The Brazilian president,José Sarney, proposed the idea of an international institute to promote the language. Only 10 years later in a meeting in São Tomé and Príncipe, a small island-nation in theGulf of Guinea, the institute's objectives, implementation and location (Cape Verde) were set.
The IILP's fundamental objectives are "the promotion, the defence, the enrichment and the spread of the Portuguese language as a vehicle of culture, education, information and access to scientific and technologic knowledge and of official use in international forums".
The Union of Portuguese Language Lawyers (UALP) was created in 2002 under the designation of "Association of Bar Associations and Lawyers of Portuguese Speaking Countries", thus formalizing the alliance that existed between the lawyers of Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea- Bissau, Macau, Mozambique, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe and East Timor. The designation of UALP was adopted in 2005. Currently, the UALP represents more than a million lawyers.
The UALP's main vectors of action are centered on cooperation in terms of training, internships, the way of practicing law and the relevant legislation applicable to lawyers, as well as the sharing of experiences in the scope of management, organization of events and forms of contact and participation of lawyers registered with the respective Orders and Associations. Its current president is the Angolan lawyer Luís Paulo Monteiro.
TV CPLP is a proposal for a television channel made within the Community of Portuguese Language Countries to be broadcast internationally. Its costs will be borne by UNESCO and the Portuguese Government. All programs will be broadcast in Portuguese, in their different ways of speaking and all accents. At CPLP, the proposal was discussed at the Workshop on the Television Content Sharing Platform, between Public Televisions of Portuguese Speaking Countries and CPLP TV, in Lisbon on 16 October 2007, as well as at the Round Table for a Television Content Sharing Platform between Public Television Operators from Portuguese-speaking Countries and TV CPLP, in Lisbon from March 5 to 7, 2007.
It will be created by the following Portuguese-speaking TV channels and will be broadcast by the 8 founding countries and also to other countries.
As a Lusophone Content Exchange Platform, the proposal was presented in Brazil as a project by the Instituto Cultural Brasil Plus (ICBrPLus) called "TV CPLP Via Web" by a commission of the Federal Senate of Brazil and approved by Ordinance No. 416 of the Secretariat Executive of the Ministry of Culture.
Macau was the lastPortuguese colony to be decolonized, and returned toChina in 1999 after more than four centuries under Portuguese control. It still retains traces of Lusophone culture and Portuguese is one of the official languages of the territory. Despite that, the majority of the population in Macau do not speak and understand Portuguese; rather, Cantonese is the main language, only a minority of the residents speak Portuguese as second language. In 2006, during the II Ministerial meeting between China and Portuguese Speaking Countries, the CPLP Executive Secretary and Deputy ambassador Tadeu Soares invited the Chief Executive of theGovernment of the Macau Special Administrative Region,Edmund Ho, to request the Associate Observer status forMacau.[citation needed] The Government of Macau has not yet formalized this request.
When the CPLP was formed,Equatorial Guinea asked for observer status. Equatorial Guinea (Portuguese:Guiné Equatorial) was a Portuguese colony from the 15th to 18th centuries and has some territories wherePortuguese-based creole languages are spoken and cultural connections withSão Tomé and Príncipe andPortugal are felt. In the 21st century, the country has cooperated with Portuguese-speaking African countries and Brazil at an educational level.[citation needed] At the CPLP summit of July 2004, inSão Tomé and Príncipe, the member states agreed to change the statutes of the community to accept states as associate observers. Equatorial Guinea then engaged in discussion for full membership.[19] In June 2010, Equatorial Guinea asked to be admitted as full member. At its eighth summit inLuanda in July 2010, the CPLP decided to open formal negotiations with Equatorial Guinea about full membership in the CPLP.[20] At its 10th summit inDili in July 2014,Equatorial Guinea was admitted as CPLP member.[7]
In July 2006, during theBissau summit,Equatorial Guinea andMauritius were admitted as Associate Observers[21] along with 17 International associations and organizations considered as Consultative Observers. On 23 July 2014,Equatorial Guinea was admitted as a CPLP member.[7]
Mauritius, which was discovered by Portuguese explorers and maintains strong connections withMozambique, is an Associate Observer.[citation needed] In 2008,Senegal, with historical connections to Portuguese colonisation inCasamance, was admitted as Associate Observer.[21]
In July 2014, during theDili summit, the Heads of State and Government approved a resolution that grantsGeorgia,Japan,Namibia andTurkey the status of Associate Observers.[7] Japan has had historical contacts with the Portuguese language in the 16th and 17th century, and today has connections to the Lusophone world throughJapanese Brazilians in Brazil and Japan. Namibia has had extensive contact with the Lusophone world due to its location just south of Angola, and many residents of Angolan origin (both black and Portuguese) live here.
Three European nations, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia, were admitted as observers along with Uruguay at the 2016 summit. Uruguay has historical ties to Brazil and Portugal and has some speakers ofUruguayan Portuguese, an Uruguayan variety of Portuguese. In January 2018 and prior to the 2018 summit,Italy requested the observer status as an effort for the consolidation of bilateral relations with all of the Portuguese-speaking countries; Italy has historical connections to Brazil throughItalian Brazilians in Brazil and Italy. In its request, the Italian government referred that due to the increasing number of associated observers in the community, CPLP is becoming a forum for countries in various geographical regions. Earlier in January, Andorra also formalized its candidacy for the same status.[22] Italy shares a legacy of Ancient Rome and Italy is the non-Lusophone nation with the greatest number of university chairs in the Portuguese language. Because of immigration and geographic proximity, Portuguese is one of the most spoken languages in Andorra.[23]
In the 2018 summit with all the heads of state present, with the exception of East Timor due to national policies issues, several observers joined the organization:Luxembourg,Andorra, theUnited Kingdom, Argentina,Serbia,Chile,France, Italy and theOrganization of Ibero-American States joined as observers.[24] Uruguay, an observer nation since 2016, admitted in early 2018 a candidacy to become full member of the CPLP.[25]
The status ofconsultative observer is granted to organizations of civil society throughout theLusofonia and pan-Lusophone bodies, as well as Lusophone institutions based outside of the Lusofonia, which serve aconsultative status to the CPLP.[28]
The tomb ofLuís de Camões is a revered space in theLusofonia. Lusophone heads of state pay respects here on visits to Portugal.
The Portuguese-speaking countries are home to 267 million people located across the globe but having a common language, a shared history, and some cultural similarities. The CPLP nations have a combined area of about 10,742,000 square kilometres (4,148,000 sq mi), which is more than twice as large as the European Union 4,475,757 square kilometres (1,728,099 sq mi), but with a little more than half of the population.
Since its formation, the CPLP has helped to solve problems in São Tomé and Príncipe and inGuinea-Bissau, because ofcoups d'état in those countries. The CPLP helped these two countries to take economic reforms (in the case of São Tomé) and democratic ones (in the case of Guinea-Bissau).
In the early 21st century, the leaders of the CPLP believed that peace inAngola andMozambique, as well as East Timor's independence, favored the development of the CPLP and a strengthening of multilateral cooperation.
Since many children in rural areas of Lusophone Africa and East Timor are out-of-school youth, the education officials in these regions seek help from Portugal and Brazil to increase the education to spread Portuguese fluency (like establishingInstituto Camões language center branches in main cities and rural towns), as Portuguese is becoming one of the main languages inSouthern Africa, where it is also taught inNamibia andSouth Africa.
In many developing Portuguese-speaking nations, Portuguese is the language of government and commerce which means that Portuguese-speaking people from African nations can work and communicate with others in different parts of the world, especially in Portugal and Brazil, where the economies are stronger. Many leaders of Portuguese-speaking nations in Africa are fearful that language standards do not meet the fluency required and are therefore making it compulsory in schools so that a higher degree of fluency is achieved and young Africans will be able to speak a world language that will help them later in life.
Easing citizens' cross-border movement between the member states was proposed at the 2017 CPLP Summit.[30] This proposal by Portugal and Cape Verde to Brazil was thought by some to conflict with Europe'sSchengen area. However, this free movement is based on a different model: as residence permits, associated with the recognition ofacademic degrees and professional qualification, and maintenance of social rights including pension systems. It would henceforth establish the Lusophone citizenship, thecidadania lusófona.[31]
TheConference of Heads of State and Government of the CPLP (Portuguese:Conferência de Chefes de Estado e de Governo da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa; CCEG), commonly known as theCPLP Summit (Cimeira da CPLP) is a biennial meeting ofheads of state andheads of government of the member states of the CPLP. It is considered one of the fundamental pillars of the CPLP's structure.
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