In thecommon law ofcrime inEngland and Wales, acommon scold was a type of public nuisance—a troublesome and angry person who broke the public peace by habituallychastising,arguing, andquarrelling with their neighbours. Most punished for scolding were women, though men could be found to be scolds.
The offence, which carried across in theEnglish colonisation of the Americas, was punished by fines and public humiliation:dunking (being arm-fastened into a chair and dunked into a river or pond); parading through the street; being put in thescold's bridle (branks) or thestocks. Selling bad bread or bad ale was also punished in these ways in some parts of England in medieval centuries.
None of the physical punishments is known to have been administered (such as by magistrates) since an instance in 1817 that involved a wheeling through the streets. Washington D.C. authorities imposed a fine against a writer against clerics, declared a common scold, in 1829. The offence and punishment were abolished in England and Wales in 1967, and formally in New Jersey in 1972.
The offence of scolding developed from the late Middle Ages in England. A British historian suggests attempts to control and punish 'bad speech' increased after theBlack Death, when demographic shift led to greater resistance and threats to thestatus quo.[1] This included prosecutions for scolding. Scolds were described using Latin terms, includingobjurgator, garulator, rixator andlitigator, found in masculine and feminine forms (objurgatrix, etc.) in medieval legal records and all referring to negative forms of speech, chatter, quarrelling or reproachment. These offences were commonly presented and punished inmanorial or borough courts that governed the behaviour of peasants and townspeople across England; with a scarce few to the parishvestry.[2] The most common punishment was a fine.
Some historians write of scolding and bad speech coded as feminine offences by the late medieval period. Women of all marital statuses were prosecuted for scolding. The married were featured most often, whereas widows were only rarely labelled scolds.[3] In places such asExeter scolds were typically poorer women—elsewhere scolds could include members of the local elite.[4] Women who were also charged with matters such as violence, nightwandering, eavesdropping, flirting or adultery were also likely to be labelled scolds.[5] People were in some parts frequently labelled 'common scolds', indicating the impact of their behaviour and speech on a community. Karen Jones identified 13 men prosecuted for scolding in Kent's secular courts, compared to 94 women and 2 couples.[6]
Many of the male minority convicted were co-accused with their wives. In 1434, Helen Bradwall (wife of Peter Bradwall), scolded Hugh Welesson and his wife Isabel in Middlewich, calling Isabel a "child murderer" and Hugh a "skallet [wretched] knave". Isabel and Hugh also scolded Helen, calling her a "lesyng blebberer" (lying blatherer). All parties were fined for the offences—Hugh and Isabel: jointly.[7] Like women, male scolds were often accused of many other offences, such as fornication, theft, illegal trading, and assault.[8]
Later legal treatises reflect the dominance of scolding as a charge levied against women. In theCommentaries on the Laws of England,Blackstone outlines the offence:
Lastly, a common scold,communis rixatrix, (for our law-latin confines it to the feminine gender) is a public nuisance to her neighbourhood. For which offence she may be indicted; and, if convicted, shall be sentenced to be placed in a certain engine of correction called the trebucket, castigatory, orcucking stool, which inthe Saxon language signifies the scolding stool; though now it is frequently corrupted into ducking stool, because the residue of the judgment is, that, when she is so placed therein, she shall be plunged in the water for her punishment.
— Bl. Comm. IV:13.5.8, p. 169
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This ascribes the shift toducking stool to afolk etymology. Other writers disagree with this: theDomesday Book notes the use of a form of cucking stool atChester as acathedra stercoris, a "dung chair", whose punishment apparently involved exposing the sitter's buttocks to onlookers. This seat served to punish not only scolds, but also brewers and bakers who sold bad ale or bread, whereas the ducking stool dunked its victim into the water.
French traveller and writerFrancois Maximilian Misson recorded the means used in England in the early 18th century:[10]
The way of punishing scolding women is pleasant enough. They fasten an armchair to the end of two beams twelve or fifteen feet long, and parallel to each other, so that these two pieces of wood with their two ends embrace the chair, which hangs between them by a sort of axle, by which means it plays freely, and always remains in the natural horizontal position in which a chair should be, that a person may sit conveniently in it, whether you raise it or let it down. They set up a post on the bank of a pond or river, and over this post they lay, almost in equilibrio, the two pieces of wood, at one end of which the chair hangs just over the water. They place the woman in this chair and so plunge her into the water as often as the sentence directs, in order to cool her immoderate heat.
The ducking stool, rather than being fixed by the water, could be mounted on wheels to allow the convict to be paraded through the streets before punishment was carried out. Another method of ducking was to use the tumbrel: a chair on two wheels with two long shafts fixed to joining axles. This would be pushed into the water and the shafts would be released, tipping the chair up backwards and ducking the occupant.[11]
Ascold's bridle, known in Scotland as a brank, consists of a locking metal mask or head cage that contains a tab that fits in the mouth to inhibit talking. Some have claimed that convicted common scolds had to wear such a device as a preventive or punitive measure. Legal sources do not mention them in the context. Anecdotes report their use as a public punishment.[12][13]
In 17th-centuryNew England andLong Island, scolds or those convicted of similar offences—men and women—could be sentenced to stand with their tongue in a cleft stick, a more primitive but easier-to-construct version of the bridle—alternatively, to the ducking stool.[14][10]
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A plaque on the Fye Bridge inNorwich, England, claims to mark the site of a "cucking" stool, and that from 1562 to 1597strumpets (flirtatious or promiscuous young women) and common scolds suffered dunking there. In thePercy Anecdotes, published pseudonymously byThomas Byerley andJoseph Clinton Robertson in 1821–1823, the authors state that "How long the ducking-stool has been in disuse in England does not appear."[15] TheAnecdotes also suggestpenological ineffectiveness as grounds for the stool's disuse; the text relates the 1681 case of a Mrs. Finch, who had received three convictions and duckings as a common scold. On her fourth conviction, theKing's Bench declined to dunk her again, ordering a fine of threemarks and jail until payment took place.
ThePercy Anecdotes also quote a pastoral poem byJohn Gay (1685–1732), who wrote that:
I'll speed me to the pond, where the high stool
On the long plank, hangs o'er the muddy pool,
That stool the dread of ev'ry scolding quean.[16]
and a 1780 poem by Benjamin West, who wrote that:
There stands, my friend, in yonder pool,
An engine call'd a ducking-stool;
By legal pow'r commanded down,
The joy and terror of the town.
If jarring females kindle strife ...[17]
While these literary sources do not prove that the punishment still took place, they do provide evidence that it had not been forgotten.
InThe Queen v Foxby, 6 Mod. 11 (1704), counsel for the accused stated that he knew of no law for the dunking of scolds. Lord Chief JusticeJohn Holt of the Queen's Bench apparently pronounced this error, for he announced that it was "better ducking in aTrinity, than aMichaelmasterm", i.e. better carried out in summer than in winter. The tenor of Holt's remarks suggests that he found the punishment a rare or dead local custom seen by the sovereign's court as risible.[18]
The last recorded uses of ducking stool were
In 1812, federal enforcement ofcommon law offences was held to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court inUnited States v. Hudson and Goodwin. Nevertheless, in 1829, a Washington, D.C., court found the Americananti-clerical writerAnne Royall guilty of being a common scold, the outcome of a campaign launched by local clergymen. A traditional "engine" for intended punishment was built by sailors at the Navy Yard. The court ruled the punishment of the ducking-stool obsolete and instead imposed a fine of ten dollars.[19]
Counsel inSykes v. Director of Public Prosecutions [1962] AC 528 said he could find no cases for more than a century and described the offence as "obsolete". Section 13(1)(a) of theCriminal Law Act 1967 abolished it.
The common law offence endured in New Jersey until struck down in 1972 inState v. Palendrano by Circuit Judge McGann, who found it had been subsumed in the provisions of the Disorderly Conduct Act of 1898, wasbad for vagueness and offended the14th Amendment to the US Constitution for sex discrimination. It was also opined that the punishment of ducking could amount to a corpor(e)al punishment, in which case that punishment was unlawful under theNew Jersey Constitution of 1844 or since 1776.[20]
In the United States, many states have laws restricting publicprofanity, excessivenoise, anddisorderly conduct. None of these laws carry the distinctive punishment originally reserved for the common scold, nor are they gender-centric as the offence was.
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