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Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia Комитет освобождения народов России | |
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| Governing body | Presidium of the KONR[1] |
| Chairman | Andrey Vlasov (1st) Mikhail Meandrov (2nd)[2] |
| Founded | 14 November 1944 |
| Dissolved | February 1946 (de facto) |
| Succeeded by | RONDD,SBONR[3] |
| Armed wing | Russian Liberation Army[4] |
| Membership |  102 (early 1945est.)[citation needed] |
| Ideology | Defeatism Anti-Sovietism Anti-capitalism Nationalistpopulism[5] Factions: |
| Colours | White Blue Red |
| Part of | Vlasov Movement [ru][9] |
| Allies |  Russian Solidarists |
| Opponents | .svg) Soviet Union |
| Committee flag | |
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^ a: While the Russian leaders of the KONR adhered to Russian national populism,[5] the KONR presented itself as a multi-national organization cooperating with representatives of non-Russian nations of the Soviet Union on the grounds of the right to self-determination of peoples of Russia and the Soviet Union.[7] | |
TheCommittee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (Russian:Комитет освобождения народов России,Komitet osvobozhdeniya narodov Rossii, abbreviated asRussian:КОНР,KONR) was composed of military and civiliancollaborators withNazi Germany from territories of theSoviet Union, most of them being ethnicRussians, and was the political authority of theRussian anti-Soviet movement aligned with theAxis powers. It was founded by GeneralAndrey Vlasov on 14 November 1944, in Prague,occupied Czechoslovakia, which was purposely chosen because it was aSlavic city that was still under Axis control.[a] Vlasov had received the permission to establish the committee fromReichsführer-SSHeinrich Himmler.[10]
The goals of the committee were embodied in a document known as the Prague Manifesto. The manifesto's fourteen points guaranteed the freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly, as well as a right toself-determination of any ethnic group living in territories belonging to Russia; based on the right to self-determination, the Vlasovites planned to dissolve the Soviet Union and create independent nation states, including a separatist Russian nation-state. Ideologically, the Vlasov movement was between the Russian nationalism of theNTS, as its ideologues surrounded Vlasov with the support of the Nazis, and the other POWs which held to more social democratic views; some of Vlasov's close associates likeMilety Zykov [ru], the main ideologue of his movement and the Russian Liberation Army,[11] described themselves as Marxists. The Prague Manifesto supported a social system based on private agriculture and disbandment of the collective farms while keeping the industry nationalized; the Vlasovites opposed their program both to Stalinism and capitalism. The Prague Manifesto did not contain any explicit anti-semitic or other racially inspired rhetoric, which caused a conflict with the Nazis (see below). However, criticism aimed at theWestern Allies (specifically US and UK) was included in the manifesto's preamble.
In January 1945 Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army began to be organized into several divisions, though not all of them finished forming due to the collapse of the German war effort, and other Russian volunteer units serving in theWehrmacht andWaffen-SS were nominally transferred to its command in April 1945 as the "Armed Forces of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia." The latter included Cossack forces aligned with Timofey Domanov, which had gathered in northern Yugoslavia by May 1945. In the chaotic final months of the Third Reich, the divisions under Vlasov's direct command tried to gather in western Czechoslovakia and Austria after briefly engaging the Red Army inOperation April Storm during its advance on Berlin. The Russian troops sided against the Germans during thePrague Uprising, before leaving the city due to the Red Army approaching Prague. After trying to surrender to theUnited States Army, many of its members either surrendered to the Soviets or were laterrepatriated to the Soviet Union by the Western Allies.
After the surrender of Germany to the Allies, the committee ceased to operate. During the immediate post-war period, several new organisations sprang up that intended to continue the committee's goal of fighting communism (i.e., the Union of the St. Andrew Flag; the Committee of United Vlasovites; theUnion of Battle for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia), started by veterans of the committee and the Russian Liberation Army who managed to escape forced repatriation to the Soviet Union. Two latter organisations participated in US-led efforts to form a united anti-Soviet platform of Soviet emigres.
In the United States, aCIA-led organisation with a similar name, theAmerican Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia, was founded in the late 1940s, and became known for their propaganda broadcasterRadio Liberty, which was run by theCentral Intelligence Agency and later funded by theUnited States Congress. It operated from Munich, inWest Germany. Members of the Vlasovite organisations established after the war contributed to the American Committee.
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Andrey Vlasov, a Red Army general who had been captured in 1942 and defected to the Germans, had no success in getting support for a Russian national army from the senior German leadership until the summer of 1944, when the head of the SS,Heinrich Himmler, took interest in his cause. He had a six-hour meeting with Himmler on 16 September 1944, getting his approval to form an army, and it began to be assembled on 28 January 1945.[12] The Prague Manifesto, stating the ideology of the Committee for the Liberation for the Peoples of Russia, was announced on 14 November 1944 in Prague. The meeting was not attended by Himmler, but the German government representatives at the Prague conference wereWerner Lorenz from the German Foreign Ministry andWilhelm Frick, the governor ofBohemia and Moravia. A total of 37 people signed the Prague Manifesto, including Red Army defectors, Soviet professors, White émigrés, and ordinary civilians. Vlasov became the chairman of the KONR and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces (VS KONR).[13]
Additional meetings of the committee, which eventually expanded to 102 members, took place in Berlin on 18 November and 17 December 1944, and in Prague on 27 February 1945. After the meeting in Prague only the Presidium of the KONR was convened.[14]
Under the command of the Armed Forces of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (abbreviated VS KONR) were the following:
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The Prague Manifesto laid out Andrey Vlasov's political and economic program for Russia in the event of the defeat of the Soviet Union. The manifesto claimed thatWorld War II was a conflict being fought by the "imperialist powers" of Britain and the United States, and the "internationalist" powers led byJoseph Stalin, against "freedom-loving nations," and made no reference to Nazi Germany. It said that theRussian Revolution in 1917 was legitimate, but its progress was criminally usurped from the Russian people by the "Bolsheviks";[10] the revolution, however, was not divided into theFebruary Revolution and theOctober Revolution, and the figure ofVladimir Lenin was not criticized in the documents of the KONR nor did it have any assessment, first of all, because the leadership of the KONR avoided splitting the movement on such questions as the attitude towards the October Revolution andLeninism and wanted to maintain the alliance between various opinions, and secondly, because the leaders of the KONR were products of the Soviet society, and they agreed with many aspects of the Soviet system.[15] The manifesto set out its goals as the restoration of freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and of the press, the defense of private property, and the abolition of forced labor. Furthermore, it called for the creation of a Russian Liberation Army to overthrow the "tyranny created by Stalin" and sought an "honorable peace" with Germany.[10] There also was an undated memorandum, possibly a draft of a formal agreement, in which the KONR gave up Crimea to Germany and also promised autonomy to the Cossacks and to other groups within Russia.[16]
The Nazis were suspicious of Vlasov, his organisation and his ideological position, and the Gestapo warned about the possibility of the Vlasovites betraying the Reich. The suspicions and criticism of the Vlasovites from the Reich officials was summarised in a document by the Ministry of Propaganda officialEberhard Taubert who described his concerns about the movement being "not National Socialist": "It is significant that it does not fight Jewry, that the Jewish Question is not recognized as such at all"; instead it presented "a watered-down infusion of liberal and Bolshevik ideologies", and Taubert described the concern with "strong Anglophile sympathies" and it "toying with the idea of a possible change of course" while not "feel[ing] bound to Germany".[17][18][19]
The committee was organized into a Central Administration, Military Section, Civilian Department, Propaganda Section, Security Section, Financial Department, Foreign Department, Central Cossack Office, Cultural Department, Academic Committee, and Red Cross. Some of these departments were not fully formed before the end of the war. The financial department succeeded in obtaining a loan from the German government on 18 January 1945.[14]
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