Commercial fusion is a term used to refer toprivately orpublicly held companies which aim to sell electricity produced bynuclear fusion. The industry now consists of over 40 companies that have attracted a combined total of more than $7 billion in investment.^[1][2]

Companies pursue various different fusion methods for reactors. Some pursue one method, such asmagnetic,inertial, orelectrostatic confinement. Some pursue hybrid methods such asmagneto–inertial ormagneto–electrostatic confinement. More methods exist; see below:

Company	Years active	Method	Fuel	Country	Notes
Acceleron Fusion (formerly NK Labs, LLC)	2008–2022 (NK Labs) 2023– present (Acceleron)	Muon-catalyzed	deuterium–tritium	United States	[3][4][5]
Avalanche Energy	2018– present	Magneto–electrostatic confinement: cusp,colliding beam	deuterium–tritium	United States	[6][7]
Blue Laser Fusion	2022– present	Inertial confinement:optical enhancement cavity (OEC)laser	proton–boron	United States	[8][9]
Commonwealth Fusion Systems (formerly Compact Fusion Systems)	2018– present	Magnetic confinement:tokamak	deuterium–tritium	United States	[10][11]Spin-off:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cortex Fusion Systems	2021– present	Inertial confinement: non-thermal, laser	deuterium–tritium	United States	[12]
Crossfield Fusion Ltd	2019– present	Closed orbit, velocity resonant systems		United Kingdom	[13] Reactor development ended 2021[14][15]
CTFusion, Inc	2015–2023	Magnetic confinement:dynomak	deuterium–tritium	United States	Spin-off:University of Washington[16][17][18]
Deutelio	2022– present	Magnetic confinement:levitated dipole	deuterium–deuterium	Switzerland	[19][15]
Electric Fusion Systems, Inc.	2020– present	Non-thermal: light element electric fusion (LEEF)	Rydberg matter: proton–lithium7	United States	[20][21]
EMC2 (Energy Matter Conversion Corporation)	1985– present	Magneto-electrostatic confinement:polywell	deuterium–tritium	United States	[22][23][24]
Energy Singularity Energy Technology	2021– present	Magnetic confinement: tokamak	deuterium–tritium	China	[25][26]
ENN Energy	2017– present	Magnetic confinement:spheromak	proton–boron	China	[27][28][11]
EX-Fusion	2021– present	Inertial confinement: laser	deuterium–tritium	Japan	[29][30]
First Light Fusion	2011– present	Inertial confinement: impact	deuterium–tritium	United Kingdom	[31][32][33][15][34][11]Spin-off:University of Oxford[35]
Focused Energy	2021– present	Inertial confinement: laser	deuterium–tritium	United States	[36][37][15][34][38][35]
Fuse Energy Technologies Corporation	2019– present	Magneto-inertial:magnetized liner	deuterium–tritium	United States	[39]
Fusion Power Corporation	2016–2019	Inertial confinement:heavy ion	deuterium–tritium	United States	[40][41]
Gauss Fusion	2022– present	Magnetic confinement:stellarator	deuterium–tritium	Germany	[42][15]
General Atomics Fusion Division	2022– present	Magnetic confinement: tokamak	deuterium–tritium	United States	[43][44][45]
General Fusion	2002– present	Magneto-inertial:magnetized target	deuterium–tritium	Canada	[46][11]
HB11 Energy	2017– present	Inertial confinement: non-thermal, laser	proton–boron	Australia	[47][48][49][50][35]
Helical Fusion	2021– present	Magnetic confinement: stellarator	deuterium–tritium	Japan	[51][30]
Helicity Space	2018– present	Magneto-inertial:plasma jet collider-compressor	deuterium–deuterium	United States	[52][53] For spaceflight
Helion Energy	2013– present	Magneto-inertial:field-reversed configuration collider-compressor	deuterium–helium3	United States	[54][55]
Horne Technologies	2008– present	Magneto–electrostatic confinement: cusp	deuterium–deuterium, proton–boron	United States	[56][57]
HyperJet Fusion	2017– 2022	Magneto-inertial:plasmoidimploded by plasma jets		United States	[58][59][11]
KMS Fusion	1969–1990	Inertial confinement: laser	deuterium–tritium	United States	[60] Work moved toGeneral Atomics
Kyoto Fusioneering	2019– present	Magnetic confinement: reactor subsystems	deuterium–tritium	Japan	[61][30]Spin-off:Kyoto University[62]
LaserFusionX	2022– present	Inertial confinement:krypton-fluoride laser	deuterium–tritium	United States	[63][38]
Lockheed Martin	2010– present	Magnetic confinement:cusp	deuterium–tritium	United States	[64][11]
Longview Fusion Energy Systems	2021– present	Inertial confinement: laser	deuterium–tritium	United States	[65][34][38][35]
LPP Fusion, Inc. (Lawrenceville Plasma Physics)	2003– present	Magnetic confinementpinch:dense plasma focus	proton–boron	United States	[66] President, chief scientist:Eric J. Lerner
Magneto Inertial Fusion Technology Inc. (MIFTI)	2008– present	Magneto-inertial:z-pinch	deuterium–tritium	United States	[67][68]Spin-off:University of California, Irvine; Division:US Nuclear Corp[69]
Marvel Fusion	2019– present	Inertial confinement: laser	proton–boron	Germany	[70][15][38][35]
Norrønt AS (formerly Ultrafusion Nuclear Power)	2016–2017 (Ultrafusion) 2018– present (Norrønt)	Muon-catalyzed	deuterium–tritium	Norway	[71] Merged with Norrønt Fusion Energy[72]
nT-Tao Compact Fusion Power	2019– present	Magnetic confinement: stellarator	deuterium–tritium	Israel	[73][74]
NearStar Fusion	2021– present	Magneto-inertial: magnetized target, impact	deuterium–tritium, deuterium–deuterium, proton–boron	United States	[75][76][77]
Novatron Fusion Group AB	2019– present	Magnetic confinement:mirror	deuterium–tritium	Sweden	[78][79][80][81]
OpenStar Technologies	2021– present	Magnetic confinement: levitated dipole	deuterium–deuterium (tritium suppressed)	New Zealand	[82]
Princeton Fusion Systems (formerly Princeton Satellite Systems)	1992–2017 (Satellite) 2018– present (Fusion)	Magnetic confinement: field-reversed configuration	deuterium–helium3	United States	[83][84][11]
Proxima Fusion	2023– present	Magnetic confinement:quasi-isodynamic stellarator	deuterium–tritium	Germany	[85]Spin-off:Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics[15]
Realta Fusion	2022– present	Magnetic confinement:tandem mirror	deuterium–tritium	United States	[86]Spin-off:University of Wisconsin–Madison[87][88]
Renaissance Fusion	2021– present	Magnetic confinement: stellarator	deuterium–tritium	France	[89][15]
Stellarex, Inc	2022– present	Magnetic confinement: stellarator	deuterium–tritium	United States	[90]Spin-off:Princeton University[62]
Shine Technologies	2005–2017 (Phoenix) 2010– present (Shine)	Magneto-electrostatic confinement:particle accelerator	deuterium–tritium	United States	[91]Spin-off:Phoenix Nuclear Labs, 2010; Focus: producing radioisotopes, not energy[92][93]
TAE Technologies (formerly Tri Alpha Energy)	1998– present	Magnetic confinement:beam drivenfield-reversed configuration	proton–boron	United States	[94][11]
Thea Energy (formerly Princeton Stellarators)	2022– present	Magnetic confinement: stellarator	deuterium–tritium	United States	[95][62]
Tokamak Energy	2009– present	Magnetic confinement: tokamak	deuterium–tritium	United Kingdom	[96][62]Spin-off:Culham Centre for Fusion Energy
Type One Energy Group	2019– present	Magnetic confinement: stellarator	deuterium–tritium	United States	[97][88]
Xcimer Energy Inc.	2022– present	Inertial confinement:excimer laser	deuterium–tritium	United States	[98][34][35]
Zap Energy	2017– present	Magnetic confinement:z-pinch	deuterium–tritium	United States	[99]Spin-off:University of Washington[18][55][100]

For decades researchers have famously said that fusion power is always 30, or even 50, years away.^[101][102] The advent of commercial fusion has changed that, and now fusion power is typically forecast to be around 10 years away, with most companies forecasting that the first fusion plant will deliver electricity to the grid before 2035.^[103] Although most of the companies have existed for only a few years, some have already failed to deliver on their forecasts.General Fusion first forecast that it would deliver electricity to the grid by 2009.^[104]

• Milestone-Based Fusion Development Program

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• Nuclear technology companies

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