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Commercial Titan III

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American expendable launch system

Size
Launch of the last CT-3 withMars Observer
Function	Medium carrier rocket
Manufacturer	Martin Marietta
Country of origin	United States
Height	47.3 m
Width	9.2 m
Mass	680,000 kg
Stages	UA1206 (2) Titan 3B-1 Titan 3B-2
Associated rockets
Family	Titan
Launch history
Status	Retired
Launch sites	LC-40,CCAFS
Total launches	4
Success(es)	3
Partial failure	1
First flight	1 January 1990
Last flight	25 September 1992
Carries passengers or cargo	Mars Observer
[edit on Wikidata]

TheCommercial Titan III, also known asCT-3 orCT-III, was an Americanexpendable launch system, developed byMartin Marietta during the late 1980s and flown four times during the early 1990s. It was derived from theTitan 34D, and was originally proposed as a medium-lift expendable launch system for theUS Air Force, who selected theDelta II instead. Development was continued as a commercial launch system, and the first rocket flew in 1990. Due to higher costs than contemporary rockets such as theAriane 4, orders were not forthcoming, and the CT-3 was retired in 1992.^[1]

The Commercial Titan III differed from the Titan 34D in that it had a stretched second stage, and a larger payload fairing to accommodate dual satellite payloads.^[1]

All four launches occurred fromLC-40 atCape Canaveral Air Force Station. The first carried twocommunications satellites,Skynet 4A andJCSAT-2, and was launched at 00:07 UTC on 1 January 1990, which was 19:07local time on 31 December 1989. The launch received theInternational Designator 1990-001, using the UTC date.^[2]

The second launch occurred on 14 March, and carried theIntelsat 603 satellite.^[3] The rocket's second stage failed to separate, and the payload could only be released from the rocket by means of jettisoning itskick motor.^[4] It was later visited bySpace Shuttle Endeavour, on missionSTS-49. Astronauts attached a new kick motor, which raised the satellite into ageosynchronous transfer orbit, as had originally been planned.^[5]

The third launch, on 23 June, carriedIntelsat 604, and was successful.^[3] There was no Commercial Titan III launch in 1991, due to maintenance work at Launch Complex 40.^[6]

The final flight of the Commercial Titan III occurred on 25 September 1992, and placedNASA's Mars Observer spacecraft intoheliocentric orbit, by means of aTransfer Orbit Stage.^[7]

Launch history

[edit]

Main article:List of Titan launches

Date/Time (UTC)	S/N	Payload	Outcome	Remarks
1 January 1990 00:07	CT-1	Skynet 4A JCSAT-2	Success
14 March 1990 11:52	CT-2	Intelsat 603	Partial failure	Second stage failed to separate from kick motor, spacecraft later reboosted bySpace Shuttle Endeavour on missionSTS-49.^[5]
23 June 1990 11:19	CT-3	Intelsat 604	Success
25 September 1992 17:05	CT-4	Mars Observer	Success	Launch was a success, usedTransfer Orbit Stage for boosting to heliocentric orbit. However, probe failed prior to reachingMars.^[8]

References

[edit]

^^a ^bWade, Mark."Titan". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived fromthe original on August 5, 2008. Retrieved2014-08-17.
^Krebs, Gunter D."Orbital Launches of 1990".Gunter's Space Page. RetrievedMay 18, 2025.
^^a ^bKrebs, Gunter."Commercial Titan-3". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved2014-08-17.
^Eleazer, Wayne (January 31, 2011)."Launch failures: the "Oops!" factor".thespacereview.com. RetrievedMay 17, 2025.
^^a ^bFricke, Robert W. (July 1, 1992).STS-49: Space shuttle mission report(PDF) (Report). NASA. p. 17. NASA-TM-108104. RetrievedFebruary 8, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
^"LAUNCH COMPLEX 40 (Active)".ccspacemuseum.org. RetrievedMay 17, 2025.
^LePage, Andrew J. (June 23, 2014)."Planetary orbit insertion failures (part 2)".thespacereview.com. RetrievedMay 17, 2025.
^Leath, Audrey (January 21, 1994)."Final Report Issued on Mars Observer Loss".aip.org. RetrievedMay 17, 2025.

v t e Orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current	Angara 1.2 A5 Ariane 6 Atlas V Ceres 1 1S Chollima-1 Electron Eris^† Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Gravity-1 GSLV H3 Hyperbola-1 Jielong 1 3 KAIROS^† Kaituozhe 2 Kinetica 1 Kuaizhou 1 1A 11 Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B/E 3C 4B 4C 5 5B 6 6A 6C 7 7A 8 11 11H 12 LVM3 Minotaur I IV V C New Glenn Nuri OS-M1^† Pegasus XL Proton-M PSLV Qaem 100 Qased Shavit 2 Simorgh SLS Block 1 Soyuz-2 2.1a / STA 2.1b / STB Spectrum^† SSLV Starship Tianlong-2 Unha Vega C Vulcan Centaur Zhuque 2E
In development	Antares 330 Bloostar Blue Whale 1 Ceres-2 Cyclone-4M Deca Eclipse Epsilon S Gravity-2 HANBIT-NANO Hyperbola-2 Irtysh Kinetica 2 2H 3 KSLV-III Kuaizhou 21 31 Long March 9 10 Miura 5 Neutron New Line 1 NGLV Nova OS-M 2 4 Orbex Prime Pallas-1 Red Dwarf RFA One SLS Block 1B Block 2 Soyuz-7 Terran R Tianlong-3 VLM Vega E Zero Zhuque 3 Zuljanah
Retired	Antares 110 120 130^† 230 230+ Ariane 1 2 3 4 5 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able^† Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga^† Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Diamant Dnepr Energia Epsilon Europa I^† II^† Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" Feng Bao 1 GSLV Mk I H-I H-II H-IIA H-IIB Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos original 1 2/2I 3 3M Lambda 4S LauncherOne Long March 1 1D^† 2A 2E 3 3B 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1^† N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan^† Pilot-2^† R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original FG L M U U2 2-1v Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna^† Rocket 3 RS1^† Safir 1 1A 1B Saturn I IB V Scout X-1 Blue Scout II^† X-2^† X-2M X-3 X-3M X-4 X-2B^† B A B-1 D-1 A-1 E-1 F-1 G-1 Shavit original 1 SLV Space Shuttle SPARK^† Sparta SS-520 Start-1 Terran 1^† Thor Able Ablestar 1 2 Agena A B D Burner 1 2 Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena SLV-2G SLV-2H Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon R-36-O original 2 3 Universal Rocket UR-500 Proton Proton-K Rokot Strela Vanguard Vega original VLS-1^† Zenit 2 2M 2FG 3SL 3SLB 3F Zhuque 1^† 2
Classes	Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future Symbol^† indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)

v t e Orbital launch systems developed in the United States
Active	Atlas V**^†† Electron Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Minotaur I IV V C New Glenn Pegasus XL SLS Block 1 Vulcan Centaur
In development	Antares 330 Daytona I Eclipse Neutron Nova Red Dwarf SLS Block 1B Block 2 Starship Terran R
Retired	Antares 110/120/130/230/230+^††† Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able Agena Centaur Conestoga Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" H-I* Juno I Juno II LauncherOne N-I* N-II* Pilot Rocket 3 RS1^† Saturn I IB V Scout Space Shuttle SPARK Sparta Terran 1^† Thor Able Ablestar Agena Burner Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Vanguard
* - Japanese projects using US rockets or stages ** - uses Russian engines ^† - never succeeded ^†† - no new orders accepted and production stopped ^††† - used Ukrainian first stage

Titan rockets

Main articles

Rockets

Missiles	HGM-25A Titan I LGM-25C Titan II
Launch Systems	Titan II GLV Titan IIIA Titan IIIB Titan IIIC Titan IIID Titan IIIE Titan 34D Titan 23G Commercial Titan III Titan IV
Unbuilt	Ares Titan-Vanguard Titan-C Titan IIB Titan IIL Titan IIS Soltan Titan IIIL Titan IIIM Titan V

Launch sites

Cape Canaveral	Missile Row LC-15 LC-16 LC-19 LC-20 ITL Complex LC-40 LC-41
Vandenberg	OSTF SLTF LC-395 SLC-4 SLC-6
Bases	Larson Mountain Home Beale Ellsworth Lowry Davis-Monthan McConnell Little Rock

Components

Boosters	UA1205 UA1206 UA1207 SRMU
Upper stages	Agena Centaur IUS Star-37 TOS Transtage
Engines	AJ-10 B-8096 Orbus 6 Orbus 21 LR-87 LR-91 RL10

Manufacturers

Rocket	Martin Martin Marietta Lockheed Martin
Engines	Aerojet Pratt & Whitney Thiokol

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