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Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite

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Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA

TheCommercial National Security Algorithm Suite (CNSA) is a set of cryptographic algorithmspromulgated by theNational Security Agency as a replacement forNSA Suite B Cryptography algorithms. It serves as the cryptographic base to protect US National Security Systems information up to thetop secret level, while the NSA plans for a transition toquantum-resistant cryptography.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

The 1.0 suite included:

Advanced Encryption Standard with 256 bit keys
Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman andElliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm with curveP-384
SHA-2 with 384 bits,Diffie–Hellman key exchange with a minimum 3072-bit modulus, and
RSA with a minimum modulus size of 3072.^[2]

The CNSA transition is notable for movingRSA from a temporarylegacy status, as it appeared in Suite B, tosupported status. It also did not include theDigital Signature Algorithm. This, and the overall delivery and timing of the announcement, in the absence of post-quantum standards, raised considerable speculation about whether NSA had found weaknesses e.g. in elliptic-curve algorithms or others, or was trying to distance itself from an exclusive focus on ECC for non-technical reasons.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Version 2.0 Announcement

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In September 2022, the NSA announced CNSA 2.0, which includes its first recommendations for post-quantum cryptographic algorithms.^[10]

CNSA 2.0 includes:^[2]

Advanced Encryption Standard with 256 bit keys
Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Standard (ML-KEM aka CRYSTALS-Kyber) with parameter set ML-KEM-1024
Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard (ML-DSA aka CRYSTALS-Dilithium) with parameter set ML-DSA-87
SHA-2 with 384 or 512 bits
eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS) andLeighton-Micali Signatures (LMS) with all parameters approved, with SHA256/192 recommended

Note that compared to CNSA 1.0, CNSA 2.0:

Suggests separate post-quantum algorithms (XMSS/LMS) for software/firmware signing for use immediately
Allows SHA-512
Announced the selection of CRYSTALS-Kyber and CRYSTALS-Dilithium early, with the expectation that they will be mandated only when the final standards and FIPS-validated implementations are released.
- RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and elliptic curve cryptography will be deprecated at that time.

The CNSA 2.0 and CNSA 1.0 algorithms, detailed functions descriptions, specifications, and parameters are below:^[11]

CNSA 2.0

Algorithm	Function	Specification	Parameters
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)	Symmetric block cipher for information protection	FIPS PUB 197	Use 256-bit keys for all classification levels.
Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Standard (ML-KEM aka CRYSTALS-Kyber)	Asymmetric algorithm for key establishment	FIPS PUB 203	Use ML-KEM-1024 parameter set for all classification levels.
Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard (aka CRYSTALS-Dilithium)	Asymmetric algorithm for digital signatures	FIPS PUB 204	Use ML-DSA-87 parameter set for all classification levels.
Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)	Algorithm for computing a condensed representation of information	FIPS PUB 180-4	Use SHA-384 or SHA-512 for all classification levels.
Leighton-Micali Signature (LMS)	Asymmetric algorithm for digitally signing firmware and software	NIST SP 800-208	All parameters approved for all classification levels. SHA256/192 recommended.
Xtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS)	Asymmetric algorithm for digitally signing firmware and software	NIST SP 800-208	All parameters approved for all classification levels.

CNSA 1.0

Algorithm	Function	Specification	Parameters
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)	Symmetric block cipher for information protection	FIPS PUB 197	Use 256-bit keys for all classification levels.
Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) Key Exchange	Asymmetric algorithm for key establishment	NIST SP 800-56A	Use Curve P-384 for all classification levels.
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)	Asymmetric algorithm for digital signatures	FIPS PUB 186-4	Use Curve P-384 for all classification levels.
Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)	Algorithm for computing a condensed representation of information	FIPS PUB 180-4	Use SHA-384 for all classification levels.
Diffie-Hellman (DH) Key Exchange	Asymmetric algorithm for key establishment	IETF RFC 3526	Minimum 3072-bit modulus for all classification levels
[Rivest-Shamir-Adleman] RSA	Asymmetric algorithm for key establishment	FIPS SP 800-56B	Minimum 3072-bit modulus for all classification levels
[Rivest-Shamir-Adleman] RSA	Asymmetric algorithm for digital signatures	FIPS PUB 186-4	Minimum 3072-bit modulus for all classification levels

References

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^Cook, John (2019-05-23)."NSA recommendations | algorithms to use until PQC".www.johndcook.com. Retrieved2020-02-28.
^^a ^b ^c"Announcing the Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0"(PDF).media.defense.gov. 2022-09-07. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on September 8, 2022. Retrieved2024-06-10.
^"CNSA Suite and Quantum Computing FAQ"(PDF).cryptome.org. January 2016. Retrieved24 July 2023.
^"Use of public standards for the secure sharing of information among national security systems, Advisory Memorandum 02-15 CNSS Advisory Memorandum Information Assurance 02-15".Committee on National Security Systems. 2015-07-31. Archived fromthe original on 2020-02-28. Retrieved2020-02-28.
^"Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite".apps.nsa.gov. 19 August 2015. Archived fromthe original on 2022-02-18. Retrieved2020-02-28.
^Housley, Russ; Zieglar, Lydia (July 2018)."RFC 8423 - Reclassification of Suite B Documents to Historic Status".tools.ietf.org. Retrieved2020-02-28.
^"NSA's FAQs Demystify the Demise of Suite B, but Fail to Explain One Important Detail – Pomcor". 9 February 2016. Retrieved2020-02-28.
^"A riddle wrapped in a curve".A Few Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering. 2015-10-22. Retrieved2020-02-28.
^Koblitz, Neal; Menezes, Alfred J. (2018-05-19)."A Riddle Wrapped in an Enigma".Cryptology ePrint Archive.
^"Post-Quantum Cybersecurity Resources".www.nsa.gov. Retrieved2023-03-03.
^"Announcing the Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0, U/OO/194427-22, PP-22-1338, Ver. 1.0"(PDF).media.defense.gov.National Security Agency. September 2022. Table IV: CNSA 2.0 algorithms, p. 9.; Table V: CNSA 1.0 algorithms, p. 10. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on September 8, 2022. Retrieved2024-04-14.

v t e Block ciphers (security summary)
Common algorithms	AES Blowfish DES (internal mechanics,Triple DES) Serpent SM4 Twofish
Less common algorithms	ARIA Camellia CAST-128 GOST IDEA LEA RC5 RC6 SEED Skipjack TEA XTEA
Other algorithms	3-Way Adiantum Akelarre Anubis Ascon BaseKing BassOmatic BATON BEAR and LION CAST-256 Chiasmus CIKS-1 CIPHERUNICORN-A CIPHERUNICORN-E CLEFIA CMEA Cobra COCONUT98 Crab Cryptomeria/C2 CRYPTON CS-Cipher DEAL DES-X DFC E2 FEAL FEA-M FROG G-DES Grand Cru Hasty Pudding cipher Hierocrypt ICE IDEA NXT Intel Cascade Cipher Iraqi Kalyna KASUMI KeeLoq KHAZAD Khufu and Khafre KN-Cipher Kuznyechik Ladder-DES LOKI (97,89/91) Lucifer M6 M8 MacGuffin Madryga MAGENTA MARS Mercy MESH MISTY1 MMB MULTI2 MultiSwap New Data Seal NewDES Nimbus NOEKEON NUSH PRESENT Prince Q QARMA RC2 REDOC Red Pike S-1 SAFER SAVILLE SC2000 SHACAL SHARK Simon Speck Spectr-H64 Square SXAL/MBAL Threefish Treyfer UES xmx XXTEA Zodiac
Design	Feistel network Key schedule Lai–Massey scheme Product cipher S-box P-box SPN Confusion and diffusion Round Avalanche effect Block size Key size Key whitening (Whitening transformation)
Attack (cryptanalysis)	Brute-force (EFF DES cracker) MITM Biclique attack 3-subset MITM attack Linear (Piling-up lemma) Differential Impossible Truncated Higher-order Differential-linear Distinguishing (Known-key) Integral/Square Boomerang Modn Related-key Slide Rotational Side-channel Timing Power-monitoring Electromagnetic Acoustic Differential-fault XSL Interpolation Partitioning Rubber-hose Black-bag Davies Rebound Weak key Tau Chi-square Time/memory/data tradeoff
Standardization	AES process CRYPTREC NESSIE NSA Suite B CNSA
Utilization	Initialization vector Mode of operation Padding

Public-key cryptography

Algorithms

Integer factorization	Benaloh Blum–Goldwasser Cayley–Purser Damgård–Jurik GMR Goldwasser–Micali Naccache–Stern Paillier Rabin RSA Okamoto–Uchiyama Schmidt–Samoa
Discrete logarithm	BLS Cramer–Shoup DH DSA ECDH X25519 X448 ECDSA EdDSA Ed25519 Ed448 ECMQV EKE ElGamal signature scheme MQV Schnorr SPEKE SRP STS
Lattice/SVP/CVP/LWE/SIS	BLISS Kyber NewHope NTRUEncrypt NTRUSign RLWE-KEX RLWE-SIG
Others	AE CEILIDH EPOC HFE IES Lamport McEliece Merkle–Hellman Naccache–Stern knapsack cryptosystem Three-pass protocol XTR SQIsign SPHINCS⁺

Theory

Standardization

Topics

v t e Cryptographic hash functions andmessage authentication codes
List Comparison Known attacks
Common functions	MD5 (compromised) SHA-1 (compromised) SHA-2 SHA-3 BLAKE2
SHA-3 finalists	BLAKE Grøstl JH Skein Keccak (winner)
Other functions	BLAKE3 CubeHash ECOH FSB Fugue GOST HAS-160 HAVAL Kupyna LSH Lane MASH-1 MASH-2 MD2 MD4 MD6 MDC-2 N-hash RIPEMD RadioGatún SIMD SM3 SWIFFT Shabal Snefru Streebog Tiger VSH Whirlpool
Password hashing/ key stretching functions	Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt
General purpose key derivation functions	HKDF KDF1/KDF2
MAC functions	CBC-MAC DAA GMAC HMAC NMAC OMAC/CMAC PMAC Poly1305 SipHash UMAC VMAC
Authenticated encryption modes	CCM ChaCha20-Poly1305 CWC EAX GCM IAPM OCB
Attacks	Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack
Design	Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction
Standardization	CAESAR Competition CRYPTREC NESSIE NIST hash function competition Password Hashing Competition NSA Suite B CNSA
Utilization	Hash-based cryptography Merkle tree Message authentication Proof of work Salt Pepper

v t e Cryptography
General	History of cryptography Outline of cryptography Classical cipher Cryptographic protocol Authentication protocol Cryptographic primitive Cryptanalysis Cryptocurrency Cryptosystem Cryptographic nonce Cryptovirology Hash function Cryptographic hash function Key derivation function Secure Hash Algorithms Digital signature Kleptography Key (cryptography) Key exchange Key generator Key schedule Key stretching Keygen Machines Cryptojacking malware Ransomware Random number generation Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) Pseudorandom noise (PRN) Secure channel Insecure channel Subliminal channel Encryption Decryption End-to-end encryption Harvest now, decrypt later Information-theoretic security Plaintext Codetext Ciphertext Shared secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network
Mathematics	Cryptographic hash function Block cipher Stream cipher Symmetric-key algorithm Authenticated encryption Public-key cryptography Quantum key distribution Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography
Category