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Inphilology, acommentary is a line-by-line or even word-by-word explication usually attached to anedition of a text in the same or an accompanying volume. It may draw onmethodologies ofclose reading andliterary criticism, but its primary purpose is to elucidate the language of the text and the specific culture that produced it, both of which may be foreign to the reader. Such a commentary usually takes the form offootnotes,endnotes, or separate textcross-referenced by line,paragraph or page.
Means of providing commentary on the language of the text include notes ontextual criticism,syntax andsemantics, and theanalysis ofrhetoric, literarytropes, andstyle. The aim is to remove, lessen or point outlinguistic obstacles to reading and understanding the text.
If atext is historical, or is produced within a culture assumed to be of limited familiarity to a reader, a broader range of issues may require elucidation. These include, but are by no means limited to,biographical data pertaining to the author,historical events, customs andlaws,technical terminology and facts of daily life,religious beliefs andphilosophical perspectives, literary allusions,geographical settings, and cross-references to related passages in the same work, other works by the author, or sources used by the author.[1]
Some commentaries fromClassical Antiquity or theMiddle Ages (more strictly referred to asscholia) are a valuable source of information otherwise unknown, including references to works that are now lost.Jerome provides a list of severalcommentaries that were in use during his days as a student in the 350s A.D.[2] One of the most used of the ancient scholia today is that ofServius onVergil’sAeneid, written in the 4th century.
The production of commentaries began to flourish in the 16th century as part of thehumanist project to recover the texts ofantiquity, with its related boom in publishing. In the modern era, a commentary differs from an annotated edition aimed at students or the casual reader in that it attempts to address an exhaustive range ofscholarly questions, many of which may be of concern or interest primarily to specialists. The commentator may take a position on variant readings of the text or on a point of scholarly dispute, but arguments are usually succinct, a paragraph or less than a page in length.
The earliest examples, and also one of the largest corpora of text commentaries from the ancient world, comes from first-millennium-BCE Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). Known from over 860 manuscripts, the majority of which date to the period 700–100 BCE, most of these commentaries explore numerous types of texts, including literary works (such as theBabylonian Epic of Creation), medical treatises, magical texts, ancient dictionaries, and law collections (theCode of Hammurabi). Most of them, however, comment on divination treatises, in particular treatises that predict the future from the appearance and movement of celestial bodies on the one hand (Enūma Anu Enlil), and from the appearance of a sacrificed sheep’s liver on the other (Bārûtu).
As with the majority of the thousands of texts from theancient Near East that have survived to the present day, Mesopotamian text commentaries are written on clay tablets incuneiform script. Text commentaries are written in the East Semitic language ofAkkadian, but due to the influence of lexical lists written inSumerian language on cuneiform scholarship, they often contain Sumerian words or phrases as well.
Cuneiform commentaries are important because they provide information about Mesopotamian languages and culture that are not available elsewhere in the cuneiform record. To give but one example, the pronunciation of the cryptically written name of Gilgamesh, the hero of theEpic of Gilgamesh, was discovered in a cuneiform commentary on a medical text.[3] However, the significance of cuneiform commentaries extends beyond the light they shed on specific details of Mesopotamian civilization. They open a window onto what the concerns of the Mesopotamian literate elite were when they read some of the most widely studied texts in the Mesopotamian intellectual tradition, a perspective that is important for “seeing things their way.”[4] Finally, cuneiform commentaries are also the earliest examples of textual interpretation. It has been repeatedly argued that they influenced rabbinicalexegesis. SeeAkkadian Commentaries and Early Hebrew Exegesis
The publication and interpretation of these texts began in the mid-nineteenth century, with the discovery of the royal Assyrian libraries at Nineveh, from which ca. 454 text commentaries have been recovered. The study of cuneiform commentaries is, however, far from complete. It is the subject of ongoing research by the small, international community of scholars who specialize in the field ofAssyriology.
