Commander
Insignia of the rank of commander
Country	United States
Service branch	United States Navy United States Coast Guard United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps US Maritime Service
Abbreviation	CDR
Rank group	Senior officer
NATOrank code	OF-4
Pay grade	O-5
Next higher rank	Captain
Next lower rank	Lieutenant commander
Equivalent ranks	Lieutenant colonel

In the United States,commander is a military rank that is also sometimes used as a militarybillet title—the designation of someone who manages living quarters or a base—depending on the branch of service. It is also used as a rank or title in non-military organizations, particularly in law enforcement.

The commander rank started out as "Master and Commander" in 1674 within theRoyal Navy for the officer responsible for sailing a ship under the Captain and sometimes second-in-command. Sub-captain, under-captain, rector and master-commanding were also used for the same position. With the Master and Commander also serving as captain of smaller ships the Royal Navy subsumed as the third and lowest of three grades of captain given the various sizes of ships. TheContinental Navy had the tri-graded captain ranks. Captain 2nd Grade, orMaster Commandant, became Commander in 1838.^[1]

Navy

Coast Guard

Public Health Service

NOAA Corps

US Maritime Service

In theNavy, theCoast Guard, theNOAA Corps, and thePublic Health Service Corps, commander (abbreviated "CDR") is a senior-grade officer rank, with the pay grade of O-5. Commander ranks abovelieutenant commander (O-4) and belowcaptain (O-6). Commander is equivalent to the rank oflieutenant colonel in the otheruniformed services.^[2]

Notably, it is the first rank at which the holder wears anembellished cap whereas officers of the other military services are entitled to embellishment of similar headgear at O-4 rank. Promotion to commander in the Navy is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from theDefense Officer Personnel Management Act (DOPMA) of 1980 or its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act (ROPMA). DOPMA/ROPMA guidelines suggest that 70% of lieutenant commanders should be promoted to commander after serving a minimum of three years at their present rank and after attaining 15–17 years of cumulative commissioned service, although this percentage may vary and be appreciably less for certain officer designators (i.e., primary "specialties") dependent on defense budgets, force structure and needs of the service.

A commander in the Navy may command afrigate,destroyer,submarine,aviation squadron or small shore activity,^[3] or may serve on a staff afloat or ashore (typically as an action officer or as an executive officer to aflag officer orgeneral officer), or a larger vessel afloat (as either a department head or executive officer). An officer in the rank of commander who commands a vessel may also be referred to as "captain" as a courtesy title, or informally referred to as "skipper." Commanding officers of aviation squadrons and smaller shore activities may also be informally referred to as "skipper" but never as "captain" unless they actually hold the rank of captain, e.g., military pay grade O-6, as would be the case for certain Fleet Replacement Squadron commanding officers and a wide range of both small and large shore activities.^{[4][better source needed]}

A commander in the Coast Guard may typically command a medium endurance cutter or a small air station. Like their Navy counterparts, a Coast Guard officer in the rank of commander who commands a cutter may also be referred to as "captain" as a courtesy title, or informally referred to as "skipper." Commanding officers of joint USN/USMC/USCG aviation training squadrons and small Coast Guard air stations and shore activities may also be informally referred to as "skipper" but never as "captain" unless they are commanding a large air station or shore activity and actually hold the rank of captain, e.g., military pay grade O-6.^{[5][better source needed]}

Although it exists largely as a maritime training organization, theMaritime Service also has the grade of commander. The commission is appointed by the president via theSecretary of Transportation, making it a federally recognized rank with a corresponding paygrade.

In addition to its use as a rank title, the Navy also uses commander as a "position title" for seniorcaptains orflag officers in command of multiple independent units, each with their own "commanding officer". For example, the senior officer in a Navy aviation squadron is the "commanding officer" (CO) because he or she is in command of that singular unit. That officer's immediate superior in command will likely be an air group or air wing "commander", with the latter being responsible for multiple squadrons. This is in keeping with the naval tradition of "commanding officers" commanding single units, but "commanders" commanding multiple units.

TheSan Francisco Police Department also has a commander rank. As with the LAPD, it is above captain and below deputy chief.^{[citation needed]} TheMetropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia uses the rank of commander. The rank falls between those of inspector and assistant chief.^{[citation needed]} TheRochester Police Department uses the rank of commander. Higher than captain and below deputy chief, the rank is achieved by appointment. Commander is the rank held by the two patrol division heads and other commanders fill various administrative roles.^{[citation needed]} TheSaint Paul Police Department is another police force that uses the rank of commander. In the Saint Paul Police Department, commanders serve as the chief of the district or unit that they oversee.^{[citation needed]}

Many police departments in the Midwest use the rank of commander. It is equivalent to a lieutenant in most other departments, being above a sergeant and below a deputy chief or captain. Commander is also used as a title in certain circumstances, such as the commander of a squad of detectives, who would usually be of the rank of lieutenant. Commander is also utilized by largersheriff's departments in the United States, with the rank usually falling between chief deputy and captain, three positions removed from the sheriff.^{[citation needed]}

In theArmy andMarine Corps, the term "commander" is officially applied to thecommanding officer of a unit; hence, there arecompany commanders,battalion commanders,brigade commanders, and so forth. At the highest levels of military command structure, "commander" also refers to what used to be calledcommander-in-chief, or CINC, until October 24, 2002, although the term CINC is still used in casual speech. The soldier in charge of a tank, for example theM1 Abrams, is also called its "commander".

In theAir Force, the term "commander" (abbreviated "CC") is officially applied to the commanding officer of an Air Force unit; hence, there are squadron commanders, group commanders, wing commanders, numbered air force commanders,major command commanders and so forth. In rank, asquadron commander is typically alieutenant colonel, although some smaller squadrons may be commanded by amajor.

Agroup commander is typically a mid-gradecolonel, while awing commander is typically a senior colonel or abrigadier general. A numbered air force commander is normally alieutenant general, although some may be in the rank ofmajor general, especially in theAir Force Reserve orAir National Guard. The Major Command commanders are normally in the rank ofgeneral orlieutenant general.

• Commander
• Comparative military ranks
• United States Navy officer rank insignia

• The dictionary definition ofcommander at Wiktionary

• Military ranks of the United States Coast Guard
• Military ranks of the United States Navy

• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• All articles lacking reliable references
• Articles lacking reliable references from November 2019
• All articles with unsourced statements
• Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023