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| Australian comics | |
|---|---|
| Earliest publications | 1908 |
| Languages | Australian English |
Australian comics have been published since 1908 and Australiancomics creators have gone to produce influential work in the global comics industry (especially inAmerican comics).
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Vumps, the first Australian comic equivalent to British boy'spapers, such asBoy's Own,Chum andThe Gem was published in September 1908.[1] It featured illustrations, with the text printed below and lasted only one issue.[2]
On 7 October 1911 coloured comics appeared inThe Comic Australian, a weekly publication containing jokes and poetry, which continued for 87 issues until June 1913.[3] In 1916 a small format children's paper,The Golden Age commenced. It featured three pages of strips and cartoons, includingAlgy & Kitty by B. Ericsson.[4] The publication ceased in 1917.
On 7 August 1920 the first continuing Australiancomic strip,You & Me, drawn byStan Cross, appeared inSmith's Weekly.[5] In August 1925 theSydneySunday Times comic supplement was issued. It featured strips includingThe Two Rogues, by L. de Konigh;Fish & Chips by Norman McMurray andThe Strange Adventures of Percy the Pom by Wynne Davies. The 13 November 1921 saw the first issue ofUs Fellas, byJimmy Bancks, in theSunbeams Page of theSunday Sun, thiscomic strip introduced the character ofGinger Meggs, the longest running Australian comic strip. The firstSunbeams (Ginger Meggs) Annual appeared in 1924, and continued to appear each Christmas for the next 35 years.
A number of other children's papers, such asPals,The Boy's Weekly andCobbers, were released during this period. All contained a few strips but were mainly text and articles.
The Society of Australian Black and White Artists was formed in Sydney in 1924, and still exists today as theAustralian Cartoonists Association.
Following the demise ofPals the Australian comic book market was dominated by British comic papers until late 1931 with the launch of the first Australian comic book,The Kookaburra.The Kookaburra featured characters such as Bloodthirsty Ben and Callous Claude; The Mulga Merrymakers, Perky Pete the Prospector; and Lucy Lubra the Artful Abo! On 20 May 1934 another Australian comic was publishedFatty Finn's Weekly, featuringFatty Finn bySyd Nicholls. The rest of the comic only featured Australian artists with other strips such asBasso the Bear andPam and Pospsy Penguin by Hotpoint andOssie by George Little. While there was text below each frame, the panels contained word balloons.
In the late 1930s the market began to be saturated by the release of reprints of US strips popularised by the women's magazines,The New Idea (Buck Rogers,Boy's Adventure World,Felix the Cat,Hurricane Hawk) andThe Woman's Mirror (The Phantom). At the same time another US reprint genre, the tabloid format reprints of Sunday pages and supplements, printed overseas at minimal cost, emerged onto the market. Publications includedInternational Comics,Colour Comics andWags featuringBuck Rogers,Tarzan,Dick Tracy and early works byWill Eisner.
By 1939 there were political protests about the dumping of overseas magazines and comics in Australia, on behalf of the local industry.
With the onset ofWorld War II the Australian Government placed a ban on the importation of American comics and syndicated proofs. As a result, the local comic book industry flourished. Following the war, Australia incurred a huge national debt: local publishers found they had acaptive market as import restrictions continued to be enforced, at the same time the modern American style comic book (mostly sans color) was adopted. In itsGolden Age Australian talent produced exciting creations such asYarmak,Captain Atom,Tim Valour,Crimson Comet,The Panther,The Raven,The Lone Wolf,The Phantom Ranger and many others. September 1948 saw the debut ofThe Phantom byFrew Publications, the longest continuously published comic book.
This was a decade of recession for the Australian comic market, with production costs rising the prices of local comics rose. Comics faced increased public scrutiny, with censorship of comics beginning in 1954, competition from television (1956) and the re-introduction of American comic imports (1959).
The 1960s saw the demise of the few locally produced titles that had managed to survive the recession in comic book publishing in the previous decade. Sales of reprints such asThe Phantom and theWalt Disney titles continued to strengthen, with readers beginning to focus on new American imports, particularly the burgeoningMarvel Comics line.
In the 1970s there was a resurgence in local comic activity, drawing inspiration from the explicit and politicised American underground comic scene, although mainly associated with radical journals such asRevolution,High Times andNation Review. Few comic books were published with the exception ofCobber Comics in 1971 andStrange Tales (which featuredCaptain Goodvibes, the work ofTony Edwards) in 1974.Gerald Carr revived the Australian adventure style comic book also in 1974 with the best sellingVampire!, coinciding with the horror comic boom of the times, followed byBrainmaster and Vixen (1977) andFire Fang (1982).Vixen became Australia's first comic book superheroine.
Since the 1980s there have been fewer local reprints and more direct importing of foreign comics. On the local front new material started with the release of Tad Pietrzykowski's graphic novelThe Dynamic Dark Nebula in 1982. Oz Comics in 1983 which debuted The Southern Squadron and the popularReverie anthology comic lasting seven issues that was distributed nationally..
Later in the mid-1980s many more anthology comic titles appeared, forming the basis for the modern Australian self-publishing community. Three notable ones wereFox Comics, which began in Melbourne in 1985 and lasted for five years and 26 issues.Phantastique from Sydney in 1986 lasted only four issues, as it was in the style ofUnderground comix but with mainstream distribution – it generated national publicity from opponentsFred Nile andJohn Laws. (Contributors included Christopher Seqiera andLeigh Blackmore).Cyclone! also from Sydney in 1985 was a more traditionalsuperhero comic with an Australian flavour, it ran for eight issues as an anthology and then another five asSouthern Squadron focusing on its most popular feature (plus other spin offs includingThe Jackaroo andThe Dark Nebula as well as a 1990s revival – over thirty related comics were published in the series).
During the 1990s, Australian creators continued to place their work in Australian newsagents via distributors such as Gordon & Gotch, to diminishing success. Popular Australian comic books of the era includeDillon Naylor'sDa 'n Dill (1993),Hairbutt the Hippo (1989),Platinum Grit (1993) andDee Vee (1997).
The 1990s also saw an explosion of comics inzine form due to easy availability of photocopiers and cheap postage. Many artists who began by self-publishing photocopied black-and-white comics at this time have continued on to become popular illustrators and graphic novelists, includingMandy Ord, Ben Hutchings,Anton Emdin andJules Faber.
Australian artists/writers also began to regularly produce work for overseas comics companies, a development made easier by the internet, as a tool for both scouting talent and sending deliverables quickly (which was previously only possible by use offax machines). These includeWayne Nichols,Nicola Scott,Ben Templesmith,Tom Taylor,Michal Dutkiewicz,Jozef Szekeres,Marcus Moore, Julie Ditrich, and Doug Holgate.
In the 2000s, a significant market for Australian comic creators was commercial Australian children's magazines.Dillon Naylor led the way withDa 'N' Dill and the popularBatrisha the Vampire Girl inK Zone. Other artists with regular work in these markets includedPatrick Alexander, Jase Harper, Rich Warwick,Dean Rankine, Damien Woods andIan C. Thomas.
In 2007 Julie Ditrich andJozef Szekeres launched theComics and Graphic Novel Portfolio for and with theAustralian Society of Authors, which focuses on interests and needs for the comic and graphic novelist, both writers and artists, covering topics such as standardized contracts approved by the ASA for both creator owned comics/GNs and work-for-hire.
In the 2010s,online comics andgraphic novels became another form in which Australian comics creators made their presence felt overseas,Nicki Greenberg,Mandy Ord, Pat Grant,Simon Hanselmann,Ariel Ries and Gavin Aung Than being examples of this.
More permanent venues, retailers and galleries devoted to independent comics work also began to appear, includingSquishface Studio,Silent Army Storeroom and Santa Clara in Melbourne, andJunky Comics in Brisbane.
From the 1940s through the 1970s, many local reprints and translations of American – as well as British, European, and South American – comics were published in Australia. Since the 1980s there have been fewer local reprints and more direct importing of foreign comics.
In the 1940s, following the banning of the importation of American comics, a number of Australian publishing companies were formed producing comic books, using local comic book artists. Most of which disappeared in the 1950s as a result of import bans being lifted, a censorship campaign, and the introduction of television. The predominant publishing companies during this time included:
Since the late 1970s, the comic scene in Australia has been largely driven by self-publishers who created, printed and distributed their own books, with a few publishers who were willing to publish the work of others gradually emerging. Of these, some companies, such asPhosphorescent Comics andGestalt Publishing, managed to become professional publishers of Australian comics and graphic novels.
Since 2002 international publishers have increasingly begun to publishgraphic novels by Australian comic creators, beginning withThe Five Mile Press (Dillon Naylor) andSlave Labor Graphics (J. Marc Schmidt, Jason Franks) and, more recently,Allen & Unwin (Nicki Greenberg,Mandy Ord, Bruce Mutard),Scholastic (Shaun Tan),TokyoPop (Queenie Chan,Madeleine Rosca),Seven Seas Entertainment (Sarah Ellerton), and Finlay Lloyd (Mandy Ord).
The first true Australian Comic Convention wasComicon I (June 1979)[9] held atRMIT inMelbourne.Comicon II (June 14–16, 1980)[10] followed at the Sheraton Hotel in Melbourne, andComicon III (1981) was held in Sydney.
TheAustralian Comic-Book Convention was held on 16–18 January 1986 at theSydney Opera House, featuring international guests for the first time, includingJim Steranko andWill Eisner, who allowed theSpirit to be depicted as akoala whileSpider-Man was akangaroo. The convention was organised by three principles – Peter Mitris, Richard Rae, and former Federal Publishing licensing consultant Peter Greenwood (who is now based in Los Angeles as a worldwide licensing manager for classic television). They had hoped to turn it into an annual event based onSan Diego Comic-Con, but a lack of corporate sponsorship for such a large event caused it to be a one-off.
It was the forerunner of the many laterOzCon conventions, held from 1992 to 1998 in Sydney,[citation needed] with an additional event in Melbourne in 1997, and thecomicfest! events, again in Sydney from 2000 to 2002.
Supanova Expo is Australia's largest con. It has been held in Sydney and Brisbane each year since 2002 and 2003 respectively and growing to include Perth and Melbourne since 2008. It features, in addition to comic books, a mix of current TV pop cultures, from science fiction and fantasy to anime and manga. It features special guest comic book writers and artists and actors from currently in-vogue series, movies and anime, as well as special effects creators.
National Library of Australia
State Library of New South Wales
State Library of Victoria
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