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Colony of Victoria

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British colony (1851–1901)

Colony of Victoria

British Crown Colony

1851–1901

Flag (1877–1901)

Coat of arms

Map of the colony in 1876

Anthem

"God Save the Queen"

Capital

Melbourne

Government

• Type

Self-governing colony

Monarch

• 1851–1901

Victoria

Governor

• 1851–1854

Charles La Trobe (first)

• 1895–1900

Thomas Brassey (last)

Legislature

Parliament of Victoria

History

• Established

1 July 1851

• independence from theColony of New South Wales

1 July 1851

• Responsible self-government

23 November 1855

• Federation of Australia

1 January 1901

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Colony of New South Wales

Victoria (state)

Today part of

Australia
∟Victoria

TheColony of Victoria was a historical administrative division inAustralia that existed from 1851 until 1901, when it federated with other colonies to form theCommonwealth of Australia.

History

[edit]

Main article:History of Victoria

Establishment

[edit]

The Colony of Victoria, established in 1851, was carved out of the southeastern part of theColony of New South Wales. This separation was motivated by a combination of economic, political, and social factors, such as a burgeoning population and a desire for local governance. The discovery ofgold in the region accelerated its development.^[1]

The Gold Rush era

[edit]

The discovery of gold in 1851 nearBallarat andBendigo resulted in agold rush that attracted tens of thousands of immigrants from around the globe, including a significant influx of Chinese miners. This rapid population growth catalysed the development of infrastructure, towns, and cities.Melbourne, the colony's capital, quickly evolved into a thriving metropolis, known for its grand architecture and cultural institutions.^[2]^[3]

Governance and political evolution

[edit]

Victoria's journey towards self-governance began with the establishment of its ownlegislature in 1851. TheVictorian Constitution Act 1855 further solidified its political framework, granting it responsible government. This meant that the colony's executive government was accountable to an electedparliament, bringing it closer towards democratic self-rule.

TheEureka Rebellion of 1854, a miners' uprising against oppressive mining licenses and lack of representation, though swiftly quashed, led to political reforms, including the abolition of the mining license and the introduction of the miner's right, which granted miners voting rights.^[4]

Economic development

[edit]

Victoria's economy flourished due to the gold rush, which attracted miners and spurred the growth of ancillary industries. Banking, transportation, and manufacturing sectors experienced rapid expansion. The establishment of railways and telegraph lines connected remote mining areas with major cities, facilitating the efficient movement of people and goods.

The fertile lands of theWestern District and the Murray River region became prime areas for sheep farming and crop cultivation. The colony'sagricultural output met local demands and contributed to exports, further boosting economic growth.^[5]

Demographics

[edit]

The diverse influx of immigrants during the gold rush era contributed to the presence of various cultural practices, cuisines, and traditions. Despite initial tensions and racial discrimination, particularly against Chinese miners, Victoria evolved into a more inclusive society over time.

TheUniversity of Melbourne, established in 1853, became a centre for higher learning. Cultural institutions like the Melbourne Public Library (now theState Library of Victoria) and theNational Gallery of Victoria, founded in the 1850s, showcased the colony's commitment to intellectual and artistic pursuits.^[6]^[7]

Federation

[edit]

By the late 19th century, the idea of unifying the Australian colonies into a single federation gained momentum. Prominent Victorians likeAlfred Deakin andSir Edmund Barton became major participants in the drafting of theAustralian Constitution.

The successful referendum in 1899 led to the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. Victoria, as one of the founding states, contributed significantly to shaping the newly formed nation. Melbourne served as the temporary federal capital untilCanberra was established in 1927.

References

[edit]

^Shaw, A.G.L. (1996).A History of the Port Phillip District: Victoria Before Separation. Melbourne University Press.ISBN 9780522850642.
^Bate, Weston (1978).Lucky City: The First Generation at Ballarat: 1851-1901. Melbourne University Press.ISBN 9780522841572.
^Blainey, Geoffrey (1963).The Rush That Never Ended: A History of Australian Mining. Melbourne University Press.ISBN 9780522850093.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^"Eureka Stockade | Ergo".ergo.slv.vic.gov.au. Retrieved6 June 2024.
^Cannon, Michael (1966).The Land Boomers. Melbourne University Press.ISBN 9780522846638.
^Manning, Clark (1978).A History of Australia, Volume 4: The Earth Abideth Forever, 1851-1888. Melbourne University Press.ISBN 9780522841473.
^Geoffrey, Serle (1963).The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria, 1851-1861. Melbourne University Press.ISBN 9780522841435.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

External links

[edit]

The Separation of Victoria – A Brief History
Colony of Victoria (1851 - 1901) at Find & Connect

FormerBritish Empire and currentBritish Overseas Territories

Legend: Former territory; Current territory; *CurrentCommonwealth realm; ^†Current member of theCommonwealth of Nations

Europe
Corsica 1794–1796 Gibraltar since 1713 Heligoland 1807–1890 Ionian Islands 1809–1864 Lordship of Ireland 1177–1542 Kingdom of Ireland 1542–1800(integrated into the UK) Free State 1921–1931 ^†Malta Protectorate 1800–1813 Colony 1813–1964 Minorca 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802

Africa

Basutoland (^†Lesotho) 1868–1966
Bechuanaland (^†Botswana) 1884–1966
Cameroons¹³ 1919–1961
Cape Colony 1795–1803
Cape of Good Hope 1806–1910
Central Africa 1891–1907
East Africa 1895–1920
Egypt 1882–1922
^†The Gambia 1816–1965
Gold Coast (^†Ghana) 1874–1957
^†Kenya 1920–1963
Lagos 1862–1906
Madeira 1807–1808
^†Mauritius 1810–1968
Natal 1856–1910
Niger Coast 1884–1900
^†Nigeria 1914–1960
Northern Nigeria 1900–1914
Northern Rhodesia¹⁵ 1924–1964
Nyasaland 1891–1964
Orange River 1900–1910
^†Seychelles 1903–1976
^†Sierra Leone 1792–1961
Somaliland 1884–1960
^†South Africa 1910–1931
South-West Africa¹² 1915–1931
Southern Rhodesia¹⁴ 1923–1965 and 1979–1980
Southern Nigeria 1900–1914
^†Swaziland 1893–1968
Sudan 1899–1956
Tanganyika¹³ 1922–1961
Transvaal 1900–1910
^†Uganda 1890–1962
Zanzibar 1890–1963
Zululand 1887–1897

¹²Now^†Namibia
¹³League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of^†Cameroon andNigeria, while Tanganyika is part of^†Tanzania.
¹⁴Self-governing Southern Rhodesiaunilaterally declared independence in 1965 (asRhodesia) and continued as anunrecognised state until the 1979Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
¹⁵Now^†Zambia

Asia

Aden Colony 1839–1967
Afghanistan 1839–1842
- Protectorate 1879–1919
Akrotiri and Dhekelia since 1960 (before as part ofCyprus)
Bencoolen 1685–1824
Banka andBilliton 1812–1824
Bengal 1757–1947
Bhutan (protectorate) 1907–1949
Borneo 1874–1963
British Indian Ocean Territory since 1965 (before as part ofMauritius andSeychelles)²⁶
Burma 1824–1948
^†Brunei 1888–1984
^†Ceylon 1795–1948
^†Cyprus 1878–1960
Hong Kong 1841–1997
^†India¹⁸ 1858–1947
Java 1811–1816
Kuwait 1918–1961
Labuan 1848–1946
Malaya 1819–1826
- Federated States 1895–1946
- Unfederated States 1885–1946
- Union 1946–1948
- Federation 1948–1957
Malacca 1824–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
^†Maldives 1796–1965
Manila and Cavite 1762–1764
Mesopotamia¹⁹ 1920–1932
Muscat and Oman 1891–1971
North Borneo 1882–1963
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
Padang 1781–1784 and 1795–1819
Palestine¹⁹ 1923–1948
Penang 1786–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
Pulo Condore 1702–1705
Sarawak 1841–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
^†Singapore 1946–1963
South Vietnam 1945–1946
Straits Settlements 1826–1946
Transjordan 1921–1946
Trucial States 1892–1971
Weihai 1898–1930

¹⁸Now^†India,^†Pakistan and^†Bangladesh
¹⁹League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by theAnglo-Iraqi Treaty
²⁶Legitimacy of territorial establishmentdisputed

North America

Anguilla since 1650
*Antigua 1632–1860
*Antigua and Barbuda 1860–1981
^†*Bahamas 1670–1973
^†Barbados 1624–1966
Bay Islands 1643–1860
^†*Belize 1871–1981
Bermuda since 1619
British Arctic Territories 16th c.–1880
British Columbia 1858–1866
- 1866–1871
Cape Breton Island 1754–1820
^†Dominica 1763–1978
East Florida 1763–1783
^†*Grenada 1762–1974
^†*Canada
- Lower 1791–1841
- Upper 1791–1841
- Province 1841–1867
- Dominion 1867–1931
Carolina 1663–1712
Cayman Islands since 1670
Columbia District/Oregon Country 1818–1846
Connecticut 1636–1776
Delaware 1701–1776
East Jersey 1674–1702
Georgia 1733–1776
^†*Jamaica 1655–1962
Leeward Islands 1671–1816, 1833–1960
Massachusetts Bay 1629–1691
- Province, 1691–1776
Maryland 1632–1776
Montserrat since 1632
Mosquito Coast 1655–1860
Nevis 1628–1983
New Albion 1579
New Brunswick 1784–1867
New England 1686–1689
New Hampshire 1680–1776
New Haven 1637–1662
New Jersey 1665–1674 and 1702–1776
New York 1664–1776
Newfoundland 1907–1949
Newfoundland and Labrador 1583–1907
North Carolina 1712–1776
North-Western Territory 1859–1870
Nova Scotia 1713–1867
Paulet affair 1843
Prince Edward Island 1763–1873
Pennsylvania 1681–1776
Plymouth 1620–1691
Quebec 1763–1791*Queen Charlotte Islands 1853–1863
Rhode Island 1636–1776
Rupert's Land 1670–1870
Saint Croix 1625–1650
Saint Kitts 1623–1983
^†*Saint Kitts and Nevis 1882–1983
^†*Saint Lucia 1605–1979
^†*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1627–1979
Saybrook 1635–1644
South Carolina 1712–1776
Stickeen 1862–1863
^†Trinidad and Tobago 1889–1962
Turks and Caicos Islands since 1799
Vancouver Island 1849–1866
Virgin Islands since 1666
Virginia 1607–1776
West Florida 1763–1783
West Indies Federation 1958–1962
- Associated States 1967–1983
West Jersey 1674–1702
Windward Islands 1833–1960

South America
Providence Island 1631–1641 Willoughbyland 1651–1667 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands⁴ 1670–1688 ^†Guiana 1831–1966
⁴Now adepartment ofColombia

Oceania

New South Wales 1788–1901
Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania 1803–1901
Auckland Islands²⁰ 1807–1863
New Hebrides²¹ 1824–1980
Queensland 1824–1901
Swan River/Western Australia 1829–1901
South Australia 1836–1901
Pitcairn Islands since 1838
New Zealand 1841–1907
North Australia 1846–1847
Victoria 1851–1901
^†Fiji 1874–1970
Western Pacific Territories 1877–1976
Papua 1884–1902
Rarotonga/Cook Islands²⁰ 1888–1901
Union Islands²⁰ 1889–1948
Gilbert and Ellice Islands²² 1892–1979
^†*Solomon Islands 1893–1978
^†Tonga 1900–1970
Niue²⁰ 1900–1974
^†*Australia 1901–1942
^†*New Zealand 1907–1947
^†Samoa 1914–1962
^†Nauru 1919–1942 and 1945–1968

²⁰Now part of the^†Realm of New Zealand
²¹Now^†Vanuatu
²²Now^†Kiribati and^†*Tuvalu

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

Saint Helena²³ since 1658
Ascension Island²³ since 1815
Tristan da Cunha²³ since 1816
Falkland Islands⁵ since 1833
^†Australian Antarctic Territory(transferred to theCommonwealth of Australia) 1841–1933
^†Ross Dependency(transferred to theRealm of New Zealand) 1841–1947
British Antarctic Territory²⁴ since 1908
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands²⁵ since 1908

⁵Occupied by Argentina during theFalklands War of April–June 1982.
²³Since 2009 part ofSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
²⁴Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under theAntarctic Treaty.
²⁵Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985