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Colonial empire

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Overseas possessions of a nation-state
Map of modern empires across the world between 1492 and 1945

Acolonial empire is astate engaging incolonization, possibly establishing or maintainingcolonies, infused with some form ofcoloniality andcolonialism. Such states can expand contiguous as well asoverseas. Colonial empires may set up colonies assettler colonies.[1]

Before the expansion of early modern European powers, otherempires had conquered and colonized territories, such as theRoman Empire in Europe, North Africa and Western Asia. Modern colonial empires first emerged with a race of exploration[2][better source needed]between the then most advancedEuropean maritime powers,Portugal andSpain, during the 15th century.[3][need quotation to verify] The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed wastrade, driven by the new ideas and thecapitalism that grew out of the EuropeanRenaissance. Agreements were also made to divide the world up between them in1479,1493, and1494. Europeanimperialism was born out of competition between European Christians andOttoman Muslims, the latter of which rose up quickly in the 14th century and forced the Spanish and Portuguese to seek new trade routes toIndia, and to a lesser extent, China.

Althoughcolonies existed inclassical antiquity, especially amongst thePhoenicians and theancient Greeks who settled many islands and coasts of theMediterranean Sea, these colonies were politically independent from thecity-states they originated from, and thus did not constitute a colonial empire.[4] This paradigm shifted by the time of thePtolemaic Empire, theSeleucid Empire, and theRoman Empire.

TheEuropean countries of themodern era that are most remembered as colonial empires are theUnited Kingdom,Spain,Portugal,Italy,Netherlands,France,Germany andBelgium.[5][6]

Part of aseries on
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Decolonization

History

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European colonial empires

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Portugal began establishing the first global trade network and one of the first colonialempires[7][8] under the leadership ofHenry the Navigator. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories distributed across the globe (especially at one time in the 16th century) that are now parts of60 different sovereign states. Portugal would eventually controlBrazil, territories such as what is nowUruguay and some fishing ports in north, in theAmericas;Angola,Mozambique,Portuguese Guinea, andSão Tomé and Príncipe (among other territories and bases) in theNorth and theSubsaharanAfrica; cities, forts or territories in all theAsian subcontinents, asMuscat,Ormus andBahrain (amongst other bases) in thePersian Gulf;Goa,Bombay andDaman and Diu (amongst other coastal cities) inIndia;Portuguese Ceylon;Malacca, bases in Southeast Asia andOceania, asMakassar,Solor,Banda,Ambon and others in theMoluccas,Portuguese Timor; and the grantedentrepôt-base ofMacau and the entrepôt-enclave ofDejima (Nagasaki) inEast Asia, amongst other smaller or short-lived possessions.

The territorial evolution of modern colonial empires and some of their successor states (such as USSR, Turkey)

During itsSiglo de Oro, theSpanish Empire had possession ofMexico,South America, thePhilippines, all ofsouthern Italy, astretch of territories from theDuchy of Milan to theNetherlands,Luxembourg, andBelgium, parts ofBurgundy, and many colonial settlements in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Possessions in Europe, Africa, theAtlantic Ocean, the Americas, thePacific Ocean, and East Asia qualified the Spanish Empire as attaining a global presence. From 1580 to 1640 thePortuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire were conjoined in apersonal union of itsHabsburg monarchs during the period of theIberian Union, but beneath the highest level of government, their separate administrations were maintained.

Colonial powers in 1945

Subsequent colonial empires included theEnglish,Dutch andFrench empires. Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, by virtue of its technological and maritime supremacy, theBritish Empire steadily expanded to become by far the largest empire in history; at its height ruling over a quarter of the Earth's land area and 24% of the population. Britain's role as a global hegemon during this time ushered in a century of "British Peace", lasting from the end of theFrench Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars to the start ofWorld War I. During theNew Imperialism, Belgium, Italy and Germany also built theircolonial empires in Africa, whileJapan started to encroach into formerChinese domains after they have settled their ownreformation.

Timeline

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This section'sfactual accuracy isdisputed. Relevant discussion may be found on thetalk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements arereliably sourced.(January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

The chart below[original research?] shows the span of some European colonial empires.

  • Black lines mark the year of the empires largest territorial extent of land area.
  • Red represents that the empire is at that time amonarchy.
  • Blue represents that the empire is at that time arepublic.

List of colonial empires

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Further information:United Nations list of non-self-governing territories andDependent territory

European:

Map of British Processions in South Asia
Map of British Processions in South Asia


Asian:

Main articles:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire andVassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire


Other countries with informal colonial possessions:

See also

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Notes and references

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  1. ^"Colonial Empire: Definition | StudySmarter".StudySmarter UK. Retrieved2024-07-31.
  2. ^Hale, Sebastian.Ferdinand Magellan The Global Navigator. Shubham. Retrieved15 July 2025.Following Magellan, the exploration race intensified. Spain, Portugal, England and France eagerly sought to stake their claim on the riches of the New World and beyond.
  3. ^Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "kolonie [geschiedenis]. §1.2 De moderne koloniale expansie". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
  4. ^Encarta, s.v. "kolonie [geschiedenis]. §1.1 Oudheid.
  5. ^"Years a country was an European overseas colony".Our World in Data. Retrieved2024-06-28.
  6. ^"Western colonialism | Definition, History, Examples, & Effects | Britannica".www.britannica.com. Retrieved2024-06-28.
  7. ^William D. Phillips, Jr; Phillips, Carla Rahn (November 12, 2015).Spain as the first global empire. pp. 176–272.doi:10.1017/CBO9781316271940.006.ISBN 9781107109711.Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 14, 2019.{{cite book}}:|website= ignored (help)
  8. ^Powell, Philip Wayne ([1991?]). Árbol de odio: la leyenda negra y sus consecuencias en las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y el mundo hispánico. Ediciones Iris de Paz.ISBN 9788440488855. OCLC 55157841
  9. ^part of theViceroyalty of New Spain before 1821.
  10. ^Part of theViceroyalty of the Río de la Plata before 1810.
  11. ^During the reign ofPhilip V ofBorbon, an intense diplomatic and military activity was developed with which the recovery of a significant Spanish presence in Italy was achieved. He placed several of his sons as independent sovereigns in different territories, such as theDuchy of Parma and especially theKingdom of Naples, where the spanishHouse of Bourbon-Two Sicilies andHouse of Bourbon-Parma ruled until 1860.
  12. ^Herfried Münkler:Der Dreißigjährige Krieh. Rowohlt, Berlin 2017
  13. ^Gregory Smits (1999).Visions of Ryukyu: Early-Modern Thought and Politics. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 143–149·
  14. ^Suciyan, Talin (2023-05-01),"Armenian Genocide and its Denial: A Comprehensive Tool of Supremacism?", in Der Matossian, Bedross (ed.),Denial of Genocides in the Twenty-First Century, Nebraska, p. 75,doi:10.2307/jj.1507451.7,ISBN 978-1-4962-3555-8, retrieved2025-06-24,Arguing that the Ottoman Empire, like her contemporaries, was a colonial empire would lead to the analysis that the Armenian Genocide was a result of Ottoman colonialism and the racism intrinsic to it...
  15. ^abPart of theHoly Roman Empirerealm before 1804.
  16. ^"Ahol majdnem magyar gyarmatok lettek". 3 November 2014.Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved8 April 2022.
  17. ^"The Hungarian who wanted to colonise Somalia probably with the help of Budapest". 28 June 2019.Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved8 April 2022.
  18. ^part of theHoly Roman Empire before 1736
  19. ^Thedependencies of Norway are uninhabited, thus as end date is taken the latest date of full Norwegian sovereignty extension to such territory, instead of the date ofdecolonization or integration in the administrative structures of the mainland.Bouvet Island claimed in 1927, under Norway sovereignty since 1930.
    Peter I Island claimed in 1929, under Norway sovereignty since 1933.
    Queen Maud Land claimed in 1938, under Norway sovereignty since 1957.
    Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land fall under the scope of theAntarctic Treaty System since 1961.

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