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Collect Pond, orFresh Water Pond,[1] was abody of fresh water in what is nowChinatown inLower Manhattan,New York City. For the first two centuries of European settlement inManhattan, it was the mainNew York City water supply system for the growing city. A jail was later built on the former pond. In the 20th century, the site becameCollect Pond Park (40°42′59″N74°00′07″W / 40.7163°N 74.0019°W /40.7163; -74.0019), which includes a reflecting pool to acknowledge the historic importance of this body of water.
The pond occupied approximately 48 acres (190,000 m2) and was as deep as 60 feet (18 m).[1] Fed by an underground spring, it was located in a valley, with Bayard Mount (at 110 feet or 34 metres the tallest hill in lower Manhattan) to the northeast andKalck Hoek (Dutch forChalk Point, named for the numerousoyster shellmiddens left by theindigenousNative American inhabitants) to the west. A stream flowed north out of the pond and then west through asalt marsh (which, after being drained, became ameadow by the name of "Lispenard Meadows") to theHudson River, while another stream issued from the southeastern part of the pond in an easterly direction to theEast River.
The southwestern shore of Collect Pond was the site of a Native American settlement known asWerpoes. A small band of Munsee, the northernmost division of theLenape, occupied the site. The Munsee continued to live at Collect Pond until the Dutch settlement ofNew Amsterdam was established in the 17th century. It is possible that members of this band were the participants in the "sale" of Manhattan to the Dutch.
Collect Pond was used as a terms of boundary for night watch duties in 1731 under John Montgomerie's charter during the British rule in New York City.[2] The pond was home to a copious amount of fish, and in 1734 legislation was passed preventing the use of nets in the pond. This was prior to the extreme pollution to the pond, which included the dumping of dead animals.[3]
In the 18th century, the pond was used as a picnic area during summer and askating rink during the winter.[4] Beginning in the early 18th century, various commercial enterprises were built along the shores of the pond in order to use the water. These businesses includedCoulthards Brewery,Nicholas Bayard'sslaughterhouse on Mulberry Street (which was nicknamed "Slaughterhouse Street"),[5] numeroustanneries on the southeastern shore, and the pottery works ofGerman immigrantsJohan Willem Crolius and Johan Remmey on Pot Bakers Hill on the south-southwestern shore.[6] By the late 18th century, the pond was considered "a very sink and common sewer".[1]
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Connecticut inventorJohn Fitch was an instrument maker working in the later part of the 18th century. As an early pioneer of steam navigation, Fitch tested severalsteamboats on theDelaware River between 1785 and 1788. Fitch’s real success, however, occurred in 1796 when he tested another ship equipped with apaddle wheel on Collect Pond. On the boat with him was fellow inventorRobert Fulton,Robert R. Livingston, who was the firstChancellor of New York and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and 16-year-old John Hutchings, steering.[7]
This was six years before Fulton and Livingston launched “Fulton’s Folly” on theSeine River inFrance. Hutchings claims to have been a “lad” at the time who “assisted Mr. Fitch in steering the boat”. In a broadside issued in 1846, Hutchings asserts that it was in fact Fitch who designed the steam propulsion mechanism. He claims that both Fulton and Livingston were present during Collect Pond tests and in fact depicts both, as well as Fitch and himself, in a paddlewheel steam ship in the upper left quadrant of the broadside. Though Fulton seems to have received most of the credit for the era of steam navigation, Hutchings hoped, through the publication of this broadside, to shed some light on Fitch’s contributions as well. A plaque at Collect Pond Park, however, states that though Fitch's account "is often repeated, no evidence has been found to substantiate the story."
The contaminatedwastewater of the businesses surrounding the pond flowed back into the pond, creating a severepollution problem and environmental health hazard.Pierre Charles L'Enfant proposed cleaning the pond and making it a centerpiece of a recreational park, around which the residential areas of the city could grow. His proposal was rejected, and it was decided to drain and fill in the pond. This was accomplished with soil partially obtained from leveling the nearby hills of Bayard's Mount and Kalck Hoek, and by digging acanal to the north to encourage the water to drain into the river. Thelandfill was completed in 1811, andmiddle class homes were soon built on thereclaimed land.[8][1]
The landfill was poorly engineered. The buried vegetation began to releasemethane gas (a byproduct ofdecomposition) and the area, still in a natural depression, lacked adequatestorm sewers. As a result, the ground gradually subsided. Houses shifted on their foundations, the unpaved streets were often buried in a foot ofmud and mixed with human and animal excrement, andmosquitoes bred in thestagnant pools created by the poor drainage.
Several decades later, New York City obtained a new, plentiful supply of fresh water from theCroton Aqueduct. The neighborhood known as "Five Points", a notoriousslum, developed near the former eastern bank of the Collect and owed its existence in some measure to the poor landfill job (completed in 1811) which created swampy, mosquito-ridden conditions on land that had originally had more well-to-do residents.
Most middle and upper class inhabitants fled the area, leaving the neighborhood open to poor immigrants that began arriving in the early 1820s. This influx reached a height in the 1840s, with large numbers of Irish Catholics fleeing theGreat Famine.[9]
New York's jail, nicknamed "The Tombs", was built onCentre Street in 1838 on the site of the pond and was constructed on a huge platform of hemlock logs in an attempt to give it secure foundations. The design, byJohn Haviland, was based on an engraving of an ancient Egyptianmausoleum. The building was 253 feet (77 m) in length by 200 feet (61 m) wide and it occupied a full block, surrounded by Centre, Franklin, Elm (today's Lafayette), and Leonard Streets. It initially accommodated about 300 prisoners.
The prison building began to subside almost as soon as it was completed and was notorious for leaks in its lowest tier and for its general dampness. The original building was replaced in 1902 with a new one on the same site connected by a "Bridge of Sighs" to the Criminal Courts Building on the Franklin Street side. When the original Tombs building was condemned and demolished at the end of the century, largeconcretecaissons were emplaced tobedrock, as much as 140 feet below street level, in order to give its replacement more secure foundations. That building was replaced in 1941 by one across the street on the east side of Centre Street with the entrance at 125 White Street, officially named theManhattan Detention Complex, though still referred to colloquially as "The Tombs".
The park is located on the block bordered byLafayette Street, Leonard Street,Centre Street, and White Street,[10] and sits between the three city courthouses: theCriminal Court, Civil Court, and Family Court.[10][11]
In 1960, theNew York City Board of Estimate transferred the former site of Collect Pond to theNew York City Department of Parks and Recreation for conversion into a park. Originally named "Civil Court Park" because of its proximity to the surrounding courthouses, it was renamed "Collect Pond Park" under CommissionerHenry J. Stern to represent the location's history.[10]
In 2006, the city received funding for a renovation of Collect Pond Park, using federal-relief funds distributed after theSeptember 11 attacks.[12] The park was closed for a total reconstruction in 2011.[13] The granite foundation of The Tombs was uncovered in 2012, leading to a partial stop-work order pending archaeological investigation.[14] The rebuilt park reopened in May 2014, with a pool evocative of the former Collect Pond.[15] The project had cost $4.6 million. Although the park was popular among residents and visitors, the pool had to be drained and repaired within months of the park's reopening;[16] it was refilled in 2015.[17]
It is still possible to ascertain the rough boundaries of Collect Pond and originaltopography in the elevations of the streets in the area, with the lowest elevation being Centre Street which runs in the approximate center of the former pond.[18]
In 2020, theItalian-Argentine sculptor Luciano Garbati's workMedusa With the Head of Perseus (2008), a seven-foot-tall representation ofMedusa carryingPerseus's head, was installed in the center of the park as part of the NYC Parks Department'spublic art program. Garbati's work, a reversal ofCellini'sPerseus with the Head of Medusa, anItalian Renaissance bronze, was reimagined byMeToo movement advocates as a symbol offeminist triumph.[19]
40°42′59″N74°00′06″W / 40.71639°N 74.00167°W /40.71639; -74.00167
