Clyde William Tombaugh (/ˈtɒmbaʊ/; February 4, 1906 – January 17, 1997) was an Americanastronomer. He discoveredPluto in 1930, the first object to be discovered in what would later be identified as theKuiper belt. At the time of discovery, Pluto was considered the ninthplanet, but it was reclassified as adwarf planet in 2006. Tombaugh also discovered manyasteroids, and called for the serious scientific research ofunidentified flying objects.
Tombaugh was born inStreator, Illinois, son of Muron Dealvo Tombaugh, a farmer ofPennsylvania Dutch descent,[1] and his wife Adella Pearl Chritton on February 4, 1906.[2] He was the first of six children in the family with his sister, Esther being born2+1⁄2 years after Clyde followed by his brother Roy in 1912, Charles in 1914, Robert in 1923 and Anita Rachel in 1929.[3] Tombaugh's interest in astronomy appears to have begun when he visited theYerkes Observatory inLake Geneva, Wisconsin when he was 12 years old in 1918. His uncle Lee also helped spark his interest in astronomy as he was an amateur astronomer who used a 3-inch (76 mm) diameter non-achromatic refractor telescope and gave him several astronomy-related books.[4]
The family's poor finances, due to years of bad weather on the farm and a bad corn harvest in 1921, caused them to move to a new farm inBurdett, Kansas in 1922.[5][6] As the family had moved to the farm in August 1922 and the crops needed to be prepared urgently, Tombaugh had to drop out of high school for a year to help his father prepare the crops on the family farm.[7] Tombaugh graduated from high school in 1925.[8] Tombaugh's plans for attending college were frustrated when ahailstorm in June 1928 ruined his family's farm crops.[9][10] Tombaugh read an article inPopular Astronomy in 1924 by an amateur astronomer named Latimer J. Wilson, titled "The Drift of Jupiter's Markings" showing sketches of Jupiter and decided he wanted to make his own telescope so he could see the features shown on Jupiter in sketches.[11][12]
Beginning in 1926, he built severaltelescopes withlenses andmirrors by himself.[10] To better test his telescope mirrors, Tombaugh, with just a pick and shovel, dug a pit 24 feet long, 8 feet deep, and 7 feet wide. This provided a constant air temperature, free of air currents, and was also used by the family as a root cellar and emergency shelter.[13] He sent drawings ofJupiter andMars to theLowell Observatory, at Flagstaff, Arizona, which offered him a job.[14] Tombaugh worked there from 1929 to 1945.
Starting April 6, 1929, Tombaugh used the observatory's 13-inch (330 mm)astrograph to take photographs of the same section of sky several nights apart. He then used ablink comparator to compare the different images. When he shifted between the two images, a moving object, such as a planet, would appear to jump from one position to another, while the more distant objects such as stars would appear stationary. Tombaugh noticed such a moving object in his search, near the place predicted by Lowell, and subsequent observations showed it to have an orbit beyond that ofNeptune. This ruled out classification as an asteroid, and they decided this was the ninth planet that Lowell had predicted. The discovery was made on Tuesday, February 18, 1930,[16] using images taken the previous month.[17]
Three classical mythological names were proposed:Minerva,Cronus andPluto. Minerva was eliminated as it was found to already be in use as the name of an asteroid while Cronus was written off as it was feared the astronomerThomas Jefferson Jackson See who was the primary supporter of it would falsely take credit for it[18] and was widely disliked. InRoman mythology, Pluto can render himself invisible, his name's first two letters arePercival Lowell's initials, and it was proposed by an 11-year-old English girl,Venetia Burney. In order to avoid the name changes suffered by Neptune, the name was proposed to both theAmerican Astronomical Society and theRoyal Astronomical Society, both of which approved it unanimously.[19] The name was officially adopted on May 1, 1930.
Pluto
Following the discovery, it was recognized that Pluto wasn't massive enough to be the expected ninth planet, and some astronomers began to consider it the first of a new class of object – and indeed Tombaugh searched for additional trans-Neptunian objects for years, though due to the lack of any further discoveries he concluded that Pluto was indeed a planet. The idea that Pluto was not a true planet remained a minority position until the discovery of otherKuiper belt objects in the late 1990s, which showed that it did not orbit alone but was at best the largest of a number of icy bodies in its region of space. After it was shown that at least one such body, dubbedEris, was more massive than Pluto, theInternational Astronomical Union (IAU) reclassified Pluto on August 24, 2006, as adwarf planet, leaving eight planets in the Solar System.
Tombaugh's widow Patricia stated after the IAU's decision that while he might have been disappointed with the change since he had resisted attempts to remove Pluto's planetary status in his lifetime, he would have accepted the decision now if he were alive. She noted that he "was a scientist. He would understand they had a real problem when they start finding several of these things flying around the place."[20]Hal Levison offered this perspective on Tombaugh's place in history: "Clyde Tombaugh discovered the Kuiper Belt. That's a helluva lot more interesting than the ninth planet."[21]
Tombaugh continued searching for over a decade after the discovery of Pluto, and the lack of further discoveries left him satisfied that no other object of a comparableapparent magnitude existed near theecliptic. No moretrans-Neptunian objects were discovered until15760 Albion, in 1992.
However, in 2005 the relatively bright objectMakemake was discovered. It has a relatively high orbitalinclination, but at the time of Tombaugh's discovery of Pluto, Makemake was only a few degrees from the ecliptic, near the border ofTaurus andAuriga,[22] at an apparent magnitude of 16.[23] This position was also very near thegalactic equator, making it almost impossible to find such an object within the dense concentration of background stars of theMilky Way. In the fourteen years of looking for planets, until he was drafted in July 1943, Tombaugh looked for motion in 90 million star images (two each of 45 million stars).[24]
Tombaugh compared his photographic plates using this blink comparator.
Tombaugh is officially credited by the Minor Planet Center with discovering 15 asteroids, and he observed nearly 800asteroids[25] during his search for Pluto and years of follow-up searches looking for another candidate for the postulated Planet X. Tombaugh is also credited with the discovery of periodic comet 274P/Tombaugh–Tenagra.[26] He also discovered hundreds ofvariable stars, as well asstar clusters,galaxy clusters, and a galaxysupercluster.[10]
Theasteroid1604 Tombaugh,[27] discovered in 1931, is named after him. He discovered hundreds of asteroids, beginning with 2839 Annette in 1929, mostly as a by-product of his search for Pluto and his searches for other celestial objects.[10] Tombaugh named some of them after his wife, children and grandchildren. TheRoyal Astronomical Society awarded him theJackson-Gwilt Medal in 1931.[28]
Tombaugh was probably the most eminent astronomer to have reported seeingunidentified flying objects. On August 20, 1949, Tombaugh saw several unidentified objects nearLas Cruces, New Mexico. He described them as six to eight rectangular lights, stating: "I doubt that the phenomenon was any terrestrial reflection, because... nothing of the kind has ever appeared before or since... I was so unprepared for such a strange sight that I was really petrified with astonishment.".[29]
Tombaugh observed these rectangles of light for about 3 seconds and his wife saw them for about1+1⁄2 seconds. He never supported the interpretation as a spaceship that has often been attributed to him. He considered other possibilities, with a temperature inversion as the most likely cause.[30]
From my own studies of the solar system I cannot entertain any serious possibility for intelligent life on other planets, not even for Mars... The logistics of visitations from planets revolving around the nearer stars is staggering. In consideration of the hundreds of millions of years in the geologic time scale when such visits may have possibly occurred, the odds of a single visit in a given century or millennium are overwhelmingly against such an event.[30]
A much more likely source of explanation is some natural optical phenomenon in our own atmosphere. In my 1949 sightings the faintness of the object, together with the manner of fading in intensity as it traveled away from the zenith towards the southeastern horizon, is quite suggestive of a reflection from an optical boundary or surface of slight contrast in refractive index, as in an inversion layer.[30]
I have never seen anything like it before or since, and I have spent a lot of time where the night sky could be seen well. This suggests that the phenomenon involves a comparatively rare set of conditions or circumstances to produce it, but nothing like the odds of an interstellar visitation.[30]
Another sighting by Tombaugh a year or two later while at a White Sands observatory was of an object of −6 magnitude, four times brighter than Venus at its brightest, going from the zenith to the southern horizon in about 3 seconds. The object executed the same maneuvers as in Tombaugh's first sighting.[31]
Tombaugh later reported having seen three of the mysteriousgreen fireballs, which suddenly appeared over New Mexico in late 1948 and continued at least through the early 1950s. A researcher onProject Twinkle reported that Tombaugh "... never observed an unexplainable aerial object despite his continuous and extensive observations of the sky."[32]
Shortly after this, in January 1957, in anAssociated Press article in theAlamogordo Daily News titled "Celestial Visitors May Be Invading Earth's Atmosphere", Tombaugh was again quoted on his sightings and opinion about them. "Although our own solar system is believed to support no other life than on Earth, other stars in the galaxy may have hundreds of thousands of habitable worlds. Races on these worlds may have been able to utilize the tremendous amounts of power required to bridge the space between the stars ...". Tombaugh stated that he had observed celestial phenomena which he could not explain, but had seen none personally since 1951 or 1952. "These things, which do appear to be directed, are unlike any other phenomena I ever observed. Their apparent lack of obedience to the ordinary laws of celestial motion gives credence."[33]
In 1949, Tombaugh had also told the Naval missile director atWhite Sands Missile Range, Commander Robert McLaughlin, that he had seen a bright flash on Mars on August 27, 1941, which he now attributed to an atomic blast.[34] Tombaugh also noted that the first atomic bomb tested in New Mexico would have lit up the dark side of the Earth like a neon sign and that Mars was coincidentally quite close at the time, the implication apparently being that the atomic test would have been visible from Mars.
In June 1952, Dr.J. Allen Hynek, an astronomer acting as a scientific consultant to the Air Force'sProject Blue Book UFO study, secretly conducted a survey of fellow astronomers on UFO sightings and attitudes while attending an astronomy convention. Tombaugh and four other astronomers, including Dr.Lincoln LaPaz of the University of New Mexico, told Hynek about their sightings. Tombaugh also told Hynek that his telescopes were at the Air Force's disposal for taking photos of UFOs, if he was properly alerted.[35]
Tombaugh's offer may have led to his involvement in a search forNear-Earth objects, first announced in late 1953 and sponsored by the Army Office of Ordnance Research. Another public statement was made on the search in March 1954, emphasizing the rationale that such an orbiting object would serve as a naturalspace station.[36] However, according toDonald Keyhoe, later director of theNational Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP), the real reason for the sudden search was because two near-Earth orbiting objects had been picked up on new long-range radar in the summer of 1953, according to hisPentagon source.
By May 1954, Keyhoe was making public statements that his sources told him the search had indeed been successful, and either one or two objects had been found.[37] However, the story did not break until August 23, 1954, whenAviation Week magazine stated that two satellites had been found only 400 and 600 miles out. They were termed "natural satellites" and implied that they had been recently captured, despite this being a virtual impossibility. The next day, the story was in many major newspapers. Dr. LaPaz was implicated in the discovery in addition to Tombaugh. LaPaz had earlier conducted secret investigations on behalf of the Air Force on thegreen fireballs and other unidentified aerial phenomena over New Mexico.The New York Times reported on August 29 that "a source close to the O. O. R. unit here described as 'quite accurate' the report in the magazine Aviation Week that two previously unobserved satellites had been spotted and identified by Dr. Lincoln LaPaz of the University of New Mexico as natural and not artificial objects. This source also said there was absolutely no connection between the reported satellites andflying saucer reports."[38] However, in the October 10 issue, LaPaz said the magazine article was "false in every particular, in so far as reference to me is concerned."[39]
Both LaPaz and Tombaugh were to issue public denials that anything had been found. The October 1955 issue ofPopular Mechanics magazine reported: "Professor Tombaugh is closemouthed about his results. He won't say whether or not any small natural satellites have been discovered. He does say, however, that newspaper reports of 18 months ago announcing the discovery of natural satellites at 400 and 600 miles out are not correct. He adds that there is no connection between the search program and the reports of so-called flying saucers."[40]
At a meteor conference in Los Angeles in 1957, Tombaugh reiterated that his four-year search for "natural satellites" had been unsuccessful.[41] In 1959, Tombaugh was to issue a final report stating that nothing had been found in his search. His personal 16-inchtelescope was reassembled and dedicated on September 17, 2009, atRancho Hidalgo, New Mexico (near Animas, New Mexico), adjacent toAstronomy's new observatory.[42]
Direct visual observation became rare in astronomy. By 1965,Robert S. Richardson called Tombaugh one of two great living experienced visual observers as talented asPercival Lowell orGiovanni Schiaparelli.[46] In 1980, Tombaugh andPatrick Moore wrote a bookOut of the Darkness: The Planet Pluto.[47] In August 1992,JPL scientist Robert Staehle called Tombaugh, requesting permission to visit his planet. "I told him he was welcome to it," Tombaugh later remembered, "though he's got to go one long, cold trip."[48] The call eventually led to the launch of theNew Horizons space probe to Pluto in 2006. Following the passage ofPluto byNew Horizons on July 14, 2015, the "Heart of Pluto" was namedTombaugh Regio.
Clyde Tombaugh had five siblings. Through the daughter of his youngest brother, Robert, he is the great-uncle ofLos Angeles DodgerspitcherClayton Kershaw.[49] He married Patricia Edson in 1934. They had two children, Annette and Alden.[50]
Tombaugh was an activeUnitarian Universalist, and he and his wife helped found the Unitarian Universalist Church of Las Cruces, New Mexico.[51]
Tombaugh died on January 17, 1997, inLas Cruces, New Mexico, at the age of 90, and he was cremated. A small portion of his ashes was placed aboard theNew Horizons spacecraft. The container includes the inscription: "Interred herein are remains of American Clyde W. Tombaugh, discoverer of Pluto and the Solar System's 'third zone'. Adelle and Muron's boy, Patricia's husband, Annette and Alden's father, astronomer, teacher, punster and friend: Clyde W. Tombaugh (1906–1997)".[52] Tombaugh was survived by his wife, Patricia (1912–2012), and their children, Annette and Alden.[53]
Clyde Tombaugh's fame for his discovery of Pluto was enough for him to qualify as a contestant on the October 24, 1956, episode of the game showI've Got A Secret.
The 2006 releaseThe Avalanche by musical artistSufjan Stevens contains an instrumental track titled "For Clyde Tombaugh".[54]
The ninth episode of the fourth season ofFargo featured a visit to a memorial marking the site of Tombaugh's boyhood home.[55]
Robert Heinlein's 1958 juvenile science fiction novelHave Space Suit – Will Travel features a scientific base on Earth's moon called Tombaugh Station.[56] When the hero arrives on Pluto, he reflects:
I had never been much interested in Pluto—too few facts and too much speculation, too far away and not desirable real estate. By comparison the Moon was a choice residential suburb. Professor Tombaugh (the one the station was named for) was working on a giant electronic telescope to photograph it, under a Guggenheim grant, but he had a special interest; he discovered Pluto years before I was born.
— Robert A. Heinlein, Have Space Suit – Will Travel, Ace paperback, p. 113
^Levy, David H. (1991)."The Educated Ones".Clyde Tombaugh: discoverer of planet Pluto. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 14.ISBN978-0-8165-1148-8 – via Internet Archive.
^Tombaugh, Clyde William; Moore, Patrick (1980).Out of the darkness, the planet Pluto. Stackpole Books. p. 19.ISBN978-0-8117-1163-0 – via Internet Archive.My family moved to Kansas in August 1922. A great deal of urgent work had to be done in preparing over 250 acres of ground for the fall seeding of wheat. It was necessary for me to drop out of high school for one year to assist my father in this work.
^Stimson, Jr., Thomas E. (October 1955)."He Spies on Satellites".Popular Mechanics. p. 106.Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. RetrievedMay 12, 2005.
^McClellan, Doug (October 5, 1980)."Space Hall of Fame Honors Four".El Paso Times. El Paso, Texas. p. 1B.Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 10, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
^Ley, Willy; Menzel, Donald H.; Richardson, Robert S. (June 1965)."The Observatory on the Moon". For Your Information.Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 132–150.
^Schager, Nick (November 16, 2020)."Fargo recap: The future is now!".EW.com. Entertainment Weekly.Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. RetrievedNovember 17, 2020.The Discoverer of Pluto plaque begins, "On this spot in 1906 stood the boyhood home of Dr. Clyde Tombaugh, discoverer of the planet Pluto..."
Falk, Dan, "More than a one-hit wonder",Astronomy, February 2006, 40–45.
David H. LevyClyde Tombaugh: Discoverer of the Planet Pluto (Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1991).ISBN0816511489; also Sky Publishing Corporation, March 2006.
