| Clwyd | |
|---|---|
 Clwyd shown within Wales as a preserved county Show county | |
| Area | |
| • 2024[1] | 2,906 km² |
| Population | |
| • 2024[1] | 507,205 |
| History | |
| • Created | 1974 |
| • Abolished | 1996 |
| • Succeeded by | Flintshire Wrexham County Borough Denbighshire Parts ofConwy County Borough Parts ofPowys |
| Status | Non-metropolitan county (1974–1996) Preserved county (1996–) |
| Government | Clwyd County Council |
| • HQ | Shire Hall,Mold |
 | |
Clwyd (/ˈkluːɪd/KLOO-id,Welsh:[ˈklʊɨd]ⓘ)[2] is apreserved county ofWales, situated in the north-east corner of the country; it is named after theRiver Clwyd, which runs through the area. To the north lies theIrish Sea, with the English ceremonial counties ofCheshire to the east andShropshire to the south-east.Powys andGwynedd lie to the south and west respectively. Clwyd also shares a maritime boundary withMerseyside along theRiver Dee. Between 1974 and 1996, a slightly different area had acounty council, with local government functions shared with six district councils. In 1996, Clwyd was abolished, and the newprincipal areas ofConwy County Borough,Denbighshire,Flintshire andWrexham County Borough were created; under this reorganisation, "Clwyd" became a preserved county, with the name being retained for certain ceremonial functions.
This area of north-eastern Wales has been settled since prehistoric times; theRomans built a fort beside a ford on theRiver Conwy, and theNormans and Welsh disputed the territory. They built their castles at strategic locations as they advanced and retreated, but in the end England prevailed, andEdward I conquered the country in 1282. TheLaws in Wales Act 1535 incorporated Wales under theEnglish Crown and made it subject to English law.
Traditionally, agriculture was the mainstay of the economy of this part of Wales, but with theIndustrial Revolution, theNorth Wales Coalfield was developed and parts of eastern Clwyd around the Dee estuary andWrexham became industrialised. The advent of the railway running fromChester along the North Wales coast in the mid-19th century made it easy for urban dwellers fromLancashire and Cheshire to visit the seaside towns of North Wales.
North Wales has had human settlements since prehistoric times. By the time the Romans reached Britain, the area that is now Clwyd was occupied by theCelticDeceangli tribe. They lived in a chain of hill forts running through theClwydian Range and their tribal capital wasCanovium, at an important crossing of theRiver Conwy.[3] This fell to the Romans, who built their own fort here, in about AD 75; and the whole of Wales was soon under their control. After theRoman departure from Britain in AD 410, the successor states of Gwynedd and Powys controlled the area. From about 800 onwards, a series of dynastic marriages led toRhodri Mawr inheriting the kingdoms ofGwynedd andPowys. After his death, this kingdom was divided among his three sons and further strife followed: not only Welsh battles were fought, but there were also many raids byDanes andSaxons.[4]
The Normans conquest of England at first had little effect on North Wales. This was to change as the city ofChester on the River Dee became the base for successive campaigns against the country in the 13th century. The coastal plain of Clwyd was the main invasion route, and a number of castles were built there to assist these advances. The castles atFlint andRhuddlan date from this period, and were the first to be built byEdward I of England in North Wales during his successful conquest in 1282.[5] After this, the rule of the Welsh princes was at an end and Wales was annexed to England. This area was known as thePrincipality of Wales from 1216 to 1536. From 1301, the Crown's lands in north and west Wales formed part of theappanage of England's heir apparent, who was given the title "Prince of Wales". Under theLaws in Wales Act 1535, Wales became permanently incorporated under the English Crown and subject to English law.[5]
Although theIndustrial Revolution did not much affect the rural parts of the area, there was considerable industrial activity in theNorth Wales Coalfield, particularly aroundWrexham.[6] TheBersham Ironworks atBersham, in the same area, was at the forefront of technological advances and was most famous for being the original working site of the industrialistJohn Wilkinson who invented new processes for boringcannons.[7] The Williams-Wynn family ofWynnstay had become rich after the dissolution of the monasteries and owned vast estates in Clwyd with resources including lead, tin and copper as well as corn and timber.[8]
Clwyd is in the northeastern corner of Wales. It is bounded by the Irish Sea to the north, the Welsh preserved counties of Gwynedd to the west and Powys to the south, and the English ceremonial counties of Shropshire and Cheshire to the southeast and east respectively; much of the eastern boundary follows the course of theRiver Dee and its estuary. Other large rivers in the area include theRiver Alyn, a tributary of the Dee, theRiver Clwyd and the River Conwy in the west. The northern coastal strip is heavily developed for tourism and has many resorts, includingLlandudno,Colwyn Bay,Colwyn,Abergele,Rhyl andPrestatyn. In the northeast liesDeeside, the coastal plain beside the Dee estuary, and this part of Clwyd is heavily developed for industry. The area around Wrexham and the commuter settlements close to Chester are also heavily built up.[9]
To the west of this is a ridge of mountains with a steepscarp slope to the west, the Clwydian Range. The highest point of these hills isMoel Famau at 1,820 ft (555 m). The north-central part is the broadVale of Clwyd, and the best agricultural land lies here. To the south of this, the land is much higher and more rugged, theDenbigh Moors and theBerwyn range are here. The central and western parts are much more rural than the coastal area and the east, with part of theSnowdonia National Park lying in the western part.[9] The population as of 2007 is estimated at 491,100, based on figures for the four component unitary authority areas.[10]
Since the 2003 boundary changes, its coastline has extended from theDee Estuary in Flintshire through toLlanfairfechan.Clwyd consists of the whole of thehistoric county ofFlintshire, and most ofDenbighshire. Since 2003 it has also included the formerdistrict of Aberconwy, which lies in the historic county ofCaernarfonshire, and also the formerEdeyrnion Rural District in the historic county ofMerionethshire.[11]
The land uses of any region depend on the underlying geology which influences the soil types. In the Clwydian Range, lead andspar minerals have been mined in the past, and limestone quarried fromLlantysilio Mountain,Ruabon Mountain andMinera Mountain near Wrexham.[12] TheMinera Limeworks were once the largest lime workings in North Wales. Later, road building stone was extracted but the quarries closed in 1992.[13] Coal mining in the North Wales Coalfield ceased in the second half of the twentieth century but used to be a large source of employment in the area.[14] The main products being manufactured in industrial east Clwyd include aircraft components (Airbus), engines (Toyota), paper (Shotton Paper) and steel processing, and the port ofMostyn builds and supportsoffshore windfarms.[15]
Agriculture, largely based on livestock, has traditionally been the main occupation in the central and western parts. There are a mix of large and small farm businesses, and a thriving dairy sector in the Vale of Clwyd.[16] Many of the towns have livestock markets and the farming industry supports farm machinery merchants, vets, feed merchants, contractors and all the ancillary trades connected with agriculture.[8] With their incomes on the decline, farmers have found opportunities in tourism, rural crafts, specialist food shops, farmers' markets and value-added food products.[17]
The upland areas with their sheep farms and small, stone-walled fields are attractive to visitors, and redundant farm buildings are often converted to self-catering accommodation while the farmhouses themselves supply bed-and-breakfast opportunities. The arrival of the railway on the coast in the mid-nineteenth century opened up travel from Merseyside and caused a boom in tourism, with guesthouses in seaside towns offering board and lodging for the urban visitors. More recently caravan sites and holiday villages have blossomed and there has been an increase in the ownership of "second homes".[18]
Various initiatives designed to boost the economy of North Wales are being attempted in 2016. These include the Northern Gateway project on the formerSealand RAF site on Deeside, and a redevelopment project for the former Rhyl seafront andfunfair.[19]
The Local Government Commission for Wales set up in 1958 was the first to recommend wholesale amalgamation of theadministrative counties outsideGlamorgan andMonmouthshire, with extensive boundary changes; however the thenMinister of Housing and Local Government SirKeith Joseph decided not to accept the report, noting that county amalgamations in England had been highly unpopular when proposed.[20]
In 1967, after a change of government, theSecretary of State for WalesCledwyn Hughes published awhite paper which revived the idea of amalgamation, but instead of the boundary changes proposed in the previous report, treated each county as a whole. The report recommended a single newGwynedd incorporating Denbighshire, Flintshire, Caernarfonshire, Merionethshire andAnglesey. The white paper stated that "the need for early action is particularly urgent in Wales", and so the issue was not referred to aRoyal Commission as in England.[21] Opponents criticised the proposed new council for being too large, and in November 1968 a new Secretary of State announced that Gwynedd would be divided into two.[22]
This revised proposal was continued in a further white paper in March 1970, although this proposed that the councils be unitary authorities which would have no district councils below them. The incoming Conservative government resurrected two-tier local government in a consultative document published in February 1971, again with the same upper-tier boundaries.[23] Some minor changes having been made to the existing boundaries due to special local factors, theLocal Government Act 1972 duly created Clwyd as a merger of Flintshire with most of Denbighshire, along with the Edeyrnion Rural District from Merionethshire.[24] The 1970 white paper had introduced the name of Clwyd by reference to the River Clwyd and the Clwydian range of hills; Clwyd was the only new Welsh county which did not take its name from an ancient kingdom.[25]
For second-tier local government purposes, Clwyd was divided into six districts:Alyn and Deeside, Colwyn,Delyn,Glyndŵr,Rhuddlan andWrexham Maelor, each being operated by adistrict orborough council.[24] These were abolished, along with the county itself, on 1 April 1996.[26]Clwyd County Council'scoat of arms was granted in December 1974. The design of the shield, crest and motto includes elements taken from the arms of the former councils of Flintshire and Denbighshire. The green and white wave represents the Vale of Clwyd and the Clwydian Range lying between the two parts. The cross andchoughs come from Flintshire's shield, which itself incorporated the traditional arms ofEdwin of Tegeingl, while the black lion of the Princes of Powys Fadog is taken from Denbighshire's shield. The motto,Tarian Cyfiawnder Duw can be translated as "The shield of Justice is God".[27]
Clwyd County Council and its districts were abolished by theLocal Government (Wales) Act 1994, and local government would be replaced by the fourunitary authorities ofFlintshire,Wrexham County Borough,Denbighshire, and parts ofConwy (along with some smaller communities moving to Powys). The Act also abolished the County, and states the term "county" would be synonymous with the "principal areas" created by the 1994 Act. However the Act then created a further set of "preserved counties", which were based on the eight created by the 1972 Act. These Preserved Counties, similar in respect toEnglishCeremonial counties, would be retained for a variety of purposes, includinglieutenancy andshrievalty.[28]
Clwyd County Council and its six districts ceased operations at midnight on 1 April 1996, and local government was immediately transferred to the new principal areas of Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire andWrexham. However, although bearing the same names, the boundaries of Flintshire and Denbighshire were substantially different from those of thehistoric counties. As it happened, the county records for historic Flintshire had been retained at theHawarden branch of the Clwyd Records Office while those for historic Denbighshire had continued to be held at theRuthin branch, so there was no problem in segregating the records.[29]
The Preserved County of Clwyd came into effect on the same day that Clwyd County Council was abolished. The preserved county was almost identical to the 1974–96 county, but had a few minor changes in line with changes to local government boundaries, the communities ofLlanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant,Llansilin andLlangedwyn being transferred from Clwyd to Powys.[30]
In 2003, the borders of Clwyd were changed to cover the remainder of Conwy (which had previously been part of Gwynedd), which was part of a Wales-wide re-organisation of the preserved counties, so that boundaries of the preserved counties would contain whole current principal areas only.[11]
This led to some areas, such as the Aberconwy district, moving to a preserved county it had never been administered by in the past, and therefore these moves went generally unreported due to the preserved county's limited status. The Boundary Commission proceeded to retain the eight preserved counties, and modified their borders in 2003 to match with the incumbent principal area boundaries. The 2003 arrangement brings towns such as Llandudno andConwy into the preserved county of Clwyd.[11]
Some local organisations still make use of the word "Clwyd" in their name, often because their membership covers a wider area than their present unitary authority. These organisations include theTheatr Clwyd, which is based inMold and is the largest producing arts centre in Wales. It provides young people the opportunity to get involved in drama. TheClwyd Family History Society can help its members to access many historical documents concerning northeastern Wales,[31] and theClwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust is one of four archaeological trusts covering the whole of Wales.[32] TheClwyd County Darts Association organises tournaments and takes part in inter-county matches.[33] TheClwyd East Football League was created in 2011 to represent the North East Wales area at the fifth tier of Welsh Football. It has subsequently changed its name to the North East Wales Football League.[34] The Clwyd Pension Fund is the Local Government pension scheme inherited from Clwyd County Council, now providing pension schemes for Wrexham, Flintshire and Denbighshire unitary authorities and former districts.[35]
The position ofLord Lieutenant of Clwyd also continues as theMonarch's personal representative, as with the other seven preserved counties of Wales. The current Lord Lieutenant is Henry George Fetherstonhaugh, who was appointed in 2013.[36]
ThePontcysyllte Aqueduct was built byThomas Telford in 1805 and is the largest aqueduct in the United Kingdom; it carries theLlangollen Canal over the River Dee and is aWorld Heritage Site, being considered a masterpiece of civil engineering.[37] TheClwydian Range and Dee Valley constitute anArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty,one of just five in the whole of Wales.[38]Denbigh, Colwyn and Ruthin are historic towns andLlangollen hosts theLlangollen International Musical Eisteddfod in July each year.[39]
The Gop is aNeolithic mound, the second largest such structure in Britain being only superseded bySilbury Hill.Caer Drewyn is one of manyIron Age hill forts in Clwyd that attest to human occupation of this area for millennia.Maen Achwyfan Cross is a carved 10th century wheel cross depicting Celtic and Viking symbols.[39] The castles of Rhuddlan and Flint were built by the Normans during their invasion of North Wales andCastell Dinas Brân was a Welsh fortress of the same period.St Asaph Cathedral also dates from the thirteenth century as does the medieval Cistercian abbey ofValle Crucis.[39]
Bodnant Garden is a formal garden in a landscaped setting,[40] andErddig Hall is a stately home, both owned by theNational Trust. Other fine country houses in Clwyd includeTrevor Hall andFaenol Fawr, Bodelwyddan, whilePlas Mawr andAberconwy House are historic town houses in Conwy.[41] Also in Conwy is theConwy Suspension Bridge, one of the first such bridges in the world.[42]
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TheNorth Wales Coast Line is the railway line fromCrewe toHolyhead, served byTransport for Wales andAvanti West Coast services. Trains leaving Crewe pass through Chester, cross the River Dee into Wales, and continue through stations such as:Shotton,Flint,Prestatyn,Rhyl,Colwyn Bay,Llandudno Junction,Conwy andBangor, to Holyhead, from where there is a ferry service to Ireland. Passengers can change at Shotton for theBorderlands Line, which links Wrexham withBidston on theWirral Peninsula in England.[43] TheConwy Valley Line links Llandudno Junction toBlaenau Ffestiniog viaBetws-y-Coed and was constructed mainly for use as a freight line for the transport ofslate to the quay atDeganwy for export by sea. It is a scenic route with a number of request stops.[44] TheShrewsbury–Chester line connectsWrexham General, northwards to Chester and southwards to other stations in the present-day county borough and toShrewsbury.
There are no motorways in Clwyd. TheA55 dual carriageway road passes from Chester throughSt Asaph to the North Wales coast at Abergele, after which it runs parallel to the railway line through Conwy and Bangor to terminate at Holyhead. TheA483 connects Wrexham northwards to Chester, and southwards to Ruabon and Chirk. TheA548 passes from Chester to Abergele through Deeside and along the coast, before leaving the coast and terminating atLlanrwst. The main road from London is theA5 which enters Clwyd atChirk and passes northwestwards through Llangollen,Corwen and Betws-y-Coed to join the A55 and terminate at Bangor. TheA543 crosses the Denbigh Moors from southeast to northwest, and theA525 links Ruthin with St Asaph.[45] There are local bus services between the main centres of population. Several services byArriva Buses Wales run along the main coast road between Chester and Holyhead, linking the coastal resorts. Other routes include: Llandudno to Llanrwst and Betws-y-Coed via Conwy andDolgarrog; Rhyl to Denbigh; Wrexham to Chester; and Wrexham to Mold.[46]
