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Close back unrounded vowel

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɯ⟩ in IPA

For the letter, seeƜ.

Not to be confused with the Armenian letterա (U+0561), the Cyrillic letterш (U+0448), or the Tamil letterய (U+0BAF).

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Close back unrounded vowel

IPA number 316

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ɯ

Unicode(hex) U+026F

X-SAMPA M

Braille

Image

IPA:Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend:unrounded • rounded

Theclose back unrounded vowel, orhigh back unrounded vowel,^[1] is a type ofvowel sound used in some spokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɯ⟩. Typographically, it is a turned letter⟨m⟩.

The close back unrounded vowel can in many cases be considered the vocalic equivalent of thevoiced velar approximant[ɰ].

Features

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Itsvowel height isclose, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.
Itsvowel backness isback, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to becentralized, which means that often they are in factnear-back.
Itsplace of articulation isvelar, which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue (the dorsum) at thesoft palate.
It isunrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Acehnese^[2]		eu	[ɯ]	'see'	Also described as closer to[ɨ].^[3]^[4]
Arara^[5]		îput	[ɯput̚]	'my skin'	Frequent realisation of/ɨ/.^[5]
Arbëresh		Arbëreshë	[ɑɾbɯɾeʃ]	'Arbëreshë'	/ə/ in standardAlbanian.
Azerbaijani		bahalı /باهالیٛ	[bɑhɑˈɫɯ]	'expensive'	Closer to an[ɘ].^[6]
Bashkir		ҡыҙ /قىُث /qıđ	[qɯð]	'girl'
Chinese	Mandarin	刺 /cì	[t͡sʰɯ˥˩]	'thorn'
	Wuhan dialect, Southwestern Mandarin	去 /keu	[kʰɯ]	'to go'
	SomeWu dialects	父 /vu	[vɯ]	'father'
	Xiang	火 /xu	[xɯ]	'fire'
Chuvash		ыхра /ıxra	[ɯɣra]	'garlic'
Crimean Tatar		джаным /canım	[dʒanɯm]	'my dear'
English	SomeCalifornia speakers^[7]	goose	[ɡɯˑs]	'goose'	Corresponds to[uː] in other dialects.
	New Zealand^[8]^[9]	treacle	[ˈtɹ̝̊iːkɯ]	'treacle'	Possible realization of the unstressed vowel/ɯ/, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.^[8]^[9] Corresponds to/əl/ in other accents. Develops fromdark L; SeeNew Zealand English phonology
	SomePhiladelphia speakers^[10]	plus	[pɫ̥ɯs]	'plus'	Used by some speakers; the exact height and backness is variable.^[10] It corresponds to[ʌ] in other accents. SeeEnglish phonology
	South African^[11]	pill	[pʰɯ̞ɫ]	'pill'	Near-close; possible allophone of/ɪ/ before the velarised allophone of/l/.^[11] SeeSouth African English phonology
Eastern Khanty	Vakh-Vasyugan^[12]	пӛӈк	[pɯŋk]	'hazel grouse'	SeeEastern Khanty phonology
Estonian^[13]		kõrv	[kɯrv]	'ear'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩; can be close-mid central[ɘ] or close-mid back[ɤ] instead, depending on the speaker.^[13] SeeEstonian phonology
Irish	Ulster	caol	[kʰɯːl̪ˠ]	'narrow'	SeeIrish phonology
Japanese^[14]		空気 /kūki	[kɯːki]^ⓘ	'air'	May be compressed[ɯᵝ].^[15] SeeJapanese phonology
Katukina^[16]			[babɯˈdʒɯ]	'oscar (fish)'
Kazakh		қыс /qys /قىس	[qɯs]	'winter'	May be pronounced asqəs
Korean^[17]		음식飮食 /eumsik	[ɯːmɕ͈ik̚]	'food'	SeeKorean phonology
Kurdish	Kurmanji (Northern)	tirş	[tˤɯɾʃ]	'sour'	SeeKurdish phonology. The "i" after "t" always uses this sound if the "t" is "tˤ". However, it can also appear at other places.
Kurdish	Sorani (Central)	ترش /tirş	[tˤɯɾʃ]	'sour'
Kyrgyz		кыз /قىز /qyz	[qɯz]	'girl'	SeeKyrgyz phonology
Panará^[18]			[tɯˈsəʰ]	'to breathe'
Romanian	Some speakers	când	[kɯnd]	'when'	Typically described as ⟨ɨ⟩. SeeRomanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic		caol	[kʰɯːl̪ˠ]	'thin'	SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Sop		düm	[dɯm]	'tree'	SeeSop language
Tamil		அழகு /aḻagu	[əɻəgɯ]	'beauty'
Thai	Standard^[19]	ขึ้น /khuen/khîn	[kʰɯn˥˩]	'to go up'
Turkish^[20]		sığ	[sɯː]^ⓘ	'shallow'	Described variously as close back[ɯ],^[20] near-close near-back[ɯ̞]^[21] and close central[ɨ].^[22] SeeTurkish phonology
Turkmen		ýaşyl /یاشیٛل	[jɑːˈʃɯl]	'green'
Uyghur		تىلىم /tılım/tilim	[tɯlɯm]	'my language'	Incomplementary distribution with/ɪ/. SeeUyghur phonology
Vietnamese		tư	[tɯ]	'fourth'	SeeVietnamese phonology

Notes

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^While theInternational Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" forvowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
^Durie, Mark (1990)."Proto-Chamic and Acehnese Mid Vowels: Towards Proto-Aceh-Chamic"(PDF).Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. LII, Part 1:100–111.doi:10.1017/S0041977X00021297.S2CID 162224060. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 14 July 2010.
^Asyik, Abdul Gani."The Agreement System in Acehnese"(PDF).Mon-Khmer Studies.XI:1–33. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 30 July 2009. Retrieved21 May 2012.
^Al-Harbi, Awwad Ahmad Al-Ahmadi (January 2003)."Acehnese Coda Condition: An Optimality-Theoretic Account"(PDF).Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities.15 (1):9–28.
^^a ^bAlves (2013), p. 269.
^Ghaffarvand-Mokari & Werner 2016, p. 514.
^Ladefoged (1999), pp. 42–43.
^^a ^bWarren, Paul.NZE Phonology(PDF) (Report). Victoria University of Wellington. p. 3. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 24 January 2024.
^^a ^bBauer & Warren (2004), p. 585.
^^a ^bGordon (2004), p. 290.
^^a ^bBowerman (2004), p. 936.
^V.N. Solovar; G.L. Nakhracheva; A.A. Shiyanova (2016),Диалекты хантыйского языка., Khanty-Mansiysk{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^^a ^bAsu & Teras (2009), p. 369.
^Labrune (2012), p. 25.
^Okada (1999), p. 118.
^dos Anjos (2012), p. 129.
^Lee (1999), p. 122.
^Vasconcelos (2013), p. 182.
^Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 24.
^^a ^bGöksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
^Kiliç & Öğüt (2004)
^Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)

References

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Alves, Ana Carolina Ferreira (2013)."Aspectos do sistema fonológico de Arara (Karib)"(PDF).Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas.8 (2):265–277.doi:10.1590/S1981-81222013000200003.
Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009)."Estonian".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.39 (3):367–372.doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x.
Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602,ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942,ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25 (2):90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID 249414876
dos Anjos, Zoraide (2012)."Fonologia Katukina-Kanamari".LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas.12 (1):123–156.doi:10.20396/liames.v0i12.1486.
Ghaffarvand-Mokari, Payam; Werner, Stefan (2016),"An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels",Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics,52 (3),doi:10.1515/psicl-2016-0019,S2CID 151826061
Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005),Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge,ISBN 978-0415114943
Gordon, Matthew J. (2004), "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 282–299,ISBN 3-11-017532-0
International Phonetic Association (1999),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Kiliç, Mehmet Akif; Öğüt, Fatih (June 2004). "A high unrounded vowel in Turkish: is it a central or back vowel?".Speech Communication.43 (1–2):143–154.doi:10.1016/j.specom.2004.03.001.
Labrune, Laurence (2012),The Phonology of Japanese, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4
Ladefoged, Peter (1999), "American English",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 41–44
Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–123,ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese", inInternational Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993). "Thai".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.23 (1):24–26.doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746.S2CID 242001518.
Vasconcelos, Eduardo A. (2013).Investigando a hipótese Cayapó do Sul-Panará (PhD). Campinas:University of Campinas.doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2013.929939.hdl:20.500.12733/1622968.
Wells, John C. (1982).Accents of English. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press.doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611766.ISBN 0-52128541-0 .
Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999),"Turkish"(PDF),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158,ISBN 0-521-65236-7, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 25 July 2018, retrieved20 November 2015

External links

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List of languages with[ɯ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ