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Close back rounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vowel sound represented by ⟨u⟩ in IPA
"/u/" redirects here. For users on Reddit, seeReddit § Users and moderators.
Close back rounded vowel
u
IPA number308
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)u
Unicode(hex)U+0075
X-SAMPAu
Braille⠥ (braille pattern dots-136)
Image
IPA:Vowels
FrontCentralBack
Close
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Legend:unrounded • rounded

Theclose back rounded vowel, orhigh back rounded vowel,[1] is a type ofvowel sound used in many spokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨u⟩.

In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced withprotruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').

[u]alternates withlabio-velar approximant[w] in certain languages, such asFrench, and in thediphthongs of some languages,[u̯] with thenon-syllabic diacritic and[w] are used in differenttranscription systems to represent the same sound.

Close back protruded vowel

[edit]

Theclose back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨u⟩ (the convention used in this article). As there is no dedicatedIPA diacritic for protrusion, the symbol for the close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨u̫⟩. Another possible transcription is ⟨uʷ⟩ or ⟨ɯʷ⟩ (a close back vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

[edit]
  • Itsvowel height isclose, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.
  • Itsvowel backness isback, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.
  • Itsplace of articulation isvelar, which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue (the dorsum) at thesoft palate.
  • Itsroundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Sagittal section of a vocal tract pronouncing ⟨u⟩. Note that a wavyglottis in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[2]boek[bu̜k]'book'Only weakly rounded.[3] SeeAfrikaans phonology
ArabicStandard[4]جنوب /ǧanuub[d͡ʒaˈnuːb]'south'SeeArabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[5]դուռ /dur[dur]'door'
Bengaliতবু[t̪obu]'still'SeeBengali phonology
BavarianAmstetten dialect[6]und[und̥]'and'Contrasts close[u], near-close[o̝], close-mid[o] and open-mid[ɔ] back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded[ä].[6]
Bulgarian[7]луд /lud[ɫut̪]'crazy'SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan[8]suc[s̺uk]'juice'SeeCatalan phonology
ChineseMandarin[9][10]土 /tǔ[tʰu˨˩˦]'earth'SeeStandard Chinese phonology
Cantonese[11]夫 /fū[fuː˥]ⓘ'man'SeeCantonese phonology
Shanghainese[12]瓜 /ku[ku˩]'melon'Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.[12]
Chuvashурам[uˈram]'street'
DanishStandard[13][14]du[tu]'you'SeeDanish phonology
DutchStandard[15][16]voet[vut]ⓘ'foot'Somewhat fronted in Belgian Standard Dutch.[16]
EnglishAustralian[17][18]book[buk]'book'Corresponds to[ʊ] in other accents. SeeAustralian English phonology
Cape Flats[19]May be advanced to[ʉ], or lowered and unrounded to[ɤ].[19] SeeSouth African English phonology
CultivatedSouth African[20]boot[bu̟ut]'boot'Typicallymore front[ʉu] thancardinal[uw]. SeeWhite South African English phonology andAmerican English phonology.
General American[21]
Geordie[22]May be central[ʉː] instead.
Irish[23]Realized as central[ʉː] inUlster.
SomeMulticultural London speakers[24]More commonly front[yː].
ConservativeReceived Pronunciation[25]Realized as central[ʉ] in modern RP.
Welsh[26][27][28]
Pakistani[29][buːʈ]
Greater New York City[30][buːt][31]
New Zealand[32][33]treacle[ˈtɹ̝̊iːku]'treacle'Possible realization of the unstressed vowel/ɯ/, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.[32][33] Corresponds to/əl/ in other accents. SeeNew Zealand English phonology
Estonian[34]sule[ˈsule̞]'feather' (gen. sg.)SeeEstonian phonology
Finnish[35][36]kukka[ˈkukːɑ]'flower'SeeFinnish phonology
Faroese[37]gulur[ˈkuːlʊɹ]'yellow'SeeFaroese phonology
French[38][39]où[u]ⓘ'where'SeeFrench phonology
Georgian[40]გუდა /guda[ɡudɑ]'leather bag'
GermanStandard[41][42]Fuß[fuːs]ⓘ'foot'SeeStandard German phonology
Many speakers[43]Stunde[ˈʃtundə]'hour'The usual realization of/ʊ/ in Switzerland, Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany (Palatinate, Swabia).[43] SeeStandard German phonology
GreekModern Standard[44][45]που /pou[pu]'where'SeeModern Greek phonology
Hungarian[46]út[uːt̪]'way'SeeHungarian phonology
Icelandic[47][48]þú[θ̠u]'you'SeeIcelandic phonology
Indonesian[49]Standard Indonesianunta[unta]'camel'SeeIndonesian phonology
Italian[50]tutto[ˈt̪ut̪t̪o]'all', 'everything'SeeItalian phonology
Kaingang[51][ˈndukːi]'in the belly'
Kazakhтуған /tuğan[t̪ʰuˈʁɑ̝̃n̪]'native'Transcribed phonemically as ⟨ʊw⟩.
Khmerភូមិ /phumĭ[pʰuːm]'village'SeeKhmer phonology
Korean눈 /nun[nuːn]'snow'SeeKorean phonology
Kurdish[52][53][54]Kurmanji (Northern)çû[tʃʰuː]'wood'SeeKurdish phonology
Sorani (Central)چوو /çû
Palewani (Southern)
LatinClassical[55]sus[suːs]'pig'
Limburgish[56][57]sjoen[ʃu̟n]'beautiful'Back[57] or near-back,[56] depending on the dialect. The example word is from theMaastrichtian dialect.
Lower Sorbian[58]zub[z̪up]'tooth'
Luxembourgish[59]Luucht[luːχt]'air'SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Malayubat[u.bät]'medicine'SeeMalay phonology
Malayalamഉപ്പ്upːɨ̆'salt'SeeMalayalam phonology
Mongolian[60]үүр /üür[uːɾɘ̆]'nest'
Mpade[61]kusumu[kusumu]'mouse'
Nogaiсув[suː]'water'
Persianدور /dur[duɾ]'far'SeePersian phonology
Polish[62]buk[buk]ⓘ'beech tree'Also represented orthographically by⟨ó⟩. SeePolish phonology
Portuguese[63]tu[ˈtu]'you'SeePortuguese phonology
Romanian[64]unu[ˈun̪u]'one'SeeRomanian phonology
Russian[65]узкий /uzkiy /uzkij[ˈus̪kʲɪj]ⓘ'narrow'SeeRussian phonology
Scottish Gaelicùbhlan[ˈuːl̪ˠən]'apples'Normal realisation of/uː/ in most dialects. In Lewis and Wester Ross as an allophone in proximity to broad sonorants;/uː/ elsewhere fronted to[ʉː] or[yː].[66][67]
Serbo-Croatian[68]дуга /duga[d̪ǔːɡä]'rainbow'SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Shiwiar[69][example needed]
Spanish[70]curable[kuˈɾäβ̞le̞]'curable'SeeSpanish phonology
Sotho[71]tumo[tʼumɔ]'fame'Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.[71] SeeSotho phonology
Swahiliubongo[ubongo]'brain'
Tagalogutang[ˈʔutɐŋ]'debt'
ThaiStandard[72]ชลบุรี /chonburi[tɕ͡ʰōn.bū.rīː]ⓘ'Chonburi'
Turkish[73][74]uzak[uˈz̪äk]'far'SeeTurkish phonology
Udmurt[75]урэтэ /urėtė[urete]'to divide'
Ukrainian[76]рух /rukh[rux]'motion'SeeUkrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[58][77]žuk[ʒuk]'beetle'
Urduدُور /dur[duɾ]'far'SeeUrdu phonology
Welshmwg[muːɡ]'smoke'SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisianjûn[juːn]'evening, tonight'SeeWest Frisian phonology
Yoruba[78]itọju[itɔju]
ZapotecTilquiapan[79]gdu[ɡdu]'all'

Close back compressed vowel

[edit]
Close back compressed vowel
u᫦
ɯᵝ

Some languages, such asJapanese andSwedish, have a close back vowel that has a distincttype of rounding, calledcompressed orexolabial.[80] OnlyShanghainese is known to contrast it with the more typicalprotruded (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.[12]

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨◌᫦⟩ (the opposite of ⟨◌̫⟩), will be used here as anad hoc symbol for compressed back vowels. It was only added to Unicode in 2025, however, and it may take some time for font support to catch up. Compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɯ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous[ɯ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɯᵝ⟩ ([ɯ] modified with labial compression), though that can suggest that the vowel is a diphthong (as indeed it is in Swedish).

Features

[edit]
  • Itsvowel height isclose, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.
  • Itsvowel backness isback, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.
  • Itsplace of articulation isvelar, which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue (the dorsum) at thesoft palate.
  • Itsroundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ChineseShanghainese[12]都/tub[tɯᵝ˩]'capital'Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.[12]
Japanese[81]空気 /kūki[kɯ̟ᵝːki]ⓘ'air'Near-back; may be realized as central[ɨᵝ] by younger speakers.[81] SeeJapanese phonology
Lizu[82][Fmɯ̟ᵝ][clarification needed]'feather'Near-back.[82]
Norwegian[83][84]mot[mɯᵝːt]'courage'The example word is fromUrban East Norwegian, in which the vowel can be diphthongized to[ɯᵝə̯].[85] SeeNorwegian phonology
SwedishCentral Standard[86][87]oro[²ɯᵝːrɯᵝː]'unease'Often realized as a sequence[ɯᵝβ̞] or[ɯᵝβ][86] (hear the word:[²ɯᵝβrɯᵝβ]ⓘ). SeeSwedish phonology

See also

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^While theInternational Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" forvowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^Donaldson (1993), pp. 2, 5.
  3. ^Donaldson (1993), p. 5.
  4. ^Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990), p. 38.
  5. ^Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  6. ^abTraunmüller (1982), cited inLadefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  7. ^Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
  8. ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  9. ^Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 110–111.
  10. ^Duanmu (2007), pp. 35–36.
  11. ^Zee (1999), pp. 59–60.
  12. ^abcdeChen & Gussenhoven (2015), pp. 328–329.
  13. ^Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  14. ^Basbøll (2005), p. 46.
  15. ^Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  16. ^abVerhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  17. ^Cox & Palethorpe (2007), p. 344.
  18. ^Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 65.
  19. ^abFinn (2004), p. 970.
  20. ^Lass (2002), p. 116.
  21. ^Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  22. ^Watt & Allen (2003), p. 268.
  23. ^Hickey, Raymond (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology. De Gruyter. p. 91.
  24. ^Cruttenden (2014), p. 91.
  25. ^Roach (2004), p. 242.
  26. ^Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  27. ^Connolly (1990), p. 125.
  28. ^Tench (1990), p. 135.
  29. ^Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1007.
  30. ^Hickey, Raymond (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology. De Gruyter. p. 287.
  31. ^Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006).The Atlas of North American English. chpt. 17
  32. ^ab"NZE Phonology"(PDF). Victoria University of Wellington. p. 3.
  33. ^abBauer & Warren (2004), p. 585.
  34. ^Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  35. ^Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
  36. ^Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
  37. ^Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 74.
  38. ^Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  39. ^Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  40. ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  41. ^Hall (2003), pp. 87, 107.
  42. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  43. ^abDudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  44. ^Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
  45. ^Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  46. ^Szende (1994), p. 92.
  47. ^Árnason (2011), p. 60.
  48. ^Einarsson (1945:10), cited inGussmann (2011:73)
  49. ^"Indonesian Alphabet and Pronunciation".mylanguages.org. Retrieved2021-05-17.
  50. ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  51. ^Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  52. ^Thackston (2006a), p. 1.
  53. ^Khan & Lescot (1970), pp. 8–16.
  54. ^Fattah describes the sound as beingvoyelle longue centrale arrondie (p. 116).
  55. ^Wheelock's Latin (1956).
  56. ^abGussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  57. ^abPeters (2006), p. 119.
  58. ^abStone (2002), p. 600.
  59. ^Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  60. ^Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
  61. ^Allison (2006).
  62. ^Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  63. ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  64. ^Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  65. ^Jones & Ward (1969), p. 67.
  66. ^"Aspiration".Scottish Gaelic Dialect Survey.Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved2021-04-23.
  67. ^Oftedal (1956), p. 75–76.
  68. ^Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  69. ^Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  70. ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
  71. ^abDoke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
  72. ^Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 24.
  73. ^Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  74. ^Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
  75. ^Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 64, 68.
  76. ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  77. ^Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
  78. ^Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
  79. ^Merrill (2008), p. 109.
  80. ^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 295.
  81. ^abOkada (1999), p. 118.
  82. ^abChirkova & Chen (2013), p. 78.
  83. ^Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
  84. ^WhileVanvik (1979) does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g.Haugen (1974:40) andKristoffersen (2000:16)) state explicitly that it is compressed.
  85. ^Vanvik (1979), p. 17.
  86. ^abEngstrand (1999), p. 140.
  87. ^Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.

References

[edit]

External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
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Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
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Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
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Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰʁ̞ʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
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Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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