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Close-mid central unrounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɘ⟩ in IPA
Close-mid central unrounded vowel
ɘ
IPA number397
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)ɘ
Unicode(hex)U+0258
X-SAMPA@\
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256)⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)
Image
IPA:Vowels
FrontCentralBack
Close
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Legend:unrounded  rounded

Theclose-mid central unrounded vowel, orhigh-mid central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type ofvowel sound used in some spokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɘ⟩. This is a mirrored letter e and should not be confused with theschwaə⟩, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ë⟩. Certain older sources[2] transcribe this vowel ⟨ɤ̈⟩.

The letter ⟨ɘ⟩ may be used with alowering diacriticɘ̞⟩, to denote themid central unrounded vowel.

Features

[edit]
Spectrogram of[ɘ]

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Chuvashпӗррехинче[pɘrrɛχint͡ɕɛ]'once'
Cotabato Manobo[3][example needed]May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.
DinkaLuanyjang[4]ŋeŋ[ŋɘ́ŋ]'jawbone'Short allophone of/e/.[4]
EnglishAustralian[5][6]bird[bɘːd]'bird'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. Optionally rounded. SeeAustralian English phonology
Cardiff[7]foot[fɘt]'foot'Less often rounded[ɵ];[8] corresponds to[ʊ] in other dialects. SeeEnglish phonology
New Zealand[9]bit[bɘt]'bit'Merger of/ə/ and/ɪ/ found in other dialects. SeeNew Zealand English phonology
Southern American[10]nut[nɘt]'nut'Some dialects.[10] Corresponds to/ʌ/ in other dialects. SeeEnglish phonology
Estonian[11]kõrv[kɘrv]'ear'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩; can be close-mid back[ɤ] or close back[ɯ] instead, depending on the speaker.[11] SeeEstonian phonology
IrishMunster[12]sáile[ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝]'salt water'Usually transcribed in IPA with[ɪ̽]. It is an allophone of/ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants.[12] SeeIrish phonology
Jebero[13]ɨx[e/ï][k/c/q][ˈiʃɘk]'bat'
Kaingang[14]me[ˈᵐbɘ]'tail'Varies between central[ɘ] and back[ɤ].[15]
Kalagan Kaagan[16][miˈwə̝ːʔ]'lost'Allophone of/ɨ/ in word-final stressed syllables before/ʔ/; can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[16]
Katë[17]Katë[kaˈt̪ɘ]'Katë'Can also be realized as/ɨ/.
Kensiu[18][ɟɚ̝h]'to trim'Rhotacized; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɚ⟩.[18]
Kera[19][t͡ʃə̝̄wā̠a̠]'fire'Allophone of/a/; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[19]
Korean[20]/eoreun[ə̝ːɾɯ̽n]'adult'May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨əː⟩. SeeKorean phonology
KurdishKurmanjidil/دل[dɘl]'heart'Allophone of/ɪ/. Sorani alphabet does not transcribe this vowel phoneme in text.
Sorani
Lizu[21][Fkə̝][clarification needed]'eagle'Allophone of/ə/ after velar stops.[21]
Mapudungun[22]elün[ë̝ˈlɘn]'to give (something)'
Mongolian[23]үсэр[usɘɾɘ̆]'jump'
Mono[24]dœ[də̝]'be (equative)'May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[24]
Polish[25]mysz[mɘ̟ʂ]'mouse'Somewhat fronted;[25] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩. SeePolish phonology
RomanianMoldavian dialect[26]casă[ˈkäsɘ]'house'Corresponds to[ə] in standard Romanian. SeeRomanian phonology
Scottish GaelicHarrisbhuaipe[ˈvuɘhpə]'from her'Allophone of/e/ in the diphthong/ue/, which in other dialects is/uə/ or/uæ/. May be closer as[ɨ̞].
Uist
Shiwiar[27][example needed]
Temne[28]pər[pə̝́r]'incite'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[28]
Vietnamese[29]v[vɘ˨˩ˀ]'wife'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩. SeeVietnamese phonology
XumiUpper[30][LPmɘ̃dɐ]'upstairs'Nasalized; occurs only in this word.[30] It is realized as mid[ə̃] in Lower Xumi.[31]
ZapotecTilquiapan[32]ne[nɘ]'and'Most common realization of/e/.[32]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^While theInternational Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" forvowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^For exampleCollins & Mees (1990).
  3. ^Kerr (1988:110)
  4. ^abRemijsen & Manyang (2009:117, 119)
  5. ^Cox (2006:?)
  6. ^Durie & Hajek (1994:?)
  7. ^Collins & Mees (1990:93)
  8. ^Collins & Mees (1990:92)
  9. ^Bauer et al. (2007)
  10. ^abRoca & Johnson (1999:186)
  11. ^abAsu & Teras (2009), pp. 368–369.
  12. ^abÓ Sé (2000)
  13. ^Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)
  14. ^Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  15. ^Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
  16. ^abWendel & Wendel (1978:198)
  17. ^Halfmann, Jakob (2024).A Grammatical Description of the Katë Language (Nuristani) (PhD thesis). Köln: Universität zu Köln.
  18. ^abBishop (1996:230)
  19. ^abPearce (2011:251)
  20. ^Lee (1999:121)
  21. ^abChirkova & Chen (2013a:79)
  22. ^Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
  23. ^Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
  24. ^abOlson (2004:235)
  25. ^abJassem (2003:105) The source transcribes this sound with the symbol ⟨ɨ⟩ but one can see from the vowel chart at pag. 105 that the Polish sound is closer to[ɘ] than to[ɨ].
  26. ^Pop (1938), p. 29.
  27. ^Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  28. ^abKanu & Tucker (2010:249)
  29. ^Hoang (1965:24)
  30. ^abChirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:389)
  31. ^Chirkova & Chen (2013b:370)
  32. ^abMerrill (2008:109–110)

References

[edit]

External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
PlaceLabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
MannerBi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flex(Alve­olo-)​palatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalmɱ̊ɱn̪̊nn̠̊ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbtdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒ
Non-sibilant affricatep̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔ɟʝkxɡɣɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricativeszʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰ˷
Tap/flapⱱ̟ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙrɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantlɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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