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ABritish clog is a wooden-soledclog fromGreat Britain. Theuppers are typically leather, and many variations exist in style and fastening.
There are two explanations of the development of the English style clog. They may have evolved frompattens which wereslats of wood held in place by thonging or similarstrapping. They were usually worn under leather or fabric shoes to raise the wearer's foot above the mud of the unmade road, not to mention commonly dumped humaneffluent and animaldung. Those too poor to affordshoes wore wood directly against the skin orhosiery, and thus the clog was developed, made of part leather and part wood. Alternatively they have been described as far back as Roman times, possibly earlier.[1]
The wearing of clogs in Britain became more visible with theIndustrial Revolution, when industrial workers needed strong, cheap footwear. Men and women wore laced and clasped clogs respectively, the fastening clasps being of engraved brass or more commonly steel. Nailed under the sole at toe and heel wereclog irons, calledcalkers[2] orcokers, generally 3/8" wide x 1/4" thick with a groove down the middle to protected the nail heads from wear. The heyday of the clog in Britain was between the 1840s and 1920s and, although traditionally associated withLancashire, they were worn all over the country, not just in the industrialNorth of England.[3][4] Indeed, Mark Clyndes of Walkleys says "More clogs were worn down south than in the northern industrial towns".[5] The London fish docks, fruit markets and the mines of Kent being particularly noted.[5] Clogs could be manufactured within hospitals to keep down the cost of clothing.[6] Through manufacture, repair and wear clogs could become individually recognised. In the aftermath of disasters they could be a means of identifying the victims, as happened after theClifton Hall Colliery disaster where at least two men could only be identified this way.[7][8][9]
Clogs were sometimes handed out as part of poor relief; the Blackburn Weekly Telegraph recorded five people receiving "gifts of clogs or parcels of clothing" in 1912.[10]
Although associated in the popular mind with dancing, clogs are still used in industry and are available tested to EN345.[1] Such clogs are particularly advantageous in metal working industries where hot swarf or splashes of molten metal may be found on the floor. In 1989 three shiploads of clogs were sent to The Netherlands due to the perceived inferiority of the Dutch clog in wet fields.[a]
In the past the English tended to employ Welsh and West Countryalder, Scottishbirch and Lincolnshirewillow for thesoles. The Welsh favouredalder,birch &sycamore.[11] for their clogsoles.
The traditional method of construction starts with gangs of itinerant woodsmen who would buy a stand of timber for the felling.[12] The regular gangs would operate in a similar fashion to coppice workers and circulate around 12 stands in 12 years to allow regrowth.[13] The timber was felled and sawn to length. Logs from larger trees were split; that from smaller coppice wood did not require splitting.[14] The billets were roughly shaped with astock knife and a deep notch put in where the sole and heel meet.[b] All the work was done in green wood which is easier to work than seasoned wood.[14] The clog blocks were then generally stacked up in open pyramids to allow the air to circulate and seasoned for a few months.[14] The offcuts and waste was sold on, either as pea-sticks and firewood to provide money for food or else as fuel to the wool dyeing trade.[12][14]
The seasoned wood was sold on to the master clogger who would finish the work on the now dry, seasoned wood. The same stock knives were used for shaping with two more pivot knives, the hollower and the gripper bit. The latter is used to cut the rebate to hold the upper. The final operation is to finish the sole perfectly smooth by rasps and short bladed knives.[14]
Grew & Neergaard surmise that a similar method was used in medieval times, in part from an illustration in the Mendel Housebook. A workman is shown using a small hand adze for finishing pattens with drawknives (or possibly stock knives) hanging on the wall behind.[15]
The uppers are made from leather either cut according to patterns or stamped out. At the lighter end are various styles of sandals, then through shoe types to industrial, farming and army boots. When cutting either card or metal patterns are used, with the latter the knife makes a clicking sound and the term used is "clicking out".[13] The vamp and the quarters and heel stiffener are stitched together and eyelets or fastenings attached.[14]
Traditionally using Indian Water Buffalo Waxed Kip the uppers were stretched over a solid straight last, using lasting pincers and the hot Half Round Bottom Glazer to heat and soften the leather, and once cooled and set to shape were transferred and tack lasted onto the soles. In the 20th century sprung lasts became used allowing whatever leather utilised to be tacked directly to the soles The junction is secured with brass or steel clog welt tacks nailed over narrow strip of leather (the welt). Most clogs are finished off with external brass or steeltoe tins to protect the toe of the clog when kicking or kneeling. Those on the leather welt strip covering the join of leather and wood are called "inners" and those covering the wooden soles are "outers". Clogs could have either or both. The steel toecap used in safety clogs is generally fitted under the leather and is another item again.
Finally the soling is applied according to the customer's requirements. Clog-irons have been mentioned above, clogs are also shod (horse-shoe shaped rubber) or fully soled and heeled with rubber.
Alder was plentiful and cheap; the tree grows next to streams. The wood is easy to work by hand, but not durable in damp conditions. Like elm it needs to be fully immersed in water for it to be durable. It is quite light, and could be cut into a thick sole without adding too much weight. According to Grew and de Neergaard it is "resilient and extremely durable when wet, [and] has been the favourite material for clog-making in England right up to the present day".[15][16]It was popular in the hot industries (steel making for example) because replacement woods could be quickly made,[3] and it was rarely constantly damp. However being relatively soft, it makes a poor dance clog, where sound is important.[17] Another disadvantage is that the wood has a tendency to split if taken from the centre of the tree.[3] So much alder was used for clogs that in parts of Wales it was calledPren Clocsia (Clog Wood) rather thanGwern.[13]
Beech is a good wood for machining, but suffers from being heavy and having a short grain. Modern machined-beech soles tend to be thinner with a shallower cast (the curve to the toe). This is not a problem for factory work, but is a disadvantage for dancing and hill walking. In the former case there is less spring and in the latter case the wearer tends to cantilever off the tip of the toe which gets worn quickly.[17] Machine soles were generally of flatter profile, possibly so as to get more soles from a balk of timber. "I'd sell my Grandmother for a ha'penny a pair". They were comfortable when standing at machinery all day, indeed the safety toecap made only fits a shallower sole with less "cast".
Sycamore is light and hard with a longer grain than beech and wears well. It was the wood of choice in much of Pembrokeshire, where it was worked green. In a 1920s government survey of rural trades and crafts it was stated that the Welsh would pay double for Sycamore. However its use was unknown in many other parts of Wales. Sycamore can be worked wet without being seasoned as it is the most stable of woods, indeed it must be if the traditional carving tools are used, as it dries too hard to be commercially viable, possibly the reason it was little used.[3]
Ash is considered by Tefor Owen to be the best wood for dance soles, but it does not wear as well as sycamore. If the clogs are only to be used on wooden floors he recommends it, otherwise the better-wearing properties of sycamore win out.[17] Ash can have a tendency to delaminate along the growth rings when bruised.
Willow is another wood with good resistance to moist conditions. It can be tough and resilient. Lincolnshire willow found favour amongst English cloggers, and Willow was also favoured in theTrough of Bowland, but was never widely used in Wales.[14] Which type of Willow was used is uncertain, and as there are many varieties of willow tree, this information is not particularly helpful. (In a parallel example, Sycamore is a Maple, but Field Maple has far less split resistance, and Norway Maple dries out about as heavy as Beech.)
| Pattens Act 1416 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
.svg) | |
| Long title | No man shall make any pattens of aspe, upon pain of an hundred shillings. |
| Citation | 4 Hen. 5 Stat. 2. c. 3 |
| Territorial extent | |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 18 November 1416 |
| Commencement | 19 October 1416[c] |
| Repealed | 10 August 1872 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amended by | |
| Repealed by | Statute Law (Ireland) Revision Act 1872 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Pattens Act 1464 | |
|---|---|
| Act of Parliament | |
.svg) | |
| Long title | Patten-makers may make pattens of such asp as is not fit for shafts. |
| Citation | 4 Edw. 4. c. 9 |
| Territorial extent | |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 28 March 1465 |
| Commencement | 21 January 1464[d] |
| Repealed | 10 August 1872 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amends | Pattens Act 1416 |
| Amended by | |
| Repealed by | Statute Law (Ireland) Revision Act 1872 |
Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
Closely related to the willow (in the same family,Salicaceae) are the poplars, including theAspen. The Aspen is used for Frenchsabots.[18] In medieval England this wood was specifically banned for patten making by thePattens Act 1416 (4 Hen. 5 Stat. 2. c. 3) in order to preserve the stock for arrows. Anyone caught flouting the law was subject to a hundred shilling (£5) fine, half of which was paid to the Fletchers.[18] After 1464 thePattens Act 1464 (4 Edw. 4. c. 9) permitted the use of "such Timber of Asp, that is not apt, sufficient, nor convenient to be made into (arrowshafts)" because "Asp timber be the best and lightest Timber to make Pattens and Clogs".[e] This may have been due to its resistance to abrasion when used as a bare sole against the ground.
The 1416 and 1464 acts were extended toIreland byPoynings' Law 1495 (10 Hen. 7. c. 22 (I)).
The 1416 act was repealed by theContinuance, etc. of Laws Act 1603 (1 Jas. 1. c. 25) and again by theContinuance, etc. of Laws Act 1623 (21 Jas. 1. c. 28).
The whole of4 Hen. 5. Stat. 2 except theConfirmation of Charters and Statutes Act 1416 (4 Hen. 5. Stat. 2. c. 1) including the 1416 act (which had already been repealed), was repealed forEngland and Wales byStatute Law Revision Act 1863 (26 & 27 Vict. c. 125) and forIreland byStatute Law (Ireland) Revision Act 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. c. 98).
The whole of4 Edw. 4 except theConfirmation of Charters and Statutes Act 1416 (4 Hen. 5. Stat. 2. c. 1) including the 1416 act (which had already been repealed), was repealed forEngland and Wales byStatute Law Revision Act 1863 (26 & 27 Vict. c. 125) and forIreland byStatute Law (Ireland) Revision Act 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. c. 98).
Kip full grain leather was a Water Buffalo hide impregnated with tallow, oils and waxes; it was made in India. Split Kip was split leather and was often used just on the heel (the quarters). The presence of wax and oil made the leather hard, and necessitated a heated Half Round Bottom Glazer for shaping over the last. Kip lasts up to 40 years, but is no longer imported.[3]
Crust-dyed chrome 2–4 mm thick is used by some makers.[11]
Vegetable tan leather can be too stiff, insufficiently strong and not waterproof, although some European Veg Tan can be very supple and tough.[11]
Clog dancing should not be confused withMorris dancing, which may be performed in clogs.
There is a theory thatclogging or clog dancing arose in these industrialtextiles mills as a result of the mill workers entertaining themselves by syncopating foot taps with the rhythmic sounds made by the loom shuttles.Clog dancing became a widespread pastime during this period in England. During the nineteenth century, competitions were held, and professional clog dancers performed in the music halls.
Clog dancing is a continuing tradition inWales. The difference between Welsh clogging and other step-dance traditions is that the performances do not only include complicated stepping, but also 'tricks' such as snuffing out a lit candle with the dancer's feet,toby stepping, which is similar to Cossack dancing, and high leaps into the air.
Clog fighting (or shin-kicking), also known as 'purring', was acombative means of settling disputes in the mill towns of Lancashire. Clog fighting and its associated betting by spectators was illegal.[19][20][21][22][23]
It is all up and down fighting here. They fought quite naked, excepting their clogs. When one has the other down on the ground he first endeavors to choke him by squeezing his throat, then he kicks him on the head with his clogs. Sometimes they are very severely injured.[24]
The Cloggies
The Cloggies was a long running cartoon strip satirising Northerners. The cartoon popularised the existing use ofcloggie to refer to people from the Northern industrial areas, particularly Lancashire.
To Pop his Clogs
The British expression "to pop his clogs" refers to a man dying. The most probably explanation is that if dead his clogs could be "popped" orpawned, though some sources allow for the possibility that "pop" may come from "to pop off" or "to pop off the hooks", both meaning to die.[25]
Pair of clogs made by patients and worn in the hospital laundry by patient workers
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