InArmenia,climates vary fromcold desert andcold steppe on the lower parts of theArarat plain, totundra on mountain peaks, and ahumid continental climate in the inner parts. The following six basic types can be distinguished. Another type of climate is the dry continental type. It prevails mostly along the middle reaches of theArax up to an elevation of 1,300 m. It differs from the drysubtropical climate by its cold winters.

According to historical sources, in ancient times the winter was the same as it is today, fairly cold in theArmenian lowlands and high in the mountains. 4th century B.C. Greek historianXenophon, in hisAnabasis (The Retreat of the 10,000), which describes the retreat of 10,000Greek mercenaries through the Armenian mountains into the autumn, related that at night, when the soldiers were asleep, snow fell in the mountains and covered the men and their weapons. He wrote that the snow that fell in one night was about one meter deep. In the same work he noted that theArmenians protected themselves against the freezing frost by rubbing fat or almond oil into their bodies. Armenian historianMovses Khorenatsi (5th century A. D.) described the climate of the Ararat plain as hot and dry in the summer.

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