Aclementine (Citrus × clementina) is atangor, a citrus fruit hybrid between a willowleafmandarin orange (C. ×deliciosa) and asweet orange (C. × sinensis),[1][2][3] named in honor ofClément Rodier, aFrenchmissionary who first discovered and propagated thecultivar inAlgeria.[4] The exterior is a deep orange colour with a smooth, glossy appearance. Clementines can be separated into 7 to 14 segments. Similar totangerines, they tend to be easy to peel. They are typically juicy and sweet, with lessacid than oranges.[4] Theiroils, like other citrus fruits, contain mostlylimonene as well asmyrcene,linalool,α-pinene and many complex aromatics.[5]
They are sometimes sold under the nameEasy-peelers.[6][7]
Italian cultivar, Clementine del golfo di TarantoClementine Mural inPuisserguier France, celebrating Father Abram, founder of theMisserghin orphanage where the 1st citrus clementina was selected
The clementine is a spontaneous citrushybrid that arose in the late 19th century inMisserghin, Algeria, in the garden of the orphanage of the French Missionary BrotherClément Rodier, for whom it would be formally named in 1902.[8][9][10] Some sources have attributed an earlier origin for the hybrid, pointing to similar fruit native to the provinces ofGuangxi andGuangdong in present-dayChina,[11] but these are likely distinct mandarin hybrids,[12] and genomic analysis of the clementine has shown it to have arisen from a cross between a sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis) and the Mediterranean willowleaf mandarin (Citrus × deliciosa).[1][2]
There are three types of clementines: seedless clementines, clementines (maximum of 10 seeds), and Monreal (more than 10 seeds). Clementines resemble other citrus varieties, such as thesatsuma andtangerines.[13]
Clementines differ from other citrus in having lower heat requirements, which means the tolerance to fruit maturity and sensitivity to unfavorable conditions during the flowering and fruit-setting period is higher. However, in regions of high total heat, the Clementine bears fruit early—only slightly later than satsuma mandarins. These regions, such as North Africa, Mediterranean basin, and California, also favor maximizing the Clementine size and quality.[14][page needed][failed verification]
It was introduced into Californian commercial agriculture in 1914, though it was grown at theCitrus Research Center (now part of theUniversity of California, Riverside) as early as 1909.[14] Clementines lose their desirable seedless characteristic when they arecross-pollinated with other fruit. In 2006, to prevent this, growers—such as Paramount Citrus in California—threatened to sue localbeekeepers to keep bees away from their crops.[15]
Seedless – exists in North Africa. Seedless versions of the clementine are known as the common type (seedless or practically seedless). Common Clementines are very similar to the Monreal type; the two types are virtually identical in terms of tree specifics. The seedless Clementine tree is self-incompatible; which is why the fruit has so few or no seeds. In order to be pollinated, it needs to be cross-pollinated.[14][page needed]
Monreal – exists in North Africa. The Monreal clementine can self-pollinate and has seeds. Monreal clementines are on average larger than the seedless variety, have a more abundant bloom and are sweeter.[14][page needed]
Sweetclems — are typically grown in Spain and northern Africa. Unlike other Clementine varieties, they usually have 10 slices.[citation needed] They are specialised to be easy to peel. They have a sweet taste, as suggested by their name, but it is not overbearing and quite mild.[16][better source needed] The sweetclem has several other brand names, and can also be referred to as an easy-peeler, a clemengold, and a clemcott, amongst others.[17]
Fina, a Spanish cultivar originally grown on abitter orange rootstock that gave it superb flavor, but due to disease vulnerability is now grown on a broader range of rootstocks, affecting the flavor profile.[18]
Clemenules orNules – A popular, seedless, easy to peel clementine with a very pleasing sweet flavor. A mutation of the Fina variety, Nules is the most widely planted clementine in Spain, where it matures from mid-November to mid to late-January. Also widely planted in California, where it matures from October to December.[19] It produces seedless fruit that is larger than the Fina, but less sweet.[18]
Clementine del Golfo di Taranto, a (practically) seedless Italian cultivar givenProtected geographical indication (PGI) status by the European Union, produced around theGulf of Taranto. They have a sweet flavour and an intense aroma.[20]
Clementine di Calabria, another Italian PGI variety, grown in theCalabria region.[21]
Production of clementines, tangerines, mandarins and satsumas* in 2016 (millions oftonnes)
A 2017 study indicated that clementinephytochemicals may interact with drugs in a manner similar to those ofgrapefruit.[25] A follow-up study in 2019, however, has called these results into question.[26]
^"Nules clementine".Citrus Variety Collection. College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside. Retrieved19 February 2015 – via citrusvariety.ucr.edu.
^Theile, Dirk; Hohmann, Nicolas; Kiemel, Dominik; Gattuso, Giuseppe; Barreca, Davide; Mikus, Gerd; Haefeli, Walter Emil; Schwenger, Vedat; Weiss, Johanna (15 January 2017). "Clementine juice has the potential for drug interactions – In vitro comparison with grapefruit and mandarin juice".European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.97:247–256.doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2016.11.021.PMID27890698.S2CID34126212.
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China
Spain
Turkey
Morocco
Egypt
Brazil
Media related toClementines at Wikimedia Commons
