| Claymore | |
|---|---|
 16th-century claymore in theNational Museum of Scotland. | |
| Type | Two-handed sword |
| Place of origin |  Scotland |
| Service history | |
| In service | c. 1400–1700 |
| Used by | Highland Scots |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | ≈2.2–2.8 kg (4.9–6.2 lb)[citation needed] |
| Length | ≈120–140 cm (47–55 in)[citation needed] |
| Blade length | ≈100–120 cm (39–47 in)[citation needed] |
| Blade type | Double-edged |
| Hilt type | Two-handed cruciform, with pommel |
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Aclaymore (/ˈkleɪmɔːr/; fromScottish Gaelic:claidheamh-mòr, "great sword")[1] is either the Scottish variant of thelate medievaltwo-handed sword or the Scottish variant of thebasket-hilted sword. The former is characterised as having across hilt of forward-slopingquillons with quatrefoil terminations and was in use from the 15th to 17th centuries.
The wordclaymore was first used in reference tobasket-hilted swords during the 18th century in Scotland and parts of England.[2] This description was maybe not used during the 17th century, when basket-hilted swords were the primary military swords across Europe, but these basket-hilted, broad-bladed swords remained in service with officers of Scottish regiments into the 21st century. After theActs of Union in 1707 (when Scottish and English regiments were integrated together), the swords were seen as a mark of distinction by Scottish officers over the more slender sabres used by their English contemporaries: a symbol of physical strength and prowess, and a link to the historic Highland way of life.
The termclaymore is ananglicisation of the Gaelicclaidheamh-mòr "big/great sword", attested in 1772 (asCly-more) with the gloss "great two-handed sword".[3] The sense "basket-hilted sword" is contemporaneous, attested in 1773 as "the broad-sword now used ... called the Claymore, (i.e., the great sword)",[4] althoughOED observes that this usage is "inexact, but very common". The1911Encyclopædia Britannica likewise judged that the term is "wrongly" applied to the basket-hilted sword.[5]
Countering this view, Paul Wagner and Christopher Thompson argue that the term "claymore" was applied first to the basket-hilted broadsword, and then to all Scottish swords. They provide quotations that are earlier than those given above in support of its use to refer to a basket-hilted broadsword andtarge: "a strong handsome target, with a sharp pointed steel, of above half an ell in length, screw'd into the navel of it, on his left arm, a sturdy claymore by his side" (1715 pamphlet). They also note its use as a battle-cry as early as 1678.[6] Some authors suggest thatclaybeg should be used instead, from a purported Gaelicclaidheamh beag "small sword".[7] This does not parallelScottish Gaelic usage. According to theGaelic Dictionary by R. A. Armstrong (1825),claidheamh mòr "big/great sword" translates to "broadsword", andclaidheamh dà làimh to "two-handed sword", whileclaidheamh beag "small sword" is given as a translation of "Bilbo".[8]
Thetwo-handed claymore was a large sword used in the lateMedieval andearly modern periods. It was used in the constantclan warfare and border fights with the English fromc. 1400 to 1700.[9] Although claymores existed as far back as theWars of Scottish Independence, they were smaller and few had the typicalquatrefoil design (as can be seen on the Great Seal ofJohn BalliolKing of Scots).[10] The last known battle in which it is considered to have been used in a significant number was theBattle of Killiecrankie in 1689.[citation needed] It was somewhat longer thanother two-handed swords of the era. The English did use swords similar to the Claymore during the renaissance called a greatsword.[citation needed] The two-handed claymore seems to be an offshoot of earlyScottish medieval longswords (similar to theespee de guerre orgrete war sword) which had developed a distinctive style of a cross-hilt with forward-angled arms that ended in spatulate swellings. The lobed pommels on earlier swords were inspired by the Viking style. The spatulate swellings were later frequently made in aquatrefoil design.[11]
The average claymore ran about 140 cm (55 in) in overall length, with a 33 cm (13 in) grip, 107 cm (42 in) blade, and a weight of approximately 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg). For instance, in 1772 Thomas Pennant described a sword seen on his visit to Raasay as: "an unwieldy weapon, two inches broad (2 in (51 mm)), doubly edged; the length of the blade three feet seven inches (3 ft 7 in (1.09 m)); of the handle, fourteen inches (14 in (360 mm)); of a plain transverse guard, one foot (1 ft (0.30 m)); the weight six pounds and a half (6 lb 8 oz (2.9 kg))."[12]
Fairly uniform in style, the sword was set with a wheelpommel often capped by a crescent-shaped nut and a guard with straight, forward-sloping arms ending inquatrefoils, andlangets running down the centre of the blade from the guard.[citation needed] Another common style of two-handed claymore (though lesser known today) was the "clamshell-hilted" claymore. It had a crossguard that consisted of two downward-curving arms and two large, round, concave plates that protected the foregrip. It was so named because the round guards resembled an open clam.[citation needed]