Family of fungi
TheClavicipitaceae are afamily offungi within the orderHypocreales . A 2008 estimate placed 43genera in the family,[ 1] [ 2]
Molecularphylogenetic analysis of multigene DNA sequence data indicates thetaxon Clavicipitaceae (as circumscribed by 2007) isparaphyletic , and consists of three well-definedclades , at least one of which is shared with members of another fungal family (Hypocreaceae ). The most recent common ancestor of the three clades also includeHypocreaceae as a descendant.[ 3]
Outline of phylogeny from Sunget al. (2007a)
The issue seems to have been resolved in Sunget al. (2007b). Clavicipitaceae becomes restricted to "clade A".Cordycipitaceae is resurrected to hold "clade C".Ophiocordycipitaceae is created to hold "clade B".[ 4]
The evolution within the Clavicipitaceae (as circumscribed by 2007) is marked by interkingdom host jumping, and the range of this large and heterogeneous fungal group spans mutualistic plant symbionts, as well as parasites of plants, insects, and other fungi.[ 5]
Many of its members producealkaloids toxic to animals and humans. One of its most infamous species isClaviceps purpurea St. Anthony's fire , also known asergotism . Ergotism is caused byergot alkaloids , such asergotamine andergocristine , which are chemical derivatives oflysergic acid .Metarhizium biological control of insect pests.[ 6]
Several genera, especially those previously described as "anamorphic " (having no known sexual cycle) are now re-classified into other families, in light of current molecular and other evidence. As of November 2024, the following genera are placed in the family Clavicipitaceae:[ 7] [failed verification
Aciculosporium I. Miyake (1908) Allocordyceps Poinar (2021) Aschersonia Mont. (1848) - Sung clade A2Atkinsonella Diehl (1950) Balansia Speg. (1885) - Sung clade A1Balansiopsis Höhn. (1910) Berkelella (Sacc.) Sacc. (1891) Cavimalum Yoshim. Doi, Dargan & K.S. Thind (1977) Claviceps Tul. (1853) - Sung clade A1Commelinaceomyces E. Tanaka (2020) Conoideocrella D. Johnson, G.H. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora (2009) Corallocytostroma Y.N. Yu & Z.Y. Zhang (1980) Drechmeria W. Gams & H.-B. Jansson (1985) Dussiella Pat. (1890) Ephelis Fr. (1849) Epichloe (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. (1865) Epicrea Petr. (1950) - Sung clade A1Harposporium Lohde (1874) Helicocollum Luangsa-ard, Mongkols., Noisrip. & Thanak. (2017) Helminthascus Tranzschel (1898) Heteroepichloe E. Tanaka, C. Tanaka, Gafur & Tsuda (2002) Hypocrella Sacc. (1878) - Sung clade A2Keithomyces Samson, Luangsa-ard & Houbraken (2020) Konradia Racib. (1900) Linearistroma Höhn. 1910) Loculistroma F. Patt. & Charles (1910) Marquandomyces Samson, Houbraken & Luangsa-ard (2020) Metacordyceps G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora (2007) Metapochonia Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014) Metarhiziopsis D.W. Li, R.S. Cowles & C.R. Vossbrinck (2008) Metarhizium Sorokīn (1879) - Sung clade A3Moelleriella Bres. (1897) Morakotia Mongkols., Noisrip., Khons., Thanakitp. & Luangsa-ard (2021) Mycomalus A. Möller (1901) Mycophilomyces Crous & M.J. Wingf. (2016) Myriogenospora G.F. Atk. (1894) Neoaraneomyces W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang (2022) Neobarya Lowen (1986) Neocordyceps Kobayasi (1984) Nigelia Luangsa-ard, Tasan. & Thanak. (2017) Nigrocornus Ryley & Langdon (2003) Orbiocrella D. Johnson, G.H. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora (2009) †Palaeoclaviceps Poinar, S.C. Alderman & J. Wunderl. (2015) Parametarhizium S. Gao, W. Meng, Li Xiang Zhang, Q. Yue & L.J. Xu (2021) Parepichloe J.F. White & P.V. Reddy (1998) Petchia Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2020) Pochonia Bat. & O.M. Fonseca (1965) Polynema Lév. (1846) Pseudomeria G.L. Barron (1980) Pseudometarhizium W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang (2022) Purpureomyces Luangsa-ard, Samson & Thanakitp. (2020) Regiocrella P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge (2006) Romanoa Thirum. (1954) Rotiferophthora G.L. Barron (1991) Samuelsia P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge (2008) Shimizuomyces Kobayasi (1981) - Sung clade A4Sphaerocordyceps Kobayasi (1981) Stereocrea Syd. & P. Syd. (1917) Sungia Luangsa-ard, Samson & Thanakitp. (2020) Tyrannicordyceps Kepler & Spatafora (2012) Ustilaginoidea Bref. (1895) Yosiokobayasia Samson, Luangsa-ard & Thanakitp (2020) As of April 2025,MycoBank holds the unusual opinion thatClavicipitaceae should be synonymized to ClavicipiteaeLindau (1987) , a subfamily underHypocreaceae . This does not match the phylogenetic tree and reassignment of Sung.[ 8]
^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 150.ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020)."Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa" .Mycosphere .11 :1060– 1456.doi :10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 hdl :10481/61998 ^ Sung GH, Sung JM, Hywel-Jones NL, Spatafora JW (September 2007). "A multi-gene phylogeny of Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Fungi): identification of localized incongruence using a combinational bootstrap approach".Mol. Phylogenet. Evol .44 (3):1204– 23.Bibcode :2007MolPE..44.1204S .doi :10.1016/j.ympev.2007.03.011 .PMID 17555990 . ^ Sung, GH; Hywel-Jones, NL; Sung, JM; Luangsa-Ard, JJ; Shrestha, B; Spatafora, JW (2007)."Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi" .Studies in Mycology .57 :5– 59.doi :10.3114/sim.2007.57.01 .PMC 2104736 PMID 18490993 . ^ Spatafora JW, Sung GH, Sung JM, Hywel-Jones NL, White JF Jr (2007). "Phylogenetic evidence for an animal pathogen origin of ergot and the grass endophytes".Mol. Ecol .16 (8):1701– 1711.Bibcode :2007MolEc..16.1701S .doi :10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03225.x .PMID 17402984 . ^ Capinera JL. (2008).Encyclopedia of Entomology 2354– 7.ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1 ^ "Index Fungorum - Search Page" .www.indexfungorum.org . Retrieved2024-11-21 .^ "Clavicipitaceae (Lindau) Earle, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 6: 170 (1901) [MB#82061]" .www.mycobank.org .Current name: Clavicipiteae Lindau, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten 1 (1): 346 (1897) [MB#505933] C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell et al.,Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004)ISBN 978-0-471-52229-4
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