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Civitas Schinesghe

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Country in central Europe (960–1025)

Civitas Schinesghe

Państwo Gnieźnieńskie (Polish)

966–1025

Coat of arms
(c. 1000)

Duchy of Poland around the year AD 1000

Capital

Gniezno

Common languages

Lechitic languages (includingOld Polish)

Religion

Roman Catholicism (institutional)
Slavic paganism

Government

• c. 960–992

• 992–1025

History

• Baptism of Poland

966

• Coronation ofBolesław I the Brave

1025

Preceded by

Succeeded by

	Polans
	Lechitic tribes

Kingdom of Poland

Civitas Schinesghe (Ecclesiastical Latin:[ˈtʃivitasskiˈnesɡe];Polish:Państwo Gnieźnieńskie), also known as theDuchy of Poland or thePrincipality of Poland, is the historiographical name given to apolity inCentral Europe, which existed during themedieval period and was the predecessor state of theKingdom of Poland.

Etymology

[edit]

Further information:Names of Poland

Civitas Schinesghe, meaning "Gniezno State", is the first recorded name related toPoland as a political entity, dating to the year 991 and attested to in a later papalregesta calledDagome iudex from 1080. The document states that thePiast dukeMieszko I and his second wife,Oda of Haldensleben, had given the guidance ofunam civitatem in integro, que vocatur Schinesghe ("a whole state, which is called Schinesghe") over to theHoly See.^[1]^[2]

Though the proper Latin name for Poland,Polonia, which came into use some time later, is not explicitly used in the document, the nameSchinesghe presumably refers toGniezno, which was one of the maingord strongholds of theWest Slavic tribe ofPolans. According tophilological analysis, the letters "Sc" were substituted for the letter "K" (which was phonetically interchangeable with the letter "G"), thus the original record would therefore read "Khinesghe" or "Kninesne." Another theory posits the name as an imperfectLatinization ofhrady knezske orgrody książęce, "ducal gords."^[3]

History

[edit]

Part ofa series on

Polish statehood

Poland

Personal union

Proposed

Occupational powers

Miscellaneous

Poland portal

Further information:History of Poland during the Piast dynasty

Polish coin minted during the reign ofBolesław I the Brave with the inscription CIVITAS GNEZDVM, c. 992–1000

In 966,Mieszko I, the ruler of thePolans, acceptedChristianity through the auspices of theRoman Church in theBaptism of Poland.^[4] According toGallus Anonymus, it was Mieszko's first wife,Dobrawa, the daughter ofBoleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, who convinced her husband to convert to Christianity. Also, the chronicler,Thietmar of Merseburg, attributed Mieszko's conversion to Dobrawa's influence. The Baptism also had political significance and was most likely intended to bring Mieszko's state closer to theDuchy of Bohemia and to prevent future attacks by theHoly Roman Empire in an attempt to Christianize Mieszko's lands by force. Subsequently, Mieszko's realm was recognized by thepapacy and accepted as part ofChristendom. In 968, a missionarybishopric was established inPoznań. The regesta titledDagome iudex first defined Poland's geographical boundaries with its capital inGniezno and affirmed that the state was under the protection of the Popes.^[5]

Following the death of Mieszko I, his eldest son,Bolesław I the Brave, became the next Duke of Poland in 992. Bolesław I quickly consolidated his rule, expelling his stepmother, Oda, and half-brothers from Poland. He also expanded the borders of the early Polish state by takingLusatia,Moravia,Upper Hungary, andRed Ruthenia.^[6] In 1000, he organized theCongress of Gniezno and obtained the right of investiture fromOtto III, theHoly Roman Emperor, who assented to the creation of three additional bishoprics inKraków,Kołobrzeg, andWrocław and anarchdiocese in Gniezno. During the meeting of the two rulers, Otto also bestowed upon Bolesław I royalregalia and a replica of theHoly Lance, which were later used at his coronation as the first King of Poland in 1025, when Bolesław I received permission for his coronation fromPope John XIX, an event that elevated Poland from aduchy to akingdom.^[7]

Territory

[edit]

Further information:Dagome iudex

Poland under the rule ofMieszko I, c. 960–992

The Dagome iudex outlines the borders of the Polish realm:^[8]

sicuti incipit a primo laterelongum mare, "as it starts from the first side of a long sea" (presumably thePomeranian coast – on theBaltic Sea)
fineBruzze 'end Bruzze' – "along thePrussian borders" (settlement area of theOld Prussians)
usque in locum, qui diciturRusse – "up to a place calledRus'" (east ofMasovia)
et fines Russe extendente usque inCraccoa – " Rus' ends and extending intoKraków"
et ab ipsa Craccoa usque ad flumenOdde recte – "and from there right along theOder river"
in locum, qui diciturAlemure, "in a place called The Alemure" (sometimes identified asOlomouc inMoravia or possiblyOława inSilesia)
et ab ipsa Alemura usque in terramMilze recte intra Oddere – "to theMilceni lands" (part of the ImperialMargraviate of Meissen)
et exinde ducente iuxta flumen Oddera usque in predictam civitate Schinesghe. – "and from its borders along the Oder to aforementioned Schinesghe."

Notes

[edit]

^George J. Lerski (1996).Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood Press. p. 99.ISBN 978-0-313-03456-5.
^Przemyslaw Wiszewski (2010).Domus Bolezlai: Values and social identity in dynastic traditions of medieval Poland (c.966-1138). BRILL. pp. 3–11.ISBN 978-90-04-18136-6.
^According to Brygida Kürbis, the initial "Sc" is mistakenly recorded from "K". The original record would therefore read "Kninesne" or "Khinesghe".Dowiat, Jerzy (1961).Metryka chrztu Mieszka I i jej geneza. Warszawa. p. 91.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Ramet, Sabrina (2017).The Catholic Church in Polish History. From 966 to the Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 15.ISBN 978-1-137-40281-3.
^Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (2016).Great Events in Religion. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 468,480–481.ISBN 978-1-61069-566-4.
^Kumor, Bolesław; Obertyński, Zdzisław (1974).Historia Kościoła w Polsce. Poznań: Pallottinum. p. 12.OCLC 174416485.
^Davies, Norman (2005a).God's Playground: A History of Poland. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Oxford:Oxford University Press. pp. 27–28.ISBN 978-0-231-12817-9.
^Kürbis, B.Dagome iudex. Studium krytyczne. pp. 362–423.

References

[edit]

Kurbis, Brygida (1962).Dagome iudex. Studium krytyczne [in:] Początki państwa polskiego – Księga Tysiąclecia vol. 2. Poznań.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Piskorski, Jan Maria (August 2004).Civitas Schinesghe. Mieszko I i początki państwa polskiego. Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk.ISBN 83-7063-416-8.

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