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City status in Ukraine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Status of certain populated places in Ukraine
View of Khust from a hill
Khust, one of the first Ukrainian cities to receiveMagdeburg rights

City status is granted by theVerkhovna Rada (the national parliament ofUkraine) to certainpopulated places. It is not automatically given according to any particular criteria, although since 2024 settlements with more than 10,000 people and a high population density have been eligible for city status under a specific law. In addition, the status is typically granted to settlements of historical or regional importance, even if they do not meet the population threshold.

The status was not strictly defined until thelate Middle Ages, whenMagdeburg rights spread throughout Europe, giving several settlements legally protected privileges. Under thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th century, a system of cities and towns developed, with some cities recognized asroyal and given special rights. During this time period, as well as under theAustrian andRussian empires from the 18th to the 20th centuries, city status was granted by kings and emperors. TheSoviet Union was the first to establish a clearly defined system, categorizing cities by population and importance, and giving the government ofSoviet Ukraine the authority to assign or change the status. SinceUkraine's independence in 1991, a similar system has been used, although the categorization of cities into those ofregional anddistrict significance was abolished in 2020.

Legally, cities do not differ significantly from other populated places (rural settlements andvillages), although city status is often seen as prestigious, helping mobilize resources and attract investors and tourists.[1][2][3] A city may host the administration of ahromada (municipality), in which case the hromada is classified as urban and its government is called acity council. A local council is in charge ofmunicipal services,local development, and other local functions, and its administration is overseen by anexecutive committee headed by an electedmayor. Cities may also be divided into subdivisions calledurban districts, a system currently used in 24 cities. Cities with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants are classified as small and fall under a national program for their development.

As of November 2025, there are463 cities in Ukraine.[4][5][6] The largest city isKyiv, the country'scapital, with a population of over 2.9 million, while the smallest inhabited city isUhniv, with an estimated 939 residents as of 2022. One city –Pripyat – is fully abandoned as a result of the 1986Chernobyl disaster but has not lost its city status.[4] Kyiv andSevastopol are also recognized ascities with special status, meaning that they function asfirst-level administrative divisions independent from theoblasts (regions) orautonomous republics.[7]Olyka most recently received city status, in April 2025.[6]

History

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Pre-20th century

[edit]

TheBlack Sea coast wascolonized by theGreeks since the 8th century BC.[8] Many of the colonies later came underRoman control, includingChersonesus, which was grantedeleutheria – the status of a free city with the right to self-government and to manage its own land and laws – by theemperor in the first century. In contrast,Tyras was grantedautonomy, which likewise provided some rights, albeit limited and exercised under the supervision of aprovincial governor.[9][10]

During theMiddle Ages under theKievan Rus', the termsgrad andgorod were used to refer tofortified settlements. The exact difference between the two is unclear: while historianPyotr Tretyakov [ru] theorized thatgrads were fortified estates inhabited by the nobility, some of which evolved into trading centers calledgorods, later historianPetro Tolochko concluded that neither term may have carried any social meaning. From the 9th to the early 12th century, about a hundredgrads were mentioned in theRus' chronicles,[11] although the majority of Rus' settlements were rural and often unfortified, and calledves,selo,pogost, orsloboda. Somegrads also served as capitals ofprincipalities, with the major ones located on the territory of modern Ukraine beingKiev,Chernigov,Pereyaslavl,Galich, andVolodimer.[12]

The system ofMagdeburg rights developed in Europe since the 14th century, granting selected settlements special privileges including self-government, tax and judicial immunity, the right to own land, trade benefits, and exemption from mostfeudal duties;[13] however, these rights largely applied toRoman Catholic men.[14][15] They eventually replaced an existing system ofcustomary law that had been in place prior to theMongol invasion of Kievan Rus', although the two often coexisted in individual cities.[16] TheKingdom of Hungary was the first to grant Magdeburg rights to cities located in modern-day Ukraine, the first beingKhust,Tiachiv, andVyshkovo in 1329.Yuri II Boleslav, the king ofGalicia–Volhynia, granted these rights toSanok in 1339, which brings about the possibility that other major cities of the kingdom, such asLviv and Volodymyr, could have also received the same rights in that period. After the kingdom wasconquered byPoland andLithuania, the system was implemented widely in the area.[13] Kings granted Magdeburg rights to large cities such asLwów (1356) andKiew (1494).[17][18] Magdeburg rights were also sometimes granted byprincely houses, for example toLokhvytsia,Lubny,Pryluky, andPyriatyn by theWiśniowiecki family.[13] Under thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a system of cities (Polish:miasta) and towns (miasteczka) was first established, with the former status given to settlements of great importance, receiving particular rights,[19] and the latter to settlements privately owned by the nobility that had the permission to organize markets and fairs.[20] Some cities were categorized asprivate, belonging to noble families or the church.[19] After the issue of theFree Royal Cities Act in 1791, a special category calledroyal cities was established, granting select cities special privileges including representation in theSejm, the right to ownlanded property, security guarantees, and a possibility ofennoblement.[21] After theCossack Hetmanate was established as the result of theKhmelnytsky Uprising, numerous towns and cities served asregiment centers, transforming them into important administrative, judicial, economic, and military hubs.[22] Cities and towns were then classified either as magisterial (those holding Magdeburg rights) or as ratusha towns, which were each headed by a chieftain known ashorodovyi otaman [uk] and were subject to the jurisdiction of the general Cossack authorities.[14]

The last wave of the granting of Magdeburg rights occurred when the rights were granted by thehetmans of the Hetmanate after itsunion with theRussian Empire, among the last beingPoltava andNovhorod-Siverskyi byKyrylo Rozumovsky.[13] A system of cities (Russian:города,romanized: goroda) and towns (местечка,mestechka) continued to exist under Russia after theliquidation of the Hetmanate.[20] From the early 18th century, city status was given directly by theemperor. The 1785Charter for the Rights and Benefits of the Cities of the Russian Empire [ru] issued byCatherine II defined the legal rights of city inhabitants and granted cities self-governance, establishing institutions such ascity dumas, and the permission to organize markets and fairs. A city was also given acoat of arms and acity plan approved by the emperor. During this period, cities were categorized as capital,governorate (provincial centers),uezd (county centers), ornon-uezd. While the exact number of cities in the Russian Empire changed significantly with every administrative reform, their rights and the process of acquiring the city status remained the same.[23] Since the 19th century, a status calledgradonachalstvo was assigned to certainmunicipalities (for example toOdessa in 1803[24]), positioning a city's administration under a city governor (gradonachalnik) subordinated directly to thegovernor-general.[25]

According to a decree byEmperor Joseph II on 13 May 1784, cities ofGalicia and Lodomeria – then underAustrian rule – were classified into three categories.Lemberg, as the regional capital, was the only first-class city; cities granted privileges by the emperor, such as additional pay for city citizenship, were categorized as royal; and urban settlements with their ownmagistrates were categorized as municipal. In 1811, cities were defined as populated places with city privileges, while towns were granted only the right to hold fairs.[26]

20th century onward

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Initially, theSoviet Union retained the Russian Empire's status system, additionally defining cities as urban populated places with more than 10,000 inhabitants and granting theAll-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee the authority to change the status of settlements withinSoviet Ukraine.[27] In 1925, towns were abolished and replaced withurban-type settlements,[28] although some minor historic cities (such asChudniv andOlyka) were also classified as urban-type settlements.[29][30] In 1930, theCentral Executive Committee of the Soviet Union specified that cities with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants were subordinated to theraion (district) executive committees, while those with over 50,000 served as separate administrative units subordinated to the presidiums of therepublics' executive committees or tooblast (regional) executive committees.[31] Workers' settlements were introduced in 1956 as urban populated places with at least 500 residents, most of whom worked at a single enterprise,[32] but this category was abolished in 1965.[33] Briefly, from 4 September to 30 December 1956, the oblast executive committees were in charge of city status changes.[14]

From 30 December 1956 onward, the authority to change the status was given to thePresidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and cities were divided into three categories: of republican, regional, and district significance.Cities of republican significance functioned as first-level administrative divisions not belonging to any oblast (region) orAutonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. They generally had a population of at least one million (at least 500,000 before 12 March 1981) and served as major economic, cultural, and administrative centers.[32][34]Kiev andSevastopol were the only Soviet Ukrainian cities with this status, although the latter did not meet the defined population threshold.[14]Cities of regional significance functioned as second-level administrative divisions not belonging to any raion (district), thus formingmunicipalities that sometimes also included nearby villages. A city of regional significance was required to have a population of at least 50,000 and to possess developed housing and communal services or industry, or to have historic, recreational, or defensive importance, or the potential to develop any of these. All other cities were categorized ascities of district significance, which generally had a population of at least 10,000 and possessed industrial enterprises, a developed economy, state housing stock, or a network of socio-cultural institutions, or the potential to develop any of these.[32][34][35]

UntilWorld War II, parts of what is now Ukraine belonged to other states (Northern Bukovina andBessarabia toRomania,Eastern Galicia andVolhynia toPoland, andTranscarpathia toCzechoslovakia), with city status determined by respective governments under their national laws. From the 1940s onward, the Soviet administrative system already in place elsewhere in Ukraine was extended to these territories.[14]

Since theindependence of Ukraine on 24 August 1991, the country has inherited the Soviet system, with all changes in city status done by theVerkhovna Rada (national parliament) instead. Cities of republican significance were renamed tocities with special status with the adoption of theConstitution of Ukraine in 1996, which categorizes Kyiv and Sevastopol as such.[7] The general population threshold for cities of regional significance was lowered to 30,000.[35] Cities of regional and district significance werede facto abolished in 2020 as part of an administrative reform[36][37] and removed from law in 2023 along with urban-type settlements, which were reclassified asrural settlements.[38] Currently, allpopulated places in Ukraine are divided into three categories (cities, rural settlements, andvillages), a system established by the Constitution.[7]

Current legislation

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Changes in status

[edit]

Article 85 of theConstitution of Ukraine gives theVerkhovna Rada the power to classify settlements as cities and to establish or change city boundaries.[7] According to the law "On the Procedure for Resolving Certain Issues of the Administrative and Territorial Structure of Ukraine",populated places with a population of more than 10,000 people and a predominantly compact residential area can be classified as cities (mista,sg.misto). The law also defines two categories of settlements with largely farmstead-type residential areas:rural settlements (selyshcha,sg.selyshche), which have a population of at least 5,000, andvillages (sela,sg.selo), which have a population of under 5,000. Cities are considered urban populated places, while the other two are rural. The law also provides a concrete procedure for obtaining the city status through a decision by the Verkhovna Rada, following a proposal submitted by theCabinet of Ministers on the basis of an appeal by the local government after apublic discussion.[39][40] As of November 2025,Slobozhanske inKharkiv Oblast is the only settlement to have received city status through this procedure,[5][41] while similar draft resolutions are also registered forBorodianka andKrasnoilsk on the Verkhovna Rada's website.[42][43] Another draft resolution forSlobozhanske inDnipropetrovsk Oblast was withdrawn after concerns were raised that the city status would lead to higher water and transport taxes and require the creation of a separatepublic utility system,[44][45] althoughnational law provides no link between these potential consequences and the granting of city status.[a][46][47]

SinceUkraine's independence on 24 August 1991 but before the aforementioned law came into effect on 26 January 2024, 24 settlements have received city status largely on the basis of their historic, cultural, social, or economic importance rather than population:Zlatopil (1991),[48]Svitlodarsk (1992),[49]Hlyniany,Zelenodolsk,Pivdenne,Novodnistrovsk,Burshtyn (1993),[50]Rzhyshchiv (1995),[51]Morshyn (1996),[52]Teplodar (1997),[53]Shumsk (1999),[54]Pereshchepyne,Berezne (2000),[55][56]Lanivtsi,Baranivka,Lypovets (2001),[57][58][59]Olevsk,Mykolaivka (2003),[60][61]Perechyn (2004),[62]Novyi Kalyniv (2005),[63]Bucha (2007),[64]Baturyn (2008),[65]Chudniv (2012),[66] andReshetylivka (2017).[67] While this process remains possible, as seen inOlyka becoming a city in April 2025 despite not meeting the population requirements,[6][30] it is not clearly defined in law, and the ultimate decision in such cases rests with the Verkhovna Rada. As such, special exceptions to the usual procedures may be made, as in the 2022 draft resolution proposing to grant city status toHostomel solely in recognition of itshonorary titleHero City of Ukraine, although the proposal was withdrawn three years later without explanation.[68][69] Similarly, the Verkhovna Rada has the power to revoke city status, through either the change of city boundaries – which has only happened once, when the city ofInhulets [uk] merged intoKryvyi Rih in 2002[70] – or the reclassification of the city as a rural settlement or a village. The Cabinet of Ministers may also abolish populated places following an appeal by a regional or local government, given that they have been officially fully abandoned for at least three years.[39]

Cities with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants are classified as small cities.[71] As of 2017, residents of small cities make up 22% of Ukraine's urban population.[72] Such cities often face economic or demographic decline, climate change impacts, dependence on local government, and a lack of strategic planning and communication.[73] To address these challenges, the National Program for the Development of Small Cities was created in 2004. This codified legislative agenda created by the government aims to stimulate business and industry by fostering economic growth, create job opportunities, develop communication networks, and restore natural areas within small cities, among other goals. The program is financed through the state budget controlled by the Cabinet of Ministers as well as taxes collected by the city councils that are generated by economic growth caused by the program.[71] Although the program identified a number of problems faced by small cities and demonstrated the government's awareness of their importance, it failed to meet its developmental goals by 2009 and was criticized for not addressing the issues efficiently and for duplicating the content of existing legislative acts.[72][74]

Administration and governance

[edit]

Numerous cities host the administrations ofhromadas (communities), the country's third-level administrative divisions. The administrations may also be located in rural settlements or villages; however, when they are hosted by cities, they are referred to ascity councils, and the corresponding hromadas are classified as urban.[39] Each city council's administration is overseen by anexecutive committee headed by amayor, who is elected by the hromada's residents for a five-year term. While the same procedure applies to most settlement and village councils, rural hromadas (whose administrations are located in villages) with fewer than 500 residents may opt out of establishing an executive committee. City, settlement, and village councils are in charge of a wide range of areas, including municipal property management, socio-economic development of the community, housing andmunicipal services, construction, transport, communications, education, healthcare, sports, and local environmental issues.[75]

A city may also be divided intourban districts, which can be established and modified by the city council. The districts are managed directly by the city council, or by separate district councils that can be created by the city council, which also defines their powers and scope. An urban district council elects its own head who oversees its administration.[7][75] Urban districts may be abolished by the city council following a public discussion.[39] There are 108 urban districts in total across 24 cities: ten inKyiv;[76] nine each inDonetsk andKharkiv;[77][78] eight inDnipro;[79] seven inKryvyi Rih andZaporizhzhia;[80][81] six inLviv;[82] five inMakiivka;[83] four inLuhansk,Mariupol,Mykolaiv,Odesa, andSevastopol;[84] three inHorlivka,Kamianske,Poltava,Simferopol, andKherson;[85] and two inCherkasy,Chernihiv,Kropyvnytskyi,Kremenchuk,Sumy, andZhytomyr.[86]Chernivtsi andVinnytsia each formerly had three urban districts, but they were abolished in 2016 and 2012, respectively,[87][88] while Sumy is also planning to abolish its districts.[89] Just like other populated places andadministrative divisions, each city and urban district is assigned a unique code under thenational register managed by theMinistry of Communities and Territories Development.[90]

SinceKyiv andSevastopol arecities with special status and function asfirst-level administrative divisions, they host their ownexecutive branches separate from the city councils (Kyiv andSevastopol city state administrations), which are equivalent to the regional (oblast) state administrations. The two cities' urban districts also host urban district state administrations, which operate as counterparts to the district (raion) state administrations. These entities, collectively called local state administrations, are each headed by ahead who is appointed by thepresident on the submission of theCabinet of Ministers for the head of the state's term of office.[91][92] In 2015, due to theWar in Donbas, local governments close to the frontline were reorganized intocivil–military administrations, which were formed ofmilitary personnel and headed by leaders that were appointed and dismissed by theNational Security and Defense Council of Ukraine.[93] Similarly, since theRussian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, all local state administrations, as well as many city councils, have been replaced with military administrations, which broadens their power and allows the replacement ofcivil servants by military personnel whilemartial law is in effect.[94][95][96]

A special case concerns theabandoned cities ofChernobyl andPripyat,[b] which are located within theChernobyl exclusion zone and arede jure part ofKyiv Oblast, but arede facto managed separately by theState Agency of Ukraine for Exclusion Zone Management [uk] subordinated to theMinistry of Energy (or toMinistry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources before its dissolution in July 2025).[98] Unlike otherpopulated places in the exclusion zone [uk], the two cities have not lost their status.[97][99][100] The 2001 census was not held in the exclusion zone,[101] making its exact population unknown, but it is inhabited by about 50samosely (illegal residents, largely those who refused to evacuate following theChernobyl disaster),[102] as well aspower plant workers, researchers, andborder guards.[103][104]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The law on transport services distinguishes cities only in that the opening of an intra-regional bus route passing through a city requires approval from the city council; at the same time, it does not connect city status to taxation.[46]
  2. ^Alsoromanized as Chornobyl and Prypiat according to Ukraine'snational transliteration system.[97]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Бородянка на Київщині отримає статус міста [Borodianka in Kyiv Oblast will receive city status].Tvoe Misto (in Ukrainian). 6 August 2025.Archived from the original on 9 August 2025. Retrieved12 December 2025.
  2. ^Shostak, Kyrylo (4 September 2025).В Україні з'явиться ще одне місто — що відомо [One more city will appear in Ukraine: what do we know].TSN.ua (in Ukrainian).Archived from the original on 4 September 2025. Retrieved12 December 2025.
  3. ^Herych, Anna (18 February 2020).Більше (не)місто? [(No longer) a city?].Zbruc (in Ukrainian).Archived from the original on 12 August 2025. Retrieved12 December 2025.
  4. ^abState Statistics Service of Ukraine.Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of 1 January 2022](PDF).db.ukrcensus.gov.ua (in Ukrainian and English).Archived(PDF) from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved3 February 2024.
  5. ^abПро віднесення селища Слобожанське Чугуївського району Харківської області до категорії міст [On Classifying the Rural Settlement of Slobozhanske, Chuhuiv Raion, Kharkiv Oblast as a City].Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 13 March 2025.Archived from the original on 7 June 2025. Retrieved21 November 2025.
  6. ^abcПро віднесення селища Олика Луцького району Волинської області до категорії міст [On classifying the rural settlement of Olyka, Lutsk Raion, Volyn Oblast as a city].Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 17 April 2025.Archived from the original on 27 May 2025. Retrieved21 November 2025.
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  13. ^abcdBereza, O. (2014).Магдебурзьке право в Україні та його значення для розвитку місцевого самоврядування [Magdeburg rights in Ukraine and their importance for the development of local self-government](PDF).Efficacy of Public Administration (in Ukrainian) (40): 91⁠–98.Archived(PDF) from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved24 November 2025 – viaVernadsky National Library of Ukraine.
  14. ^abcdeHuban, Radym (2018).Становлення та розвиток адміністративно-територіального устрою України в ХХ -на початку ХХІ століття (історико-правове дослідження) [Formation and development of the administrative-territorial system of Ukraine in the 20th – early 21st centuries (historical and legal research)](PDF) (Doctor of Sciences thesis) (in Ukrainian). Kyiv:Ivan Franko National University of Lviv.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved10 December 2025.
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  16. ^Voitovych, L. V. (2001).Міста та міська обрядовість [Cities and urban rituals].Історія української культури [History of Ukrainian Culture] (in Ukrainian). Vol. 2. Kyiv – viaIzbornyk.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  20. ^abYohanan Petrovsky-Shtern (2014).The Golden Age Shtetl: A New History of Jewish Life in East Europe. Princeton University Press. pp. 13–20.ISBN 978-1400851164.Archived from the original on 12 December 2025.
  21. ^Miasta nasze królewskie wolne w państwach Rzeczypospolitej  [Our Free Royal Cities in the States of the Commonwealth] (in Polish). 18 April 1791 – viaWikisource.
  22. ^Serdiuk, I. O. (2014).Полкові міста Гетьманщини в другій половині ХVІІІ ст.: економіка та демографія [Regiment cities of the Hetmanate in the second half of the 18th century: economics and demographics](PDF).Ukrainian state of the second half of 17th–18th centuries: politics, society, culture (in Ukrainian).Archived(PDF) from the original on 20 March 2022 – via Institutional Repository ofPoltava V.G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University.
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  28. ^Постанова Всеукраїнського Центрального Виконавчого Комітету і Ради Народніх Комісарів УСРР "Про загальну назву селищ міського типу"  [Resolution of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee and Soviet of the People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR "On the general name of urban-type settlements"] (in Ukrainian). 11 November 1925 – viaWikisource.
  29. ^Проект Постанови про віднесення селища міського типу Чуднів Чуднівського району Житомирської області до категорії міст районного значення [Draft Resolution on Classifying the Urban-Type Settlement of Chudniv, Chudniv Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast as a City of District Significance](RTF).Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 5 September 2019.Archived from the original on 12 December 2025. Retrieved21 November 2025.
  30. ^abПояснювальна записка [Explanatory note].Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 11 December 2024. Retrieved21 November 2025.Процедура, передбачена ст. 10 Закону України «Про порядок вирішення окремих питань адміністративно-територіального устрою України», для вирішення цього питання не підходить... І по суті більш підходить для «нових» міст. Тому для вирішення цього питання доцільно вирішити у винятковий спосіб не шляхом віднесення до категорії міст за вказаним Законом, а шляхом відновлення раніше втраченого стану. [The procedure provided for in Article 10 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Procedure for Solving Certain Issues of the Administrative and Territorial Structure of Ukraine" is not suitable for resolving this issue... And in fact it is more suitable for "new" cities. Therefore, to resolve this issue, it is advisable to resolve it in an exceptional manner not by assigning them to the category of cities under the specified Law, but by restoring the previously lost status.]
  31. ^Постановление Президиума ЦИК СССР от 09.08.1930 "Об организации работы городских советов в связи с ликвидацией округов" [Resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of 9 August 1930 "On the Organization of the Work of City Councils in Connection with the Liquidation of Okrugs"] (in Russian). Istoricheskiye Materialy. 9 August 1930.Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved10 December 2025.
  32. ^abcУказ Президії Верховної Ради Української РСР «Про порядок віднесення населених пунктів до категорій міст, селищ міського типу і робітничих селищ Української РСР»  [Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR "On the Procedure for Assigning Settlements to the Categories of Cities, Urban-Type Settlements and Workers' Settlements of the Ukrainian SSR"] (in Ukrainian). 30 December 1956 – viaWikisource.
  33. ^Указ Президії Верховної Ради Української РСР «Про порядок найменування і перейменування областей, районів, міст та інших населених пунктів і вирішення деяких питань адміністративно-територіального поділу в Українській РСР»  [Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR "On the Procedure for Naming and Renaming Oblasts, Raions, Cities and Other Populated Places and Resolving Certain Issues of Administrative-Territorial Division in the Ukrainian SSR"] (in Ukrainian). 30 December 1956 – viaWikisource.
  34. ^abПро порядок вирішення питань адміністративно-територіального устрою Української РСР [On the Procedure for Resolving Issues of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Ukrainian SSR].Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 12 March 1981.Archived from the original on 22 June 2024. Retrieved19 November 2025.
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  36. ^Уряд поділив країну на 129 районів (замість 490): все, що треба знати про нове районування [The government has divided the country into 129 raions (instead of 490): everything that you need to know about the new raions].Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in Ukrainian). 13 June 2020.Archived from the original on 29 June 2025. Retrieved27 November 2025.
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  52. ^Про віднесення селища міського типу Моршин Стрийського району Львівської області до категорії міст районного підпорядкування [On Classifying the Urban-Type Settlement of Morshyn, Stryi Raion, Lviv Oblast, as a City of District Significance].Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 19 November 1996.Archived from the original on 7 June 2025. Retrieved9 December 2025.
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  54. ^Про віднесення селища міського типу Шумськ Шумського району Тернопільської області до категорії міст районного значення [On Classifying the Urban-Type Settlement of Shumsk, Shumsk Raion, Ternopil Oblast, as a City of District Significance].Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 15 December 1999.Archived from the original on 7 June 2025. Retrieved9 December 2025.
  55. ^Про віднесення селища міського типу Перещепине Новомосковського району Дніпропетровської області до категорії міст районного значення [On Classifying the Urban-Type Settlement of Pereshchepyne, Novomoskovsk Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, as a City of District Significance].Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 13 January 2000.Archived from the original on 7 June 2025. Retrieved9 December 2025.
  56. ^Про віднесення селища міського типу Березне Березнівського району Рівненської області до категорії міст районного значення [On Classifying the Urban-Type Settlement of Berezne, Berezne Raion, Rivne Oblast, as a City of Regional Significance].Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 21 December 2000.Archived from the original on 31 May 2025. Retrieved9 December 2025.
  57. ^Про віднесення селища міського типу Ланівці Лановецького району Тернопільської області до категорії міст районного значення [On Classifying the Urban-Type Settlement of Lanivtsi, Lanivtsi Raion, Ternopil Oblast, as a City of District Significance].Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 17 May 2001.Archived from the original on 7 June 2025. Retrieved9 December 2025.
  58. ^Про віднесення селища міського типу Баранівка Баранівського району Житомирської області до категорії міст районного значення [On Classifying the Urban-Type Settlement of Baranivka, Baranivka Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, as a City of District Significance].Official Website of the Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 17 May 2001.Archived from the original on 7 June 2025. Retrieved9 December 2025.
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  100. ^Роковини аварії на ЧАЕС: з мапи Поліського району зникла половина сіл [Anniversary of the disaster at ChNPP: half of the villages have disappeared from the map of Poliske Raion].UNIAN (in Ukrainian). 28 April 2011. Archived fromthe original on 17 January 2025. Retrieved9 December 2025.
  101. ^Rudenko, Yevhen; Mazyliuk, Nazarii; Sarahman, Eldar; Larin, Dmytro (23 April 2021).Місто, якого нема. Що відбувається в Чорнобилі і як тут живуть самосели [The city that doesn't exist. What is going on in Chernobyl and how are semosely living here].Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian).Archived from the original on 6 June 2025. Retrieved8 December 2025.
  102. ^Baba, Maryna (26 April 2023).Як самосели пережили окупацію в Чорнобильській зоні [How did the samosely survive the occupation of the Chernobyl zone].Deutsche Welle (in Ukrainian).Archived from the original on 9 November 2024. Retrieved8 December 2025.
  103. ^Tobias, Ben (8 March 2022)."Ukraine war: Chernobyl workers' 12-day ordeal under Russian guard".BBC News.Archived from the original on 14 July 2025. Retrieved29 July 2025.
  104. ^Chornous, Hanna (26 April 2019).Чорнобиль і його майбутнє. Рай для "зеленої" економіки, заповідник чи туристична мекка? [Chernobyl and its future. Paradise for "green" economics, a nature reserve, or the Mecca of tourism?].BBC News Ukrainian (in Ukrainian).Archived from the original on 21 February 2025. Retrieved8 December 2025.
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