| City pop | |
|---|---|
| Native name | シティ・ポップ |
| Stylistic origins | |
| Cultural origins | Mid-1970s, Japan |
| Derivative forms | |
| Other topics | |
| J-pop | |
City pop (Japanese:シティ・ポップ,Hepburn:shiti poppu) is a loosely defined form ofJapanese pop music that emerged in the mid-1970s and peaked in popularity during the 1980s.[9] It was originally termed as an offshoot of Japan's Western-influenced "new music", but came to include a range of styles—includingfunk,disco,R&B,AOR,soft rock, andboogie—that were associated with Japan's nascenteconomic boom andleisure class. It was identified with new technologies such as theWalkman, cars with built-incassette decks andFM stereos, and variouselectronic musical instruments.
There is no consensus among scholars regarding the definition of city pop.[2] In Japan, the term referred to music that projected an "urban" feel and whose target demographic was urbanites. Many city pop artists did not embrace Japanese influences,[2] and instead largely drew from American funk, soft rock and boogie.[9] Some songs featuretropical flourishes or elements taken fromdisco,jazz fusion,Okinawan,Latin andCaribbean music.
The singer-songwriterTatsuro Yamashita, one of the most successful city pop artists, is sometimes called the"king" of city pop.[3] The bandYellow Magic Orchestra and its members are also credited for influencing the styles of mixing and arrangement that became central to the genre.[10]
City pop lost its mainstream appeal after the 1980s and was derided by later Japanese generations.[9] In the early 2010s, partly through the influence of music-sharing blogs and Japanese reissues, city pop gained an international online following and became important to the sample-basedmicrogenres known asvaporwave andfuture funk.
Definitions of "city pop" have varied and many of the artists tagged with the genre have played in styles that are significantly different from each other.[2] Yutaka Kimura, an author of numerous books about city pop, defined the genre as "urban pop music for those with urban lifestyles".[11] In 2015, Ryotaro Aoki wrote inThe Japan Times:
The term was originally used to describe an offshoot of the emerging Western-influenced "new music" of the 1970s and '80s. "City pop" referred to the likes ofSugar Babe [ja] andEiichi Ohtaki, artists who scrubbed out the Japanese influences of their predecessors and introduced the sounds of jazz and R&B—genres said to have an "urban" feel—to their music. ... The term has drifted in and out of the musical lexicon ever since. ... With a term as vague and broad as city pop, it's natural that no one seems to be agreeing on what the label actually means anymore.[2]
Jon Blistein ofRolling Stone concurred that city pop was "less a strict genre term than a broad vibe classification".[1] According toJapan Archival Series supervisor Yosuke Kitazawa, there "were no restrictions on style or a specific genre that we wanted to convey with these songs" but that it "was music made by city people, for city people".[1] Kitazawa identified two distinct styles that exemplified city pop: "the former a lush, tropical romp, the latter a thumping rug-cutter".[1]
Pitchfork's Joshua Minsoo Kim called it "a vague descriptor for Japanese music that incorporated jazz and R&B",[6] whilePopMatters' Chris Ingalls categorized it as "a type of soft rock/AOR/funk".[12]Wax Poetics'Ed Motta offered, "City Pop is really AOR and soft rock but with some funk andboogie too. Because when you hear funkier City Pop tunes, you hear not only the influence, but in some parts they steal from groups likeSkyy,BB&Q Band, and those kinda American boogie and funk groups."[3] AnElectronic Beats writer characterized city pop as Japan's "answer tosynth pop and disco".[4]
The catchphrase for the Japanese promotion ofTerry Melcher's second album,Royal Flush (1976), was "Mellow (Mexican Country Hollywood) City Pop!".[13] TheHigurashi [ja] single "Orange Train" (1977)[14] and theTomoko Soryō [ja] albumCity Lights by the Moonlight (1977) were marketed with the phrase "city pops".[15] In July 1977, an article in the music magazineRecord Geijutsu [ja] introducedMinako Yoshida [ja],Takao Kisugi,Tatsuro Yamashita, andJun Fukamachi,Yoninbayashi [ja],Junko Ohashi (Minoya Central Station [ja]), and others as "city pops" musicians.[16] The term "city pops" began to be used as a music genre. Furthermore, some Japanese music and entertainment magazines describedEric Carmen as "New York City Pop style"[17] and theAlessi Brothers, who came to Japan, as the leaders of "American City Pops".[18]
"City pop(s)" is aJapanese-made English term that record companies and music magazine editors began using in the late 1970s to promote and review music with an urban and sophisticated atmosphere. Its usage was not strict, and it was sometimes used for songs and musicians classified as Japanesefolk rock (フォークソング,lit. 'folk song') rather than city pop from today's perspective. At that time, the term "city pops" was used more often than "city pop". The term "city music" was also used. For example, the term was used in an article introducing Sugar Babe (active period: 1973–1976) and its membersTaeko Onuki and Tatsuro Yamashita after its breakup.[19] City music was also used forYoshitaka Minami [ja],Yumi Arai, Minako Yoshida, andAkiko Yano.[20] Sugar Babe's 1975 albumSongs [ja] is said to be a pioneer of city pop, although the term was not in widespread use at the time.[21]
In a book published in 2002, music critic Yutaka Kimura redefined city pop(s) as "Japanese city pop", attributing its origin toHappy End (1969–1972),[22] despite Happy End being an unsuccessful band with little influence at the time. This is criticized as a "Happy End historical view" (はっぴいえんど史観),[23] although each member of Happy End was active in the Japanese rock and pop music scene after the band broke up. The term "city pop" has since become predominant, probably due to the popularity of the term "J-pop" that spread in the 1990s.
Musically, city pop applies songwriting and arranging techniques commonly found in jazz – such asmajor seventh anddiminished chords – that are drawn directly from the American soft rock of the era (bands such asSteely Dan andthe Doobie Brothers).[9] Yutaka cited the bandHappy End as "ground zero" for the genre,[11] whereas Motta traces it to the mid-1970s with the work ofHaruomi Hosono andTatsuro Yamashita.[3]Vice contributor Rob Arcand similarly credited Hosono as a "key influence" on city pop.[24] In the mid-1970s, Hosono founded the band Tin Pan Alley, which fusedsouthern R&B,northern soul and jazz fusion withHawaiian andOkinawan tropical flourishes. In the view ofFact Mag's Mikey I.Q. Jones, this led to the style of music that would be dubbed "city pop".[7] Hawaiian singerCarrie Ann Inaba, who briefly sang in the genre in the late 1980s before returning to the United States, remarked that the Japanese music industry of the era placed little artistic emphasis on the vocalists, reducing them to a "face (that) becomes a logo they sell."[25]
The genre became closely tied to the tech boom in Japan during the 1970s and 1980s. Some of the Japanese technologies which influenced city pop included theWalkman, cars with built-incassette decks andFM stereos, and variouselectronic musical instruments such as theCasio CZ-101 andYamaha CS-80 synthesizers and theRoland TR-808 drum machine. According to Blistein, electronic instruments and gadgets "allowed musicians to actualise the sounds in their heads" and cassette decks "allowed fans todub copies of albums".[1] According to Blistein: "An opulent amalgamation of pop, disco, funk, R&B, boogie, jazz fusion, Latin, Caribbean and Polynesian music, the genre was inextricably tied to a tech-fueled economic bubble and the wealthy newleisure class it created."[1]
City pop became a distinct regional genre that peaked in popularity during the 1980s.[4] According toVice, the most popular figures of the genre were "accomplished composers and producers in their own right, with artists likeTatsuro Yamashita andToshiki Kadomatsu incorporating complex arrangements and songwriting techniques into their hits, ... The booming economy also made it easier for them to get label funding".[9] Yamashita is sometimes referred to as the "king" of city pop.[3] City pop also influenced instrumental jazz fusion bands such asCasiopea andT-Square, which subsequently influenced Japanese video game music.[9] City pop's influence also spread toIndonesia, leading to the development of a local style known aspop kreatif.[26] The genre lost mainstream appeal after the 1980s.[2] In the description of Kitazawa, "Many Japanese people who grew up with this kind of music considered city pop as cheesy, mainstream, disposable music, going so far as calling it 'shitty pop'."[9]
Since the 2010s, city pop has seen a resurgence with artists such asMariya Takeuchi gaining an international online following, as well as becoming a touchstone for the sample-basedmicrogenres known asvaporwave andfuture funk.[9][27] Kim credited "Blogspot blogs and Japanese reissues" circa 2010 with "introduc[ing] music nerds to a strain of AOR, funk, disco, andyacht rock trafficked under the amorphous term ... The music had largely been neglected by Westerners and derided by many Japanese as cheesy, but asYouTube algorithms launched songs into the wider collective consciousness, city pop surged in popularity ..."[6] In 2020,The Japan Times contributor Patrick St. Michel reported that, "Abroad, boutique labels are reissuing rare records or releasing compilations, though millions have largely experienced city pop through songs such as [Takeuchi's 1984 song] "Plastic Love" or the seemingly endless playlists backed byanime snippets on YouTube."[28] Another song of the genre that similarly regained popularity was "Mayonaka no Door (Stay with Me)" byMiki Matsubara in 2020, eventually taking the No. 1 spot onSpotify's global viral chart for the week of 10–16 December[29] and breaking Apple Music's J-pop top 10 in 92 different markets.[30] ArtistGinger Root has cited city pop as influential on his music.[31] It has been said that the city pop boom was the beginning of a period of increased interest inShowa retro.[32]
In 2022, Universal Music Japan reissued limited editions of a total of 107 albums from the 1970s and '80s under "City Pop Selections by Universal Music", showing the resurgence of popularity of the city pop genre.[33] Another collection is theAldelight City Pop Collection (2023) from Sony Music.[34] Compilation albums includePacific Breeze: Japanese City Pop, AOR and Boogie 1976–1986 (2019),City Pop Story - Urban & Ocean (2023),[a][35][36]City Music Tokyo (2023),[37]City Pop Stories - '70s & '80s (2024),[38][39][40][41] andCity Pop Groovy '90s - Girls & Boys (2024).[42][43][44][45][46]
