Cirebon
| |
|---|---|
| City of Cirebon Kota Cirebon | |
| Regional transcription(s) | |
| • Hånåcåråkå | ꦕꦶꦉꦧꦺꦴꦤ꧀ |
| • Sundanese | ᮎᮤᮛᮨᮘᮧᮔ᮪ |
| • Pegon | چيرٓبَون |
 Mausoleum ofSunan Gunung Jati  Krucuk roundabout | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Nicknames: | |
| Motto: Gemah, Ripah, Loh Jinawi (Prosperous, Peaceful, Abundantly Fertile) | |
 Location withinWest Java | |
| Coordinates:6°42′26″S108°33′27″E / 6.7071°S 108.5574°E /-6.7071; 108.5574 | |
| Country |  Indonesia |
| Region | Java |
| Province |  West Java |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Effendi Edo [id] |
| • Vice Mayor | Siti Farida [id] |
| Area | |
• City | 39.48 km2 (15.24 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,116.24 km2 (430.98 sq mi) |
| Population (mid 2024 estimate) | |
• City | 344,851 |
| • Density | 8,735/km2 (22,620/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,732,822 |
| • Metro density | 2,448.24/km2 (6,340.91/sq mi) |
| [1] | |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (Indonesia Western Time) |
| Area code | (+62) 231 |
| License plate | E |
| Website | cirebonkota.go.id |
Cirebon (Indonesian pronunciation:[t͡ʃirə'bɔn]ⓘ, formerly renderedCheribon orChirebon in English) is a port city on the northern coast of theIndonesian island ofJava. It is the only coastal city ofWest Java, located about 40 km west of the provincial border withCentral Java, approximately 297 km (185 mi) east ofJakarta, at6°43′S108°34′E / 6.717°S 108.567°E /-6.717; 108.567. It had a population of 296,389 at the 2010 census[2] and 333,303 at the 2020 census;[3] the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 344,851 (comprising 173,052 males and 171,799 females).[1]
The built-up area of Cirebon reaches out from the city and into the surroundingregency of the same name; theofficial metropolitan area encompasses the whole of this regency as well as the city, and covers an area of 1,116.24 km2 (430.98 sq mi), with a 2010 census population of 2,363,585; the 2020 census total was 2,603,924[3] and the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 2,732,822.[1]
Straddling the border between West and Central Java, Cirebon's history has been influenced by bothSundanese andJavanese culture as well asArab andChinese,[4] and is the seat ofa former Sultanate.
Being on the border of Sundanese (i.e., Western Java) and Javanese (i.e., Central Java) cultural regions, many of Cirebon's residents speak a dialect that is a mix ofSundanese andJavanese, known asJawareh. It is thought that the word "Cirebon" derives from the Javanese word,caruban, meaning "mixed": a reference to the city's mix of Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese, and Arabic cultural elements. Alternatively, it could be derived from the Sundanese words "ci" (water or river) and "rebon" ("shrimp").[5] (Indeed, the main product of the city isfish includingshrimp.)
The sultanate court lies near the modern-day city of Cirebon on West Java's northern coast. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, the sultanate thrived and became an important center in the region for trade, commerce, and Islamic study and dissemination in Java. In 1677, the sultanate split into four royal houses, leaving fourkratons (palaces) in Cirebon;Keraton Kasepuhan,Kraton Kanoman,Keraton Kacirebonan, and Keraton Keprabonan. Each has its own lineage and all are the descendants and stewards of the original Cirebon Sultanate.[citation needed]
According to the manuscriptPurwaka Caruban Nagari, Cirebon started as a small fishing village in the 15th century named Muara Jati which attracted foreign traders. The port master at that time was Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang, appointed by the king ofGaluh kingdom, located inland in Kawali,Ciamis. He later moved the port to Lemahwungkuk, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the south. As the new settlement leader, Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang was bestowed with the title "Kuwu Cerbon" (Cerbon village leader).
A 15th-century prince fromPajajaran, Prince Walangsungsang, converted to Islam and was appointed as theAdipati (Duke) of Cirebon with the titleCakrabumi. He established the new kingdom of Cirebon and declared independence from Sunda and Galuh. The establishment of the Cirebon Sultanate marked the first Islamic rule in western Java, transforming Muara Jati into a busy port.[6] Cirebon was an independent sultanate under the leadership ofSunan Gunungjati in the early 16th century. After the Sunda Kingdom collapsed, the Sultanates ofBanten andMataram fought over control of Cirebon, which declared its allegiance toSultan Agung of Mataram, whose grandsonAmangkurat II ceded the city to the Dutch in 1677.[5] In 1705, a treaty saw the Cirebon area west of Cisanggarung River become a Dutch protectorate jointly administered by three sultans whose courts rivalled those of Central Java.[5] The Dutch authorities later established the Cirebon Residency (Residentie Tjirebon) which was composed of present-day Cirebon, Indramayu, and Kuningan.[7]
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During the time of the Dutch "Culture System" a flourishing trade in colonial cash crops attracted many Chinese entrepreneurs and that influence is still evident in thebatik for which Cirebon is famous.[citation needed][5] Cirebon suffered afamine in 1844, apparently triggered by a combination ofdrought and the shift fromsubsistence agriculture to cash crops, particularlyindigo andsugarcane, enforced byDutch'sCultivation system.
Cirebon has atropical monsoon climate (Am) with moderate to little rainfall from June to October and heavy to very heavy rainfall from November to May.
| Climate data for Cirebon | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.0 (87.8) | 30.9 (87.6) | 31.5 (88.7) | 32.0 (89.6) | 32.2 (90.0) | 32.3 (90.1) | 32.3 (90.1) | 32.9 (91.2) | 33.6 (92.5) | 33.8 (92.8) | 32.9 (91.2) | 31.9 (89.4) | 32.3 (90.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.7 (80.1) | 27.2 (81.0) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.2 (81.0) | 27.4 (81.3) | 27.9 (82.2) | 28.1 (82.6) | 27.9 (82.2) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.4 (81.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.7 (72.9) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.9 (73.2) | 23.0 (73.4) | 22.9 (73.2) | 22.4 (72.3) | 22.2 (72.0) | 22.0 (71.6) | 22.2 (72.0) | 22.5 (72.5) | 22.9 (73.2) | 22.8 (73.0) | 22.6 (72.7) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 484 (19.1) | 402 (15.8) | 377 (14.8) | 193 (7.6) | 144 (5.7) | 77 (3.0) | 55 (2.2) | 42 (1.7) | 26 (1.0) | 62 (2.4) | 198 (7.8) | 333 (13.1) | 2,393 (94.2) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org[8] | |||||||||||||
The city of Cirebon is divided into five administrativedistricts (kecamatan), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2011 census[2] and the 2020 census,[3] together with the official estimates as at mid 2024.[1] The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres and the number ofadministrative villages in each district (all classed as urbankelurahan).
| Kode Wilayah | Name of District (kecamatan) | Area in km2 | Pop'n (2010 census) | Pop'n (2020 census) | Pop'n mid 2024 estimate | Pop'n density 2024 (per km2) | Admin centre | No. of villages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32.74.01 | Kejaksan | 4.45 | 42,300 | 45,966 | 46,895 | 10,538 | Kesenden | 4 |
| 32.74.02 | Lemahwungkuk | 7.16 | 52,811 | 57,503 | 58,710 | 8,200 | Pegambiran | 4 |
| 32.74.03 | Harjamukti | 17.62 | 102,158 | 123,089 | 130,698 | 7,418 | Kalijaga | 5 |
| 32.74.04 | Pekalipan | 1.59 | 28,927 | 29,742 | 29,700 | 18,679 | Pekalipan | 4 |
| 32.74.05 | Kesambi | 8.66 | 70,193 | 77,003 | 78,848 | 9,105 | Kesambi | 5 |
| Totals | 39.48 | 296,389 | 333,303 | 344,851 | 8,735 | Kejaksan | 22 |
The five districts are sub-divided into twenty-two urban villages (kelurahan) which are listed below with their populations at the 2010 census[2] and the 2020 census,[3] together with their post codes:
| Kode Wilayah | District (kecamatan) | Village (kelurahan) | Pop'n 2010 census | Pop'n 2020 census | Post code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32.74.01.1001 | Kejaksan | Kejaksan | 8,959 | 9,086 | 45123 |
| 32.74.01.1002 | Kejaksan | Sukapura | 13,341 | 14,502 | 45122 |
| 32.74.01.1003 | Kejaksan | Kesenden | 11,875 | 13,475 | 45121 |
| 32.74.01.1004 | Kejaksan | Kebonbaru | 8,125 | 8,823 | 45121 |
| 32.74.03.1001 | Harjamukti | Kalijaga | 29,550 | 36,627 | 45154 |
| 32.74.03.1002 | Harjamukti | Harjamukti | 18,725 | 21,936 | 45153 |
| 32.74.03.1003 | Harjamukti | Kecapi | 22,222 | 23,981 | 45152 |
| 32.74.03.1004 | Harjamukti | Larangan | 14,364 | 16,111 | 45151 |
| 32.74.03.1005 | Harjamukti | Argasunya | 17,297 | 24,434 | 45155 |
| 32.74.04.1001 | Pekalipan | Jagasutra | 9,704 | 10,004 | 45115 |
| 32.74.04.1002 | Pekalipan | Pekalipan | 6,195 | 6,211 | 45117 |
| 32.74.04.1003 | Pekalipan | Pulasaren | 7,313 | 7,598 | 45116 |
| 32.74.04.1004 | Pekalipan | Pekalangan | 5,715 | 5,929 | 45118 |
| 32.74.05.1001 | Kesambi | Pekiringan | 11,198 | 11,901 | 45131 |
| 32.74.05.1002 | Kesambi | Sunyaragi | 10,779 | 12,342 | 45132 |
| 32.74.05.1003 | Kesambi | Kesambi | 9,291 | 8,690 | 45134 |
| 32.74.05.1004 | Kesambi | Drajat | 15,100 | 15,737 | 45133 |
| 32.74.05.1005 | Kesambi | Karyamulya | 23,825 | 28,333 | 45131 |
The city'spopulation was 298,224 at the Indonesia census of 2010.[9] The official estimate as at mid 2024 was 344,851.[1] As with other coastal cities in Indonesia, a large population ofethnic Chinese has flocked into the city as a result of long-termChinese immigration since the 17th century. Other communities include Malays, Koreans, Arabs, Indians, Japanese.[10] Significant suburbs lie within densely populatedCirebon Regency, and the official metropolitan area encompasses this entire regency as well as the city.
| Administrative division | Area (km2) | Pop'n (2010 census) | Pop'n (2015 census) | Pop'n (2020 census) | Pop'n mid 2024 estimate | Pop'n density 2024 (per km2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cirebon City | 39.48 | 296,389 | 307,319 | 333,303 | 344,851 | 8,735 |
| Cirebon Regency | 1,076.76 | 2,067,196 | 2,124,866 | 2,270,621 | 2,387,961 | 2,218 |
| Greater Cirebon | 1,116.24 | 2,363,585 | 2,432,185 | 2,603,924 | 2,732,812 | 2,448 |
Although surrounded by Sundanese-speaking areas in West Java, linguists have stated that Cirebon (and the historically related region ofSerang city inBanten Province) are inside its own Cirebonese language area. In addition, this is supported by a large portion of the Cirebon people referring to themselves as "Wong Cirebon" ("Cirebonese people"), and to their language as "Basa Cirebon" ("Cirebonese"). Cirebonese language is related to Javanese and Banyumasan with dialects such as theJawareh (half-Javanese half Sundanese),Plered, andDermayon. There are also native Sundanese speakers in the city, who speak a local dialect known asBahasa Sunda Cirebon (Cirebonese Sundanese language) which contains unique words not found in its Priangan counterpart.[citation needed]
In the modern era, some of the local political elite in Cirebon and surrounding regencies have campaigned for Cirebon city, together with the regencies ofCirebon,Indramayu,Kuningan andMajalengka to be established as a new province (Provinsi Rebana) - in the same way asBanten Province was formed in 2000 by splitting it away fromWest Java.[11] To be a new province it is required that it should be proposed by at least five regencies. Leaders from four of these administrations have given their consent, butMajalengka Regency has turned down the idea and indicated that it would prefer to stay part of West Java. However, the lack of support from the Majalengka area does not preclude Cirebon city and the other three regencies from continuing to promote the idea.[12]
The potential size and population of this possible Province would be as follows:
| Name | Capital | Area in km2 | Pop'n 2010 census | Pop'n 2020 census[3] | Pop'n mid 2024 estimate[13] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cirebon City | Cirebon | 39.48 | 296,389 | 333,303 | 344,851 |
| Cirebon Regency | Sumber | 1,076.76 | 2,067,196 | 2,270,621 | 2,387,961 |
| Indramayu Regency | Indramayu | 2,099.42 | 1,663,737 | 1,834,434 | 1,914,037 |
| Kuningan Regency | Kuningan | 1,194.09 | 1,035,589 | 1,167,686 | 1,213,927 |
| Majalengka Regency | Majalengka | 1,204.24 | 1,166,473 | 1,305,476 | 1,352,541 |
| Totals | 5,613.99 | 6,229,384 | 6,911,520 | 7,213.317 |
Cirebon City's economy is influenced by its strategic geographical location and by the characteristics of natural resources. Thus, the structure of its economy is dominated by manufacturing, trade, hotels and restaurants, transport and communications, and service sectors.Tomé Pires in theSuma Oriental around the year 1513 mentioned Cirebon was one of the trade centers on the island ofJava. After Cirebon was taken over by theDutch East Indies government in 1859, it was designated as a transit port for import-export goods and as a communications route to the political control center for the region in the interior of Java.
Until 2001, the economic contribution to the City of Cirebon was characterized by processing industry (41.32%),followed by trade, hotels and restaurants (29.8%), transport and communications sector (13.56%), and services sector (6.06%). Other sectors (9.26%) included mining, agriculture, construction, electricity, and gas. Aside from fishery, its harbor, Tanjung Emas, on theJava Sea has been a major hub fortimber fromBorneo.
Cirebon itself is known asGrage in the Cirebon dialect of Javanese language, which came from the words "Negara Gede", meaning "Great Kingdom." As a port city, Cirebon attracts visitors and settlers from elsewhere in Indonesia and from other nations as well. Cirebon culture was described as JavaPasisiran (coastal) culture, similar to the cultures of Banten, Pekalongan, and Semarang, with notable mixtures of Sundanese, Chinese, Arabic-Islamic, and European influences.
Batik textiles from Cirebon, especially Cirebon batik with vivid colors with motifs and patterns, that demonstrate Chinese and local influences, are well known. Chinese influences can be seen in Cirebon's culture, most notably the Cirebon batikMegamendung pattern that resembles Chinese cloud imagery. TheTrusmi area is the production center of Cirebon batik. Cirebon Glass Painting is another aspect of Cirebon arts and crafts. The imagery in glass painting is usually derived fromwayang theme toIslamic calligraphy.
TheTari Topeng Cirebon, or Cirebon mask dance, is a dance style peculiar to the city.Topeng Cirebon mask dance, inspired by JavanesePanji cycles is one of notable Cirebon traditional dance and quite famous withinIndonesian dances.
Cirebon culture is also influenced by Islamic Middle Eastern culture, such as theBurokan tradition where people exhibit the image ofburaq — traditionally made from the bamboo frame and paper skin, or other materials — in processions around the village accompanied with music. The traditions of the bamboo statues borne in these processions are similar to SundaneseSisingaan, BetawiOndel-ondel, or BalineseOgoh-ogoh processions, yet differ in their Islamic theme.Burokan are usually held during festive occasions such as circumcision or marriage, and are accompanied by popular Cirebon folk songs, such astarling.
Tarling is a musical tradition reminiscent of Bandung'skecapi suling music with except that it features guitar,suling (bamboo flute) and voice.[4] The name derived fromgitar (guitar), andsuling (flute).
Cirebon is the home town of the PSGJ Cirebon football team, the club plays in theLiga Nusantara.Another team, Cirebon Football Club, team also plays in theLiga Nusantara is based in the Bima stadium Cirebon. Other popular sports in Cirebon includeFutsal.
The four remaining palaces (kraton) of theSultanate of Cirebon are KratonKasepuhan (built 1447), KratonKanoman (built 1678), Kraton Kaprabonan (built 1696) and KratonKacirebonan (built 1808), all run as cultural institutions to preserveCirebonese culture. Each kraton still holds their own traditional ceremonies and have become the patrons ofCirebonese arts.
The flag of the former Cirebon Sultanate is calledMacan Ali ("Panther of Ali"), with Arabic calligraphy arranged to resemble apanther ortiger; this indicates Islamic influence, and is also a reference to the tiger banner of theSundanese HinduKing Siliwangi ofPakuan Pajajaran. The royal lineage of Cirebon is still well-respected and held in high prestige among the people of Cirebon, although it no longer holds any political power.
The royal carriage of Kasepuhan'sSinga Barong and Kanoman'sPaksi Naga Liman carriage both resemble thechimera of three animals: eagle, elephant, and dragon. These symbolizeIndianHinduism,ArabIslam, andChinese influences. The images ofMacan Ali,Singa Barong, andPaksi Naga Liman are common motifs in Cirebonesebatik.
As a coastal city, Cirebon's main industry is fishery. Its products includeterasi (shrimp paste),petis,krupuk udang (shrimp crackers) and varioussalted fish. Cirebon is famous for its high quality salted fish, such asjambal roti,juhi (salted cuttlefish),rebon, andebi (dried small shrimp). These products are often sought by visitors, especially Indonesian domestic tourists and visitors from other cities, asoleh-oleh (food souvenirs).
Cirebon is also known for its local cuisines and delicacies, such asempal gentong (offal curry),mie koclok (chicken noodle soup with coconut milk),nasi lengko (rice with bean sprouts, friedtofu, and friedtempeh, topped withpeanut sauce andsoy sauce),nasi jamblang (rice of various side dishes),tahu gejrot (fried tofu with ground garlic, chili, and shallot, topped with thin and sweet soy sauce),tahu petis (dry fried tofu served withpetis dip sauce),tahu tek-tek (fried tofu topped with peanut sauce and mixed with vegetables),ayam panggang (barbecued chicken), anddocang (lontong with sour vegetable soup).
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As one tourist destination inWest Java, Cirebon City offers many charms ranging from a historical tour of the royal glory ofIslam, the story of the trustees, ComplexSunan Gunung Jati in Mount Sembung about 24 kilometres (15 mi) to the west of the city center,Great Mosque of Cirebon,At-Taqwa Mosque,temple ancient buildings and relics ofNetherlands.
Cirebon is apalace at the same time in the city, namelyKeraton Kasepuhan andKanoman. Everything has architecture a combination of elements culture Islam,China, andNetherlands. Characteristics of the palace buildings are always facingnorth and there is amosque nearby. Each palace hassquare as a gathering place,market and sculpture tiger in park or page forward as a symbol ofKing Siliwangi, the central character formationSultanate of Cirebon. Another feature is theplateporcelain original China are so trimmer wall. Some dishes supposedly derived fromEurope when Cirebon so port trade center islandJava.
Cirebon city park has some of them Waterpark Sunyaragi and Park of Ade Irma Suryani. Water Parks Sunyaragi has technology flow water advanced in his time, the water flows between the terraces where the princess king preening, page grass green where the knight practice, plus tower and room privileged that door was made of curtain water.
The main boulevard is Jalan Siliwangi. It runs from the train station to the canal via thePasar Pagi ("Morning Market"). Then the street becomes Jalan Karanggetas along which are most of Cirebon's banks, restaurants, and hotels. There are a number of historic buildings and other key sites in Cirebon, some of them in an advanced state of decay. These include the buildings of the several kratons, the Sang Cipta Rasa Grand Mosque, and the Gua Sunyaragi Park.[14]
Wali Songo, especiallySunan Gunung Jati, is known to have influenced the city's history. Sunan Gunung Jati's grave is located several kilometers outside the city in the Gunung Jati district. There are two temples and a cave system built by two Chinese architects around the 1880s, decorated by Chinese and Western porcelain. The village of Trusmi, about five kilometers outside of Cirebon, has been noted forbatik production. Plangon is a habitat of monkeys.
Mt Ceremai, the highest peak in West Java, is a large volcano situated about 40 km (25 mi) to the south of Cirebon. Parks and other tourist spots on the slopes of Mt Ceremai are popular places for groups from Cirebon to visit during weekends to escape from the hotter climate on the coast. The village of Linggajati, near the town of Cilimus, (where theLinggadjati Agreement was signed) is one such place. Public transportation brings tourists and visitors here.
Cirebon residents are now usingKertajati International Airport, serving the Greater Cirebon metropolitan and surrounding area.[10]
Cakrabhuwana Airport in Penggung, Harjamukti subdistrict also serves theTNI-AU. The city lies onJalur Pantura (PantaiUtara Jawa), a major road on the northern coast of Java that stretches fromAnyer, passes throughJakarta, and ends atSurabaya.
The Port of Cirebon was established by theDutch in 1865, principally as an export point for spices, sugar cane, and raw materials from West Java. Warehouses and open storage areas were developed by 1890, and aBritish American Tobacco cigarette factory was built in the early 20th century.
Port activity is dominated by bulk imports of coal, liquid asphalt and vegetable oils for theWest Java hinterland. Until 2002, the port also catered for minorcontainer trade andcruise shipping. In 2006 the port handled 3.27 millionmetric tons (MT) of trade, more than 90 percent as imports from other Indonesian ports.
Nearly 93% of the population has been underserved by service water from PDAM Cirebon, the majority of customers in the city's water supply to households (90.37% or as many as 59,006) of the total number of existing connections (65,287).[15]
Since theDutch East Indies government, Cirebon City has had a hospital named Orange, which unveiled its use on August 31, 1921, and commenced operations from September 1, 1921. Currently the name of Orange Hospital become Gunung Jati Hospital.
In 2009 in the city of Cirebon has been available about 6 generalhospitals, four maternity hospitals, 21 health centers, 15 health centers Maid, 20 Mobile Health Center, and 81 Pharmacies and Drug Stores 31. With the number of medical personnel such as specialist doctors about 94 people, and 116 general practitioners, 37 dentists, 847 nurses, and 278 midwives.[16]
| 2,000,000 and above | |
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| 1,000,000–1,999,999 | |
| 500,000–999,999 | |
| 300,000–499,999 | |
| 200,000–299,999 | |
Note:Bold indicates provincial capital | |
| International | |
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
