Circumnavigation is the completenavigation around an entireisland,continent, orastronomical body (e.g. aplanet ormoon). This article focuses on the circumnavigation ofEarth.
The first circumnavigation of the Earth was theMagellan Expedition, which sailed fromSanlucar de Barrameda, Spain in 1519 and returned in 1522, after crossing theAtlantic,Pacific, andIndian oceans. Since the rise ofcommercial aviation in the mid 20th century, circumnavigating Earth is straightforward, usually taking days instead of years.[1] Today, the challenge of circumnavigating Earth has shifted towards human and technological endurance, speed, andless conventional methods.
The wordcircumnavigation is a noun formed from the verbcircumnavigate, from the past participle of theLatin verbcircumnavigare,[2] fromcircum "around" +navigare "to sail".[3]
A person walking completely around either pole will cross allmeridians, but this is not generally considered a "circumnavigation". The path of a true (global) circumnavigation forms acontinuous loop on the surface of Earth separating two regions of comparable area.[citation needed] A basic definition of a global circumnavigation would be a route which covers roughly agreat circle, and in particular one which passes through at least one pair of pointsantipodal to each other.[4] In practice, people use different definitions of world circumnavigation to accommodate practical constraints, depending on the method of travel. Since the planet isquasispheroidal, a trip from one Pole to the other, and back again on the other side, would technically be a circumnavigation. There are practical difficulties (namely, theArctic ice pack and theAntarctic ice sheet) in such a voyage, although it was successfully undertaken in the early 1980s byRanulph Fiennes.[5]
The first circumnavigation was that of the shipVictoria between 1519 and 1522, now known as theMagellan–Elcano expedition. It was aCastilian (Spanish) voyage of discovery. The voyage started inSeville, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and—after several stops—roundedthe southern tip of South America, where the expedition named theStrait of Magellan. It then continued across the Pacific, discovering a number of islands on its way (includingGuam), before arriving in thePhilippines. The voyage was initially led by thePortugueseFerdinand Magellan but he was killed onMactan in the Philippines in 1521. The remaining sailors decided to circumnavigate the world instead of making the return voyage—nopassage east across the Pacific would be successfulfor four decades—and continued the voyage across the Indian Ocean, roundthe southern cape of Africa, north along Africa's Atlantic coasts, and back to Spain in 1522. Of the 270 crew members who set out from Seville, only 18 were still with the expedition at the end including its surviving captain, the SpaniardJuan Sebastián Elcano.[6]
The next to circumnavigate the globe were the survivors of the Castilian/Spanish expedition ofGarcía Jofre de Loaísa between 1525 and 1536. None of the seven original ships of theLoaísa expedition nor its first four leaders—Loaísa,Elcano,Salazar, and Martín Íñiguez de Carquizano—survived to complete the voyage. The last of the original ships, theSanta María de la Victoria, was sunk in 1526 in theEast Indies (nowIndonesia) by the Portuguese. Unable to press forward or retreat, Hernando de la Torre erected a fort onTidore, received reinforcements underAlvaro de Saavedra that were similarly defeated, and finally surrendered to the Portuguese. In this way, a handful of survivors became the second group of circumnavigators when they were transported under guard toLisbon in 1536. A third group came from the 117 survivors of the similarly failedVillalobos Expedition in the next decade; similarly ruined and starved, they were imprisoned by the Portuguese and transported back to Lisbon in 1546.[citation needed]
In 1577,Elizabeth I sentFrancis Drake tostart an expedition against the Spanish along the Pacific coast of the Americas. Drake set out from Plymouth, England in November 1577, aboardPelican, which he renamedGolden Hind mid-voyage. In September 1578, the ship passed south of Tierra del Fuego, the southern tip of South America, through the area now known as theDrake Passage.[7][8] In June 1579, Drake landed somewhere north of Spain's northernmost claim inAlta California, presumablyDrakes Bay. Drake completed the second complete circumnavigation of the world in a single vessel on September 1580, becoming the first commander to survive the entire circumnavigation.
Thomas Cavendish completedhis circumnavigation between 1586 and 1588 in record time—in two years and 49 days, nine months faster than Drake. It was also the first deliberately planned voyage of the globe.[9]
Jeanne Baret is recognized as the first woman to have completed a voyage of circumnavigation of the globe, which she did viamaritime transport. A key part of her journey was as a member ofLouis Antoine de Bougainville's expedition on the shipsBoudeuse andÉtoile in 1766–1769.
CaptainJames Cook became the first navigator to record three circumnavigations through the Pacific aboard theEndeavour from 1769 to 1771 andResolution from 1772 to 1779. He was among the first to complete west–east circumnavigation in high latitudes.
For the wealthy, long voyages around the world, such as was done byUlysses S. Grant, became possible in the 19th century, and the two World Wars moved vast numbers of troops around the planet. The rise of commercial aviation in the late 20th century made circumnavigation even quicker and safer.[1]
The nautical global and fastest circumnavigation record is currently held by a wind-powered vessel, the trimaranIDEC 3. The record was established by six sailors:Francis Joyon,Alex Pella, Clément Surtel, Gwénolé Gahinet, Sébastien Audigane and Bernard Stamm. On 26 January 2017, this crew finished circumnavigating the globe in 40 days, 23 hours, 30 minutes and 30 seconds.[10] The absolute speed sailing record around the world followed the North Atlantic Ocean, Equator, South Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, Equator, North Atlantic Ocean route in an easterly direction.
The map on the right shows, in red, a typical, non-competitive, route for asailing circumnavigation of the world by thetrade winds and theSuez andPanama canals; overlaid in yellow are the points antipodal to all points on the route. It can be seen that the route roughly approximates agreat circle, and passes through two pairs of antipodal points. This is a route followed by manycruising sailors, going in the western direction; the use of the trade winds makes it a relatively easy sail, although it passes through a number of zones of calms or light winds.[11]
Inyacht racing, a round-the-world route approximating a great circle would be quite impractical, particularly in a non-stop race where use of the Panama and Suez Canals would be impossible. Yacht racing therefore defines a world circumnavigation to be a passage of at least 21,600 nautical miles (40,000 km) in length which crosses theequator, crosses everymeridian and finishes in the same port as it starts.[12] The second map on the right shows the route of theVendée Globe round-the-world race in red; overlaid in yellow are the points antipodal to all points on the route. It can be seen that the route does not pass through any pairs of antipodal points. Since the winds in the higher southern latitudes predominantly blow west-to-east it can be seen that there are an easier route (west-to-east) and a harder route (east-to-west) when circumnavigating by sail; this difficulty is magnified forsquare-rig vessels due to the square rig's dramatic lack of upwind ability when compared to a more modernBermuda rig.[11]
Foraround the world sailing records, there is a rule saying that the length must be at least 21,600 nautical miles calculated along the shortest possible track from the starting port and back that does not cross land and does not go below 63°S. It is allowed to have one single waypoint to lengthen the calculated track. The equator must be crossed.[13]
The solo wind powered circumnavigation record of 42 days, 16 hours, 40 minutes and 35 seconds was established byFrançois Gabart on the maxi-multihull sailing yacht MACIF and completed on 7 December 2017.[14] The voyage followed the North Atlantic Ocean, Equator, South Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, Equator, North Atlantic Ocean route in an easterly direction.
Since the advent of world cruises in 1922, byCunard'sLaconia, thousands of people have completed circumnavigations of the globe at a more leisurely pace. Typically, these voyages begin inNew York City orSouthampton, and proceed westward. Routes vary, either travelling through the Caribbean and then into the Pacific Ocean via thePanama Canal, or aroundCape Horn. From there ships usually make their way to Hawaii, the islands of the South Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, then northward to Hong Kong, South East Asia, and India. At that point, again, routes may vary: one way is through theSuez Canal and into the Mediterranean; the other is aroundCape of Good Hope and then up the west coast of Africa. These cruises end in the port where they began.[11]
In 1960, the American nuclear-powered submarineUSSTriton circumnavigated the globe in 60 days, 21 hours forOperation Sandblast.
The current circumnavigation record in a powered boat of 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes[15] was established by a voyage of the wave-piercing trimaranEarthrace which was completed on 27 June 2008. The voyage followed the North Atlantic Ocean, Panama Canal, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Suez Canal, Mediterranean Sea route in a westerly direction.
The first solar-powered world tour was carried out by the shipMS Turanor PlanetSolar in 2012 by the Swiss explorerRaphaël Domjan.[16]
In 1922Norman Macmillan (RAF officer), MajorW T Blake andGeoffrey Malins made an unsuccessful attempt to fly aDaily News-sponsored round-the-world flight.[17] The first aerial circumnavigation of the planet was flown in 1924 by aviators of theU.S. Army Air Service in a quartet ofDouglas World Cruiser biplanes. The first non-stop aerial circumnavigation of the planet was flown in 1949 byLucky Lady II, aUnited States Air ForceBoeing B-50 Superfortress.
Since the development of commercial aviation, there are regular routes that circle the globe, such asPan American Flight One (and laterUnited Airlines Flight One). Today planning such a trip through commercial flight connections is simple.
The firstlighter-than-air aircraft of any type to circumnavigate under its own power was therigid airshipLZ 127Graf Zeppelin, which did so in 1929.[18]
In1936 American journalists Herbert R. Ekins, reporter for theNew York World-Telegram,Dorothy Kilgallen of theNew York Journal and Leo Kieran ofThe New York Times compteted in a raceto travel around the world[19] on commercial airline flights. The race took 18 ½ days.
Aviation records take account of the wind circulation patterns of the world; in particular thejet streams, which circulate in the northern and southern hemispheres without crossing the equator. There is therefore no requirement to cross the equator, or to pass through two antipodal points, in the course of setting a round-the-world aviation record.
For powered aviation, the course of a round-the-world record must start and finish at the same point and cross all meridians; the course must be at least 36,770 kilometres (19,850 nmi) long (which is approximately the length of theTropic of Cancer). The course must include set control points at latitudes outside theArctic andAntarctic circles.[20]
In ballooning, which is at the mercy of the winds, the requirements are even more relaxed. The course must cross all meridians, and must include a set of checkpoints which are all outside of two circles, chosen by the pilot, having radii of 3,335.85 kilometres (2,072.80 mi) and enclosing the poles (though not necessarily centred on them).[21] For example,Steve Fossett's global circumnavigation by balloon was entirely contained within the southern hemisphere.[11]
The first person to fly in space,Yuri Gagarin, also became the first person to complete anorbital spaceflight in theVostok 1 spaceship within 2 hours on April 12, 1961.[22] The flight started at 63° E, 45° N and ended at 45° E 51° N; thus Gagarin did not circumnavigate Earth completely.
Gherman Titov in theVostok 2 was the first human to fully circumnavigate Earth in spaceflight and made 17.5 orbits on August 6, 1961.
According to adjudicating bodiesGuinness World Records and Explorersweb,Jason Lewis completed the first human-powered circumnavigation of the globe on 6 October 2007.[23][24] This was part of a thirteen-year journey entitledExpedition 360.
In 2012, Turkish-born American adventurerErden Eruç completed the first entirelysolo human-powered circumnavigation, travelling by rowboat,sea kayak, foot and bicycle from 10 July 2007 to 21 July 2012,[25] crossing the equator twice, passing over 12 antipodal points, and logging 66,299 kilometres (41,196 mi)[26] in 1,026 days of travel time, excluding breaks.[27]
National Geographic listsColin Angus as being the first to complete a human-powered global circumnavigation in 2006.[28] However, his journey did not cross the equator or hit the minimum of two antipodal points as stipulated by the rules ofGuinness World Records and AdventureStats by Explorersweb.[29][30][31]
People have both bicycled and run around the world, but the oceans have had to be covered by air or sea travel, making the distance shorter than theGuinness guidelines.[citation needed] To go from North America to Asia on foot is theoretically possible but very difficult. It involves crossing theBering Strait on the ice, and around 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) of roadless swamped or freezing cold areas in Alaska and eastern Russia. No one has so far travelled all of this route by foot.David Kunst was the first person that Guinness verified to have walked around the world between 20 June 1970 and 5 October 1974, by "[walking] 23,250 km (14,450 miles) through four continents".[32]
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The dictionary definition ofcircumnavigare#Latin at Wiktionary
Round the world overland travel guide from WikivoyageRound the world flights travel guide from Wikivoyage
