| Turkish Cinema | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Maxim Night Club, previously Cinemajik Movie Theater in Taksim, Istanbul. | |
| No. ofscreens | 2,826 (2019) |
| • Per capita | 3.32 per 100,000 (2019) |
| Main distributors | CGV Mars Distribution 50.83% UIP 22.52% TME Films 14.43%[1] P-inema 5.37% |
| Produced feature films (2012)[2] | |
| Total | 61 |
| Number of admissions (2012)[2] | |
| Total | 43,935,763 |
| • Per capita | 0.8 (2016)[3] |
| National films | 20,487,220 (47.0%) |
| Gross box office (2012)[4] | |
| Total | $234 million |
| National films | $109 million (46.6%) |
TheCinema of Turkey orTurkish cinema (also formerly known asYeşilçam, which translates literally toGreen Pine inTurkish), (Turkish pronunciation:[ˈjeʃiltʃam]) orTürksineması refers to the Turkishfilm art and industry. It is an important part ofTurkish culture, and has flourished over the years, delivering entertainment to audiences inTürkiye,Turkish expatriates acrossEurope, theBalkans &Eastern Europe, also more recently prospering in theArab world alongside theEgyptian cinema and, to a lesser extent, the rest of the world.[5][6]
In ancient Turkic cultures before Islam, Turkishstorytelling traditions developed fromshaman and humanistic ritual practices. Shamanism came from Mongolian culture. Shaman rituals featured natural and spiritual elements accompanied by music. Female shamans were considered more powerful while male shamans could wear feminine accessories. These offered erudite advice through imitations, witty and rhyming verses, recreations of historical episodes and usually included fantasy figures. TodayBakshy,Ashik,Ozan traditions perpetuate these forms inTurkic countries. HoweverAytysh could improvised competitions in 1990s in media of Turkey. They have risk of getting lost in new generation.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
The first film exhibited in theOttoman Empire was theLumière Brothers' 1895 film,L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat, which was shown inConstantinople (modern dayIstanbul) in 1896.The Weavers (1905), by theManaki brothers, was the first film made in the Ottoman Empire. The earliest surviving film made in what is present-day Turkey was a documentary entitledAyastefanos'taki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı (Demolition of the Russian Monument atSan Stefano), directed byFuat Uzkınay and completed in 1914. The first narrative film in Ottoman Empire isn't known for certain.[13]
Turkey's first sound filmBir Millet Uyanıyor was shown in 1931.[14] Traditional Turkish theater had improvisation storytellers likeMeddah,orta oyunu,Karagöz and Hacivat. Western storytelling drama format evolved, AfterDarülbedayi (1914) in Ottoman Empire andAnkara State Conservatory (1936) in Turkey.[15][16][17] Due to their training format, Theater actors moved away from cinema or they only did dubbing in cinema. So, Turkish cinema started to evolve in 1960s. Yeşilçam era was the world's 4th biggest cinema.[18][19]
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In terms of film production, Turkey shared the same fate with many of the national cinemas of the 20th century.Film production wasn't continuous until around the 1950s and the film market in general was run by a few major import companies that struggled for domination in the most population-dense and profitable cities such as Istanbul andİzmir. Film theatres rarely ever screened any locally produced films and the majority of the programs consisted of films of the stronger western film industries, especially those of theUnited States,France,Italy andGermany. Attempts at film production came primarily from multinational studios, which could rely on their comprehensive distribution networks together with their own theatre chains, thus guaranteeing them a return on their investment. Between the years 1896–1945, the number of locally produced films did not even reach 50 films in total, equal to less than a single year's annual film production in the 1950s and1960s. Domestically produced films constituted only a small fraction of the total number of films screened in Turkey prior to the 1950s.
Film production in Turkey increased drastically afterWorld War II. With a total of 49 films produced in 1952, this single year equaled a greater output produced in Turkey than all previous years combined. During the 1960s, Turkey became the fifth biggest film producer worldwide as annual film production reached the 300-film benchmark just at the beginning of the 1970s. Compared to other national cinemas, the achievements of the Turkish film industry after 1950 are still remarkable.
During the 1970s, the impact of TV and video as the new popular forms of media and political turmoil (often hand in hand with deep economic crises) caused a sharp drop in ticket sales, resulting in a steady decline starting around 1980 and continuing until the mid-1990s. The number of annual ticket sales decreased from a peak of 90 million tickets in 1966[20] to 56 million tickets in 1984 and only 11 million in 1990.[21] Accordingly, the number of film theatres declined from approximately 2,000 in 1966[20] to 854 in 1984 and 290 in 1990.[22] During the 1990s the average number of films produced per year remained between 10 and 15; usually half of them not even making it into the theatres.
Since 1995 the situation has improved. After the year 2000, annual ticket sales rose to 20 million and since 1995, the number of theatres has steadily increased to approximately 500 nationwide. Currently, Turkish films attract audiences of millions of viewers and routinely top the blockbuster lists, often surpassing foreign films at the box office. However, it is difficult to speak about the existence of an industry, since most films are rather individual projects of directors who otherwise earn their living in television, advertising or theatre. The distribution of these films are mainly handled by multinational corporations such asWarner Bros. andUnited International Pictures.
From 1923 to 1939,Muhsin Ertuğrul was the only active film director in the country. He directed 29 films during this period, generally incorporating adaptions of plays,operettas, fiction and foreign films. The influence of the theater dating back to Uzkınay, Simavi,Ahmet Fehim and Şadi Karagözoğlu is very strong in Ertuğrul's work.
Most of the Turkish films produced before 1950 were projects initiated by import companies owned by local families, most notablyİpek Film, a daughter company of the İpek Merchandise, an import company that was advertising in Ottoman literary journals such asServet-i Fünun as early as the 19th century. Another important company in the early era of Turkish cinema wasKemal Film, a company whose continuous presence as a leading import company has been often overlooked for a few local films it produced during the 1920s. (The founders of Kemal Film bought their first film camera on loan from the Ipek Merchandise). Both companies were the strongest film distributors until the 1950s and the only companies that were financially sound enough to produce films themselves, with low risks for financial failure as they already were in possession of a distribution system and theatre chains that guaranteed a return on investment.
However, the notable developments of these companies must be seen as necessary adaptations to the technological progress of the western film industries whose films they were importing. One example here being the establishment of theMarmara Dubbing Studio in the early 1930s, when the silent era came to an end in the West and sound films became the standard, prompting the import-dependent companies to adjust themselves to the new technological requirements.
The big distributors in Istanbul, led by İpek Film andKemal Film, gradually expanded their distribution system throughout the rest of the country during the 1930s, leading to the so-called "regional system" (Bölge İşletmeleri), which consisted of seven distribution areas headquartered in the most significant cities in those regions: Istanbul (Marmara Region), İzmir (Aegean Region),Ankara (Middle Anatolian Region),Samsun (Black Sea Region),Adana (Mediterranean Region),Erzurum (East Anatolian Region) andDiyarbakır (South East Anatolian Region).[23] The Regional System became much more important after the 1950s, when local film production dramatically increased and local films surpassed imported films in both ticket sales and revenues. This system became the financial foundation ofYeşilçam (often referred to as "Turkish Hollywood"), which was the heart of Turkish film production between the years 1955–1975. After 1965, a so-called "Combined System" (Kombine Sistem) led by a trust of regional leaders is said to have taken control of almost everything regarding production.[23] A leading figure of the trust was producerTürker İnanoğlu, who is still active in the media business today, runningUlusal Film, which was Turkey's largest TV production company.
The firstfilm showing inOttoman Empire was held in theYıldız Palace,Istanbul in 1896. Public shows bySigmund Weinberg in theBeyoğlu andŞehzadebaşı districts followed in 1897. Weinberg was already a prominent figure at that time, especially known as a representative of foreign companies such asPathé, for whom he soldgramophones before getting into the film business. Some sources suggest he was also a photographer, again as a result of being one of the representatives of foreign companies such asKodak.
The first movie in Ottoman Empire,Ayastefanos′taki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı, adocumentary produced byFuat Uzkınay in 1914,[24] depicted the destruction of a Russian monument erected at the end of the1877-1878 Russo-Ottoman War inYeşilköy (then known as "San Stefano") following Ottoman Empire's entry intoWorld War I. The first thematic films in Ottoman Empire wereThe Marriage of Himmet Aga (1916–1918), started by Weinberg and completed by Uzkinay, andThe Paw (1917) andThe Spy (1917), both bySedat Simavi. The army-affiliated Central Cinema Directorate, a semi-military national defense society, and the Disabled Veterans Society were the producing organizations of that period.
In 1922, a major documentary film,Independence, the İzmir Victory, was made about theTurkish War of Independence. That same year, the first private movie studio, Kemal Film, commenced operations.
The years between 1939 and 1950 were a period of transition for Turkish cinema, during which it was greatly influenced by theater as well as by World War II. While there were only two film companies in 1939, the number increased to four between 1946 and 1950. After 1949, Turkish cinema was able to develop as a separate art form, with a more professional caliber of talents.
Yeşilçam ("Green Pine") is ametonym for the Turkish film industry, similar toHollywood in the United States. Yeşilçam is named after Yeşilçam Street in theBeyoğlu district ofIstanbul where many actors, directors, crew members and studios were based.
Yeşilçam movies are known for iconic unforgotten songs. Soundtrack songs are still widely successful. It being calledTurkish:Yeşilçam şarkıları orTurkish:Yeşilçam müzikleri.
Some famous partners of Yeşilçam are
Yeşilçam experienced its heyday from the 1950s to the 1970s, when it produced 250 to 350 films annually. Between 1950 and 1966 more than fifty movie directors practiced film arts in Turkey.Ömer Lütfi Akad strongly influenced the period, butErtem Eğilmez,Osman Fahir Seden,Atıf Yılmaz, andMemduh Ün made the most films.
The filmSusuz Yaz, made byMetin Erksan, alongsideHülya Koçyiğit won theGolden Bear Award at theBerlin Film Festival in 1964. This honor was the first of its kind ever bestowed upon a Turkish movie.Cüneyt Gökçer's studentsKartal Tibet andHülya Koçyiğit who started in theatre as child actors are one of first cinema stars who graduated from theatre department of State Conservatory. Also Kartal Tibet was professional basketball player and Hülya Koçyiğit was ballet dancer. After they played together in many films. Kartal Tibet as director, screenwriter and Hülya Koçyiğit as productor worked together in classic films. Also, Kartal Tibet worked as director in TV industry. He helped to launch for acting style in beginning of career of new TV stars who Turkish TV series increased international popularity and won awards like International Emmy Award.[25][26][27][28]
The number of cinemagoers and the number of films made constantly increased, especially after 1958. In the 1960s the programs of the theater departments in the Language, History and Geography faculties ofAnkara University andIstanbul University included cinema courses, as did the Press and Publications High School of Ankara University. A cinema branch was also established in the Art History Department of theState Fine Arts Academy.
The Union of Turkish Film Producers and the State Film Archives both date from the 1960s. The State Film Archives became the Turkish Film Archives in 1969. During the same period, the Cinema-TV Institute was founded and annexed to theState Academy of Fine Arts. The Turkish State Archives also became part of this organization. In 1962, the Cinema-TV Institute became a department ofMimar Sinan University. Well-known directors of the 1960–1970 period include Metin Erksan, Atıf Yılmaz, Memduh Ün,Halit Refiğ,Duygu Sağıroğlu,Remzi Aydın Jöntürk andNevzat Pesen. In 1970, the numbers of cinemas and cinemagoers rose spectacularly. In the 2,424 cinemas around the country, films were viewed by a record number of 247 million viewers.
_Ankara_Barikan_otel_3-70_March_1970_00350_(32757412877).jpg)
In 1970, approximately 220 films were made and this figure reached 300 in 1972. Turkish cinema gave birth to its legendary stars during this period, notable examples beingKemal Sunal,Kadir İnanır,Türkan Şoray andŞener Şen. After this period, however, the cinema began to lose its audiences, due to nationwide TV broadcasts. After 1970, a new and younger generation of directors emerged, but they had to cope with an increased demand for video films after 1980.[29]
Yeşilçam's actresses featured includedEmel Sayın,Adile Naşit,Zerrin Egeliler,Itır Esen,Filiz Akın,Fatma Girik,Hülya Koçyiğit,Gülşen Bubikoğlu,Türkan Şoray,Belgin Doruk,Hülya Avşar,Oya Aydoğan,Perihan Savaş,Necla Nazır,Çolpan İlhan,Ayşen Gruda,Nevra Serezli,Müjde Ar,Perran Kutman andYeşilçam actors areTarık Akan,Şener Şen,Cüneyt Arkın,Göksel Arsoy,Kemal Sunal,Kadir İnanır,Müşfik Kenter,Münir Özkul,Halit Akçatepe,Hulusi Kentmen,Zeki Alasya,Metin Akpınar,Ediz Hun,Kartal Tibet,Ayhan Işık,Sadri Alışık,Zeki Müren,Ekrem Bora,Metin Serezli,Hüseyin Peyda,Ahmet Mekin,Tamer Yiğit,Kenan Pars,Rüştü Asyalı,Kamran Usluer,Erol Taş,Önder Somer,Müjdat Gezen,Salih Güney,Sertan Acar,Yılmaz Güney,Orhan Gencebay.[30][31]
1970s and 1980s also brought the genre ofTurksploitation -low-budgetexploitation films that were eitherremakes of, or used unauthorized footage from popular foreign films (particularlyHollywood movies) and television series.[32]
Yeşilçam suffered due to the spread oftelevision and thewidespread political violence at the end of the 1970s. Yeşilçam totally ended after the1980 Turkish coup d'état. Increased production costs and difficulties in the import of raw materials brought about a decrease in the number of films made in the 1970s, but the quality of films improved.[citation needed]
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(June 2016) |
In the early nineties, there were barely two or three movies released per year. During this period, most of the seventies' stars had either moved to TV, or were trying to rebuild theYeşilçam's former glory. Some of the notable examples of this era areEşkıya (The Bandit) andZüğürt Ağa (The Agha), both starringŞener Şen. Both movies were critically and commercially acclaimed.
However, the resurgence of Yesilçam didn't truly take place until the release ofVizontele in 2001. The film was directed, written, and starred byYılmaz Erdoğan, who was already well known from his long-running sitcomBir Demet Tiyatro, and his dedication to theatre. The movie starred the cast of his usual plays, most notablyDemet Akbağ,Altan Erkekli, andCem Yılmaz. This movie's huge commercial success (watched by 2.5 million viewers, which earned the movie the most viewed film for its day) brought attention to the industry. This, and Vizontele's sequelVizontele Tuuba, brokeVizontele's records by achieving 3.5 million and 3 million viewers, respectively.
Yeşilçam has seen a revival since 2002, having produced critically acclaimed movies such asUzak (Grand Prix(Cannes Film Festival), 2003) andPropaganda.
A few years later, Cem Yılmaz released his own film,G.O.R.A., which he both wrote and starred in. Cem Yılmaz's second movieHokkabaz (The Magician) .
Since then, larger-budgeted films have been produced, including notable examples such asKurtlar Vadisi: Irak (Valley of the Wolves: Iraq), which was viewed by a record 4 million people,Babam ve Oğlum (My Father and My Son).
There has been a rise in experimental films in the 2000s. These include the 2005 featureTürev, which was filmed without a prewritten script and even featured candid shots of the actors, andAnlat Istanbul (Istanbul Tales), an ensemble piece divided into five "mini films" that received a strong reception.
"Körler / Jaluziler İçin" is the first internationally awarded Turkish science fiction feature film which is not a comedy, a cult film, a remake or an animation which marks its unique place as a milestone in the history of Turkish cinema. It was written, directed, produced and edited by Ozan Duru Adam. The film invents an innovative, unconventional visual language.
Production numbers also soared in the second half of the 2000s, reaching 40 films in 2007, with the top four box office hits that year claimed by Turkish films, as the film industry became profitable again with improving technical quality corresponding with commercial films' production costs increasing.[33]
In 2015, number of admission per capita was 0.8. AlsoSinemia has published a research that Konya has become the city with the most frequent cinema goers.[34]
Due to, Turkish TV series are too long for comedy. Comedy is more popular in cinema and theater. StorytellersMeddah,Aytysh,Ozan have risk of getting lost in new generation.[35][36][37] Traditional Turkish theater from Ottoman Empire hasorta oyunu,Karagöz and Hacivat for comedy. Turkish folklore comedy figures haveKeloğlan,Nasreddin. Accent comedy and quick answer are common in daily life.Black Sea Region humour is the most popular.[38][39] Supporting role in drama film has comedy in daily life. Despite this, Turkish comedy movies have novelty. It hasn't humour style in daily life.[40]
Sadri Alışık played iconic characterTurist Ömer. InAyhan Işık’s drama film, Sadri Alışık is partner for comedy. The franchise films “Turist Ömer” has parody ofStar Trek,Awaara. Sadri Alışık is musical stand-up comedian. Ayhan Işık and Sadri Alışık graduated from picture department ofFine Art State Academy.[41][42]
Levent Kırca and his wifeOya Başar wrote, played, produced in long-running sketches,Olacak O Kadar (1988–2010).[50]
Yılmaz Erdoğan became chief screenwriterOlacak O Kadar.
ComediansCem Yılmaz,Tolga Çevik,Ata Demirer played as actor inYılmaz Erdoğan’s franchise filmsVizontele,Organize İşler andGülse Birsel’sAvrupa Yakası. Tolga Çevik married to Cem Yılmaz's sister.[53]
After female pioneer comedy actressesAdile Naşit,Ayşen Gruda,Perran Kutman,Oya Başar,Demet Akbağ.
AuteursBurak Aksak andSelçuk Aydemir are cousins.[60]
Although the need for a cinema law has been frequently debated throughout the history of the Turkish Republic, until 1986 no specific law or regulation had been developed. While films have generally been treated as goods subject to laws regarding taxation, content-wise they were controlled by commissions that have been often criticized for being mechanisms of censorship.
In the 1930s, some members of the parliament raised the issue of whether films would have a bad impact on children. This was a popular theme at that time, not just in Turkey, but also in the United States and elsewhere in the world. Later, in the 1960s, a debate around the so-called "Baykam Law" which was proposed bySuphi Baykam became quite famous for the tension it created amongst the parliamentarians and the stakeholders in the industry.[70] In 1977 and 1978, further discussions for a cinema law have been held, but without any result.
Finally, in 1986, a cinema law, though highly criticised by members of the industry and the cinema intelligentsia of that time, was passed by the parliament and has since been the fundamental legislative document regarding cinema issues in Turkey. The new law aimed to ensure support for those working in cinema and music. A reorganization of the film industry began in 1987 to address problems and assure its development. The Ministry of Culture established the "Professional Union of Owners of Turkish Works of Cinema" the same year.
The "Copyrights and General Directorate of Cinema" was founded in 1989 as well as a "Support Fund for the Cinema and Musical Arts". This fund is used to provide financial support to the film sector.
One of the most interesting studies on the issue of film censorship in Turkey isAlim Şerif Onaran'sSinematografik Hürriyet (Cinematic Freedom), published in 1968 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but written in 1963 and being the first study in Turkey which received a PhD for a topic related to film. This study is still the most important -if not only- study on the film evaluation methods applied in Turkey before the 1950s. Onaran himself being active as a member of the Film Rating Commission in his younger years, was a true expert on the topic, and his research also includes examples of the late Ottoman Period. Ironically, Onaran became one of the most important intellectuals on film in Turkey, owing his wealth of knowledge on early world film history to the years he spent watching the films he was enrolled to evaluate as a committee member.
A very interesting example on the level of absurdity that censorship could reach is mentioned in Çetin Yetkin's bookSiyasal Iktidar Sanata Karşı (Political Regime vs Art), published in 1970. It tells the story of a film which was classified as "inappropriate for export" because the Evaluation Committee decided that the film contains "communist propaganda". The film-owner, who applied to the committee for an export certificate, was surprised to see the decision because he mentioned on his application form that his intention was to sell a copy of the film to a distributor in the Soviet Union, the world's leading communist country at that time.[71]
Last years's short films indicates the Turkish Cinema's future style and its new director generation. There are countless number of Turkish short films received awards both in national and international festivals. Here are some of it:-Kefaret (2016), directed by Ali Kışlar[72]-Kronos (2019)[73]-Lütfi (2016), directed by Cahit Kaya Demir[74]-Balık (2019), directed by Ercan Bayraktar[75]-Mother Mariam (2020), directed by Mustafa Gürbüz[76]-Story of a Job Interview (2017), directed by Alkım Özmenhttp://www.kameraarkasi.org/yonetmenler/kisafilmler/birisgorusmesihikayesi.html-Suclular / The Criminals (2020), directed by Serhat Karaaslan[77]
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