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Tobacco smoke is asootyaerosol produced by the incompletecombustion oftobacco during thesmoking ofcigarettes and other tobacco products. Temperatures in burning cigarettes range from about 400 °C between puffs to about 900 °C during a puff. During the burning of the cigarette tobacco (itself a complex mixture), thousands ofchemical substances are generated by combustion,distillation,pyrolysis andpyrosynthesis.^[1][2] Tobaccosmoke is used as afumigant andinhalant.

The particles in tobacco smoke are liquid aerosol droplets (about 20% water), with a massmedian aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) that is submicrometer (and thus, fairly "lung-respirable" by humans). The droplets are present in highconcentrations (some estimates are as high as 10¹⁰ droplets per cm³).

Tobacco smoke may be grouped into a particulate phase (trapped on a glass-fiber pad, and termed "TPM" (total particulate matter)) and a gas/vapor phase (which passes through such a glass-fiber pad). "Tar" is mathematically determined by subtracting the weight of the nicotine and water from the TPM. However, several components of tobacco smoke (e.g.,hydrogen cyanide,formaldehyde,phenanthrene, andpyrene) do not fit neatly into this rather arbitrary classification, because they are distributed among the solid, liquid and gaseous phases.^[1]

Tobacco smoke contains a number of toxicologically significant chemicals and groups of chemicals, includingpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzopyrene),tobacco-specific nitrosamines (NNK,NNN),aldehydes (acrolein,formaldehyde),carbon monoxide,hydrogen cyanide,nitrogen oxides (nitrogen dioxide),benzene,toluene,phenols (phenol,cresol),aromatic amines (nicotine, ABP (4-aminobiphenyl)), andharmala alkaloids. The radioactive elementpolonium-210 is also known to occur in tobacco smoke.^[1] The chemical composition of smoke depends on puff frequency, intensity, volume, and duration at different stages of cigarette consumption.^[3]

Between 1933 and the late 1940s, the yields from an average cigarette varied from 33 to 49 mg "tar" and from less than 1 to 3 mg nicotine. In the 1960s and 1970s, the average yield from cigarettes in Western Europe and the USA was around 16 mg tar and 1.5 mg nicotine per cigarette. Current average levels are lower.^[4] This has been achieved in a variety of ways including use of selected strains of tobacco plant, changes in agricultural and curing procedures, use of reconstituted sheets (reprocessed tobacco leaf wastes), incorporation of tobacco stalks, reduction of the amount of tobacco needed to fill a cigarette by expanding it (likepuffed wheat) to increase its "filling power", and by the use offilters and high-porositywrapping papers.^[5] The development of lower "tar" and nicotine cigarettes has tended to yield products that lacked the taste components to which the smoker had become accustomed. In order to keep such products acceptable to the consumer, the manufacturers reconstitute aroma or flavor.^[3]

Tobaccopolyphenols (e. g.,caffeic acid,chlorogenic acid,scopoletin,rutin) determine the taste and quality of the smoke. Freshly cured tobacco leaf is unfit for use because of its pungent and irritating smoke. Afterfermentation and aging, the leaf delivers mild and aromatic smoke.^[6]

Tobacco smoke, besides being anirritant and significantindoor air pollutant, is known to causelung cancer,heart disease,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),emphysema, and other serious diseases in smokers (and in non-smokers as well). The actual mechanisms by which smoking can cause so many diseases remain largely unknown. Many attempts have been made to produce lung cancer in animals exposed to tobacco smoke by the inhalation route, without success. It is only by collecting the "tar" and repeatedly painting this on to mice that tumors are produced, and these tumors are very different from those tumors exhibited by smokers.^[1] Tobacco smoke is associated with an increased risk of developing respiratory conditions such asbronchitis,pneumonia, andasthma. Tobacco smoke aerosols generated at temperatures below 400 °C did not test positive in theAmes assay.^[7]

In spite of all changes in cigarette design and manufacturing since the 1960s, the use of filters and "light" cigarettes has neither decreased the nicotine intake per cigarette, nor has it lowered the incidence of lung cancers (NCI, 2001; IARC 83, 2004; U.S. Surgeon General, 2004).^[8] The shift over the years from higher- to lower-yield cigarettes may explain the change in the pathology of lung cancer. That is, the percentage of lung cancers that areadenocarcinomas has increased, while the percentage ofsquamous cell cancers has decreased. The change in tumor type is believed to reflect the highernitrosamine delivery of lower-yield cigarettes and the increased depth or volume of inhalation of lower-yield cigarettes to compensate for lower level concentrations of nicotine in the smoke.^[9]

In the United States, lung cancer incidence and mortality rates are particularly high among African American men. Lung cancer tends to be most common in developed countries, particularly in North America and Europe, and less common in developing countries, particularly in Africa and South America.^{[8][clarification needed]}

• Liquid smoke
• Electronic cigarette aerosol
• Tobacco smoke enema

• Aerosols
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