Cicadidae, thetrue cicadas, is one of two families ofcicadas, with about 3,400 species in over 520 genera worldwide;[2] it contains most living cicada species, except for the two belonging to itssister taxon, theTettigarctidae. The classification of this family, of often very similar insects, has undergone many revisions, continuing into the 21st century; for example, many species previously assigned to thetype genusCicada, are now placed in differenttribes.[2]
Cicadas are mostly large insects characterized by their membranous wings, triangular-formation of three ocelli on the top of their heads, their short, bristle-like antennae and often producing high-pitched songs.[3] Although otherAuchenorrhynchan insects communicate with sounds, thetymbals (modified membranes located on the abdomen) and resonating chambers, sometimes covered byopercula, are especially efficient mechanisms in the Cicadidae (and may include diagnostic features for identification).
Cicadas are known for the loud airborne sounds that males of most species make to attract mates. One member of this family,Brevisana brevis, the "shrill thorntree cicada", is the loudest insect in the world, able to produce a song that exceeds 100 decibels.[4] Male cicadas can produce four types of acoustic signals: songs, calls, low-amplitude songs, and disturbance sounds.[5] Unlike members of the orderOrthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets,etc.), which use stridulation to produce sounds, members of Cicadidae produce sounds using a pair of tymbals. In order to produce sound, each tymbal is pulled inwards by a connected muscle, and the deformation of the stiff membrane produces a 'click.'[6]
Cicadas can be separated into two categories based on their adult emergence pattern.Annual cicadas remain underground as nymphs for two or more years and the population is not locally synchronized in its development, so that some adults mature each year or in most years.Periodical cicadas also have multiple-year life cycles but emerge in synchrony or near synchrony in any one location and are absent as adults in the intervening years; this is thought to be a defence strategy againstpredation.[7] The best-known periodical cicadas, genusMagicicada, emerge as adults every 13 or 17 years.[8]
Newly emerged cicadas climb up trees and molt into their adult stage, now equipped with wings. Males call to attract females, producing the distinct noisy songs cicadas are known for. Females respond to males with a 'click' made by flicking their wings. Once a male has found a female partner, his call changes to indicate that they are a mating pair.[9]
Cicadidae is one of two families within the superfamilyCicadoidea. This superfamily is in the suborderAuchenorrhyncha, containing cicadas, hoppers, and relatives, within the orderHemiptera, the true bugs. There are five subfamilies within Cicadidae: Cicadettinae, Cicadinae, Derotettiginae,[10] Tettigomyiinae and Tibicininae.[2][11]
The earliestfossils of cicadas more closely related to Cicadidae than toTettigarctidae date to theJurassic period. The morphology of well preservedstem-cicadids from mid-CretaceousBurmese amber from Myanmar suggests that unlike many modern cicadas, they were either silent or only made quiet sounds.[16] The oldest modern cicadids date to thePaleocene.[17] The earliest confirmed member ofCicadinae and one of the oldest Cicadids known fromEurasia is the fossil cicadaEoplatypleura, from theEocene agedMessel Pit locality of Germany, which is a member of tribePlatypleurini.[18]
^Batsch AJGK (1789)Versuch einer Anleitung zur Kenntniss und Geschichte der Thiere und Mineralien für akademische Vorlesungen entworfen, und mit den nöthigsten Abbildungen versehen. Zweyter Theil. Besondre Geschichte der Insekten, Gewürme und Mineralien. Jena, Akademischen Buchhandlung, Vol. 2, 529–860, pl. 6–7.Available here
^Cocroft, Reginald B.; Pogue, Michael (1996). "Social Behavior and Communication in the Neotropical Cicada Fidicina mannifera (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Cicadidae)".Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society.69 (4):85–97.JSTOR25085708.
^abMarshall, David C.; Moulds, Max; Hill, Kathy B. R.; Price, Benjamin W.; Wade, Elizabeth J.; Owen, Christopher L.; Goemans, Geert; Marathe, Kiran; Sarkar, Vivek; Cooley, John R.; Sanborn, Allen F.; Kunte, Krushnamegh; Villet, Martin H.; Simon, Chris (28 May 2018). "A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification".Zootaxa.4424 (1):1–64.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1.PMID30313477.S2CID52976455.
^Hill, Kathy B. R.; Marshall, David C.; Marathe, Kiran; Moulds, Maxwell S.; Lee, Young June; Pham, Thai-Hong; Mohagan, Alma B.; Sarkar, Vivek; Price, Benjamin W.; Duffels, J. P.; Schouten, Marieke A.; de Boer, Arnold J.; Kunte, Krushnamegh; Simon, Chris (2021). "The molecular systematics and diversification of a taxonomically unstable group of Asian cicada tribes related to Cicadini Latreille, 1802 (Hemiptera : Cicadidae)".Invertebrate Systematics.35 (5): 570.doi:10.1071/IS20079.S2CID237857963.
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