TheChurch Committee (formally theUnited States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities) was aUS Senateselect committee in 1975 that investigated abuses by theCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA),National Security Agency (NSA),Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and theInternal Revenue Service (IRS). Chaired by Idaho senatorFrank Church (D-ID), the committee was part of a series of investigations into intelligence abuses in 1975, dubbed the "Year of Intelligence", including itsHouse counterpart, thePike Committee, and the presidentialRockefeller Commission. The committee's efforts led to the establishment of the permanentUS Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.
Revelations of the committee includeOperation MKULTRA, which involved the drugging of US citizens as part of human experimentation on mind control;[1][2]COINTELPRO, which involved the surveillance and infiltration of American political and civil-rights organizations;[3]Family Jewels, a set of reports detailing potentially illegal, inappropriate and otherwise sensitive activities conducted by the CIA;[4][5][6][7] andOperation Mockingbird, an alleged campaign during the early years of the Cold War designed to manipulate news media by recruiting journalists as assets in apropaganda campaign.
It also unearthedProject SHAMROCK, a program in which the major telecommunications companies shared their traffic with theNSA, and officially confirmed the existence of thissignals intelligence agency to the public for the first time.
By the early years of the 1970s, a series of troubling reports had appeared in the press concerning U.S. intelligence activities. First came revelations by Army intelligence officerChristopher Pyle in January 1970 regarding theUS Army's spying on the civilian population in the United States.[8] SenatorSam Ervin's investigations of military surveillance produced further revelations.[9]
Then on December 22, 1974,The New York Times published a lengthy front-page article byinvestigative journalistSeymour Hersh detailing covert activities engaged in by theCentral Intelligence Agency underOperation CHAOS to collect information on the political activities of American citizens.[10]
The resulting uproar led to the creation of the Church Committee, which was approved by the Senate on January 27, 1975, on a vote of 82 to 4.[11][12]
The Church Committee's final report was published in April 1976 in six books. Also published were seven volumes of Church Committee hearings in the Senate.[13]
Before the release of the final report, the committee also published an interim report titled "Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders",[14] which investigated alleged attempts to assassinate foreign leaders, includingPatrice Lumumba ofZaire,Rafael Trujillo of theDominican Republic,Ngo Dinh Diem ofSouth Vietnam, Gen.René Schneider ofChile, andFidel Castro ofCuba. PresidentGerald Ford urged the Senate to withhold the report from the public, but failed,[15] and under recommendations and pressure by the committee, Ford issuedExecutive Order 11905 (ultimately replaced in 1981 by PresidentReagan'sExecutive Order 12333) to ban US sanctioned assassinations of foreign leaders.
In addition, the committee produced seven case studies on covert operations, but only the one onChile was released, titled "Covert Action in Chile: 1963–1973".[16] The rest were kept secret at CIA's request.[13]
According to a declassifiedNational Security Agency history, the Church Committee also helped to uncover the NSA's Watch List. The information for the list was compiled into the so-called "Rhyming Dictionary" of biographical information, which at its peak held millions of names—thousands of which were US citizens. Some prominent members of this list wereJoanne Woodward,Thomas Watson,Walter Mondale,Art Buchwald,Arthur F. Burns,Gregory Peck,Otis G. Pike,Tom Wicker,Whitney Young,Howard Baker,Frank Church,David Dellinger,Ralph Abernathy, and others.[17]
Another revelation of the committee was the discovery ofOperation SHAMROCK, in which the major telecommunications companies shared their traffic with the NSA from 1945 to the early 1970s. The information gathered in this operation fed directly into the Watch List. In 1975, the committee decided to unilaterally declassify the particulars of this operation, against the objections ofPresident Ford's administration.[17]
Together, the Church Committee's reports have been said to constitute the most extensive review ofintelligence activities ever made available to the public. Much of the contents were classified, but over 50,000 pages were declassified under thePresident John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992.
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The commission also carried out an investigation into the November 22, 1963, assassination of John F. Kennedy, questioning 50 witnesses and accessing 3,000 documents. It focused on the actions of the FBI and CIA, and their support for theWarren Commission.
The Church commission raised the question of the possible connection between the plans to assassinate political leaders abroad, particularly in Cuba, and that of the 35th President of the United States.[18]
The Church Commission questioned the processes for obtaining information, blaming federal agencies for failing in their duties and responsibilities and concluding that the investigation into the assassination had been deficient.[18]
It participated in the creation of theHouse Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), the second major investigation of the JFK assassination, from 1976 to 1979.[19]
The Church Committee learned that, beginning in the 1950s, the CIA andFederal Bureau of Investigation had intercepted, opened and photographed more than 215,000 pieces of mail by the time the program (called "HTLINGUAL") was shut down in 1973. This program was all done under the "mail covers" program (a mail cover is a process by which the government records—without any requirement for a warrant or for notification—all information on the outside of an envelope or package, including the name of the sender and the recipient). The Church report found that the CIA was careful about keeping theUnited States Postal Service from learning that government agents were opening mail. CIA agents moved mail to a private room to open the mail or in some cases opened envelopes at night after stuffing them in briefcases or in coat pockets to deceive postal officials.[20]
On May 9, 1975, the Church Committee decided to call acting CIA directorWilliam Colby. That same day Ford's top advisers (Henry Kissinger,Donald Rumsfeld,Philip W. Buchen, andJohn Marsh) drafted a recommendation that Colby be authorized to brief only rather than testify, and that he would be told to discuss only the general subject, with details of specific covert actions to be avoided except for realistic hypotheticals. But the Church Committee had full authority to call a hearing and require Colby's testimony. Ford and his top advisers met with Colby to prepare him for the hearing.[21] Colby testified, "These last two months have placed American intelligence in danger. The almost hysterical excitement surrounding any news story mentioning CIA or referring even to a perfectly legitimate activity of CIA has raised a question whether secret intelligence operations can be conducted by the United States."[22]
On August 17, 1975 Senator Frank Church appeared on NBC'sMeet the Press, and discussed the NSA, without mentioning it by name:
In the need to develop a capacity to know what potential enemies are doing, the United States government has perfected a technological capability that enables us to monitor the messages that go through the air. (...) Now, that is necessary and important to the United States as we look abroad at enemies or potential enemies. We must know, at the same time, that capability at any time could be turned around on the American people, and no American would have any privacy left: such is the capability to monitor everything—telephone conversations, telegrams, it doesn't matter. There would be no place to hide.
If this government ever became a tyranny, if a dictator ever took charge in this country, the technological capacity that the intelligence community has given the government could enable it to impose total tyranny, and there would be no way to fight back because the most careful effort to combine together in resistance to the government, no matter how privately it was done, is within the reach of the government to know. Such is the capability of this technology. (...)
I don't want to see this country ever go across the bridge. I know the capacity that is there to make tyranny total in America, and we must see to it that this agency and all agencies that possess this technology operate within the law and under proper supervision so that we never cross over that abyss. That is the abyss from which there is no return.[23][24]
As a result of the political pressure created by the revelations of the Church Committee and thePike Committee investigations, PresidentGerald Ford issuedExecutive Order 11905.[25] This executive order banned political assassinations: "No employee of the United States Government shall engage in, or conspire to engage in, political assassination." Senator Church criticized this move on the ground that any future president could easily set aside or change this executive order by a further executive order.[26] Further, PresidentJimmy Carter issuedExecutive Order 12036, which in some ways expanded Executive Order 11905.[25]
In 1977, the reporterCarl Bernstein wrote an article in theRolling Stone magazine, stating that the relationship between the CIA and the media was far more extensive than what the Church Committee revealed. Bernstein said that the committee had covered it up, because it would have shown "embarrassing relationships in the 1950s and 1960s with some of the most powerful organizations and individuals in American journalism."[27]
R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr., editor of the conservative magazineThe American Spectator, wrote that the committee "betrayed CIA agents and operations." The committee had not received names, so had none to release, as confirmed by later CIA directorGeorge H. W. Bush. However, SenatorJim McClure used the allegation in the 1980 election, when Church was defeated.[28]
The Committee's work has more recently been criticized after theSeptember 11 attacks, for leading to legislation reducing the ability of the CIA to gatherhuman intelligence.[29][28][30][31] In response to such criticism, the chief counsel of the committee,Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr., retorted with a book co-authored byAziz Z. Huq, denouncing the Bush administration's use of 9/11 to make "monarchist claims" that are "unprecedented on this side of the North Atlantic".[32]
In September 2006, theUniversity of Kentucky hosted a forum called "Who's Watching the Spies? Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans", bringing together two Democratic committee members, formerVice President of the United StatesWalter Mondale and formerUS SenatorWalter "Dee" Huddleston of Kentucky, and Schwarz to discuss the committee's work, its historical impact, and how it pertains to today's society.[33]
