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Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

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"Germanic Wars" redirects here. For the bookBella Germanica, seePliny the Elder.

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The Varus battle by Otto Albert Koch, 1909, a loose portrayal of theBattle of the Teutoburg Forest
Cimbrian War (113 BC – 101 BC)

Gallic Wars (58–57 BC):Vosges,Sabis

Clades Lolliana (16 BC)

Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)

Marcomannic Wars (166–180): (Roman units),Carnuntum

Crisis of the Third Century

Roman–Alemannic Wars

Gothic War (367–369):Noviodunum

Gothic War (376–382)

Visigothic Wars

Vandalic Wars

Anglo-Saxon Wars

Vandalic War (533–534):Ad Decimum,Tricamarum

Gothic War (535–554)

This is achronology of warfare between the Romans and variousGermanic peoples. The nature of these wars varied through time betweenRoman conquest,Germanic uprisings, later Germanic invasions of theWestern Roman Empire that started in the late second century BC, and more. The series of conflicts was one factor which led to the ultimatedownfall of the Western Roman Empire in particular andancient Rome in general in 476.

List of campaigns

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Chronology

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Second century BC

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The migrations of theCimbri and theTeuton tribes (c. 120–101 BC).
BattleL Roman victories.
BattleW Cimbri and Teuton victories.

First century BC

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Vercingetorix Throws Down His Arms at the Feet of Julius Caesar byLionel Noel Royer, 1899

First century

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Battles of Idistaviso and theAngrivarian Wall.

Campaigns of Tiberius and Germanicus in the years10/11-13 CE. In pink the anti-Roman Germanic coalition led by Arminius. In dark green, territories still directly held by the Romans, in yellow the Roman client states

Second century

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Third century

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Rome against theAlemanni and theJuthungi
Rome against theGoths
  • 213–214, EmperorCaracalla's successful campaign against theAlamanni, fortifications of Raetia and Germania Superior strengthened.[49]
  • 235–284,Crisis of the Third Century.
  • 286, Campaign against the Alamanni, Burgundians,Heruli and Chaibones under EmperorMaximian.
  • 287–288,Salian Franks,Chamavi and Frisii surrender and become subjects of the Roman Empire. Maximian move them to Germania Inferior to provide manpower and prevent the settlement of other Germanic tribes.[58][59]
  • 292,Constantius defeat the Franks who had settled at the mouth of the Rhineand and deport them to the nearby region ofToxandria providing a buffer along the northern Rhine and reducing his need to garrison the region.[58]
  • 296,Frisians deported into Roman territory aslaeti.[60]
  • 298,Battle of Lingones.
  • 298,Battle of Vindonissa.

    • Fourth century

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    The northern and eastern frontiers of the Roman Empire in the time of Constantine, with the territories acquired in the course of thethirty years of military campaigns between 306 and 337
    Empire of the Huns, pushing the Germanic tribes over the Limes into the Roman Empire

    Fifth century

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    For the timeline of events in Britannia after its abandonment by Emperor Valentinian III, seeTimeline of conflict in Anglo-Saxon Britain.

    Rome against theVisigoths
    Rome against theAnglo-Saxons
    Kingdom of the Vandals (yellow) and their allies theSarmatianAlans before the invasion ofRoman Africa, c. 418
    During his four-year reign Majorian reconquered most of Hispania and southern Gaul, meanwhile reducing the Visigoths, Burgundians and Suevi to federate status.
    Europe in the late fifth century (476–486)

    Sixth century

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    Rome against theVandals
    Kingdom of the Visigoths (orange),Kingdom of the Suebi (green),Kingdom of the Burgundians,Kingdom of the Franks (purple), Kingdom of the Vandals (yellow), c. 490
    TheByzantine Empire at the end of Antiquity in 555 AD

    Eighth century

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    • 751, the Lombards conquer Ravenna, but Pope Stephen II controlled the territories of Rome, Sicily, Sardinia and others.
    • 751–756, just when it seemed Aistulf was able to defeat all opposition on Italian soil, Pepin the Short, the old enemy of the usurpers of Liutprand's family, finally managed to overthrow theMerovingian dynasty inGaul, deposingChilderic III and becoming kingde jure as well asde facto. The support Pepin enjoyed from the papacy was decisive. Because of the threat this move represented for the new king of the Franks, an agreement between Pepin and Stephen II settled, in exchange for the formal royal anointing, the descent of the Franks in Italy.
    • In 754, the Lombard army, deployed in defence of theLocks inVal di Susa, was defeated by the Franks. Aistulf, perched in Pavia, had to accept a treaty that required the delivery of hostages and territorial concessions, but two years later resumed the war against the pope, who in turn called on the Franks. Defeated again, Aistulf had to accept much harsher conditions: Ravenna was returned not to theByzantines, but to the pope, increasing the core area of the Patrimony of St. Peter; Aistulf had to accept a sort of Frankish protectorate, the loss of territorial continuity of his domains, and payment of substantial compensation. The duchies of Spoleto and Benevento were quick to ally themselves with the victors. Aistulf died in 756, shortly after this severe humiliation.
    • In 772 CE, the Roman popeAdrian I, of the opposite party of Desiderius, reversed the delicate game of alliances, demanding the surrender of the area never ceded by Desiderius and thus causing him to resume the war against the cities of Romagna.[111] Charlemagne, though he had just begun his campaign against theSaxons, came to the aid of the pope. He feared the capture of Rome by the Lombards and the consequent loss of prestige that would follow.
    • Between 773 and 774 Charlemagne invaded Italy. Once again the defence of theLocks was ineffective, the fault of the divisions among the Lombards.[111] Charlemagne, having prevailed against a tough resistance, captured the capital of the kingdom, Pavia. Charles then called himself Gratia Dei rex Francorum et Langobardorum ("By the grace of God king of the Franks and the Lombards"), realizing a personal union of the two kingdoms. Thus ended the Lombard Kingdom in Latin Italy, led by the Roman Pope Adrian I.

    See also

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    References

    [edit]
    1. ^abMommsen, Theodor."History of Rome: Book IV – The Revolution". p. 67.Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved18 April 2009.
    2. ^abcdTheodor Mommsen,Römische Geschichte. Vol. 2.Von der Schlacht von Pydna bis auf Sullas Tod.. 3.Ed. Weidmann, Berlin 1861, S. 178.(in German) (Roman History: From the battle of Pydna down to Sulla's death.)Römische Geschichte: Bd. Von der Schlacht von Pydna bis auf Sullas Tod
    3. ^abcdMossman, Theodor (1908).History of Rome. New York: Charles Scribner's SOns. p. 71.Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. Retrieved9 October 2009.
    4. ^Florus,Epitome1.38.16–17 andValerius Maximus,Factorum et Dictorum MemorabiliumArchived 30 November 2010 at theWayback Machine6.1.ext.3Archived 1 December 2010 at theWayback Machine (in Latin)
    5. ^Caesar. In:Hans Herzfeld [de] (1960):Geschichte in Gestalten (History in figures), vol. 1:A-E.Das Fischer Lexikon [de] 37, Frankfurt 1963, p. 214. "Hauptquellen [betreffend Caesar]: Caesars eigene, wenn auch leicht tendenziöse Darstellungen des Gallischen und des Bürgerkrieges, die Musterbeispiele sachgemäßer Berichterstattung und stilistischer Klarheit sind" ("Main sources [regarding Caesar]: Caesar's own, even though slightly tendentious depictions of the Gallic and the Civil Wars, which are paradigms of pertinent information and stylistic clarity")
    6. ^Julius Caesar,Commentarii de Bello Gallico1.31–53
    7. ^Dio Cassius,Roman History38.34–50; see alsoPlutarch,Life of Caesar19
    8. ^"Dutch Archaeologists Find the Site of a Massacre Julius Caesar Boasted About".Mental Floss. 18 December 2015.
    9. ^Smith, William (1867)."Ambiorix". InWilliam Smith (ed.).Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston:Little, Brown and Company. pp. 138–139. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved20 September 2010.
    10. ^Florus, III. 10. § 8.
    11. ^Birkhan, Helmut, 1997,Die Kelten, p. 238.(in German) (The Celts)
    12. ^Dio LI.20.5; LI.21.6
    13. ^Suetonius,Augustus,23,Tiberius,12;Tacitus,Annals,I.10,III.48;Velleius II.97, 102;Pliny,Nat. Hist. IX.35 (58); Dio, liv.6.
    14. ^Dio,Roman History,LIV.33.
    15. ^Cassius Dio 229:365,Roman History, Bk LIV, Ch 32.
    16. ^Roller, Duane W. (2006)."Roman Exploration".Through the Pillars of Herakles: Greco-Roman Exploration of the Atlantic. Taylor and Francis. p. 119.ISBN 978-0-415-37287-9.
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    18. ^Strabo 7, 1, 3; Velleius 2, 108, 2; 2, 109, 2f.; Tacitus,Annals,II.45
    19. ^Cassius Dio, liv. 59
    20. ^Cassius Dio, LV, 6.4–5
    21. ^Suetonius,Augustus 21
    22. ^Tacitus,The Annals1.44
    23. ^Cassius Dio (1917).Roman History(ThayerLacus Curtius). Vol. VIBook LV.Loeb Classical Library.
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    25. ^"Chatti in Encyclopædia Britannica".Encyclopædia Britannica. September 2010.Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved20 September 2010.
    26. ^Velleius,Compendium of Roman History,book 2, 104,2.
    27. ^Velleius, Hist. Rom. II, 106. Schmidt, 5.
    28. ^Velleius Paterculus, II.106.
    29. ^Res Gestae Divi Augusti, 5.26.
    30. ^"Legio V Alaudae". livius.org. September 2010.Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved23 August 2017.
    31. ^Wells, Peter S.The Battle that stopped Rome. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 2003, p. 187ISBN 0-393-32643-8
    32. ^"The Ambush That Changed History". Fergus M. Bordewich,Smithsonian Magazine. September 2005.Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved17 October 2008.
    33. ^"Germans under Arminius Revolt Against Rome". Edward Shepherd Creasy,The Great Events by Famous Historians, Vol. 2. 1905.Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved20 September 2010.
    34. ^"LacusCurtius • Velleius Paterculus — Book II, Chapters 94‑131".penelope.uchicago.edu.
    35. ^Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History II, 120, 4; Cassius Dio, Roman History LVI, 22, 2a-2b
    36. ^Tacitus,Annals 2, 44–46
    37. ^Kevin Sweeney,Scholars look at factors surrounding Hermann's victoryArchived 14 July 2011 at theWayback Machine. www.nujournal.com 2010-10.
    38. ^Tacitus.The Annals.2.63
    39. ^Goldsworthy,In the Name of Rome, p. 269
    40. ^Tacitus 117:189–190,The Annals, Bk XI, Ch 18–19. Events of AD 47–48.
    41. ^Tacitus,Annals,XII.27
    42. ^Tacitus 117:253,The Annals, Bk XIII, Ch 55. Events of AD 54–58.
    43. ^Luttwak,The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, p. 53
    44. ^R.Syme,Guerre e frontiere del periodo dei Flavi, pp.606 ss.
    45. ^Frontinus,Stratagemata, I, 3, 10.
    46. ^B.W.Jones,The emperor Domitian, p.129.
    47. ^C.Scarre,Chronicle of the roman emperors, p.77.
    48. ^Dean-Jones, Lesley (1992), p. 144
    49. ^Scott, Andrew (2008).Change and Discontinuity Within the Severan Dynasty: The Case of Macrinus. Rutgers. p. 25.ISBN 978-0-549-89041-6.
    50. ^abKulikowski, Michael, 2007,Rome's Gothic Wars, p. 18.
    51. ^Jordanes,The Goths in the Third Century ADArchived 24 May 2011 at theWayback Machine inTHE ORIGIN AND DEEDS OF THE GOTHS, translated by Charles C. Mierow, www.earth-history.com
    52. ^State, Paul F.,A Brief History of the Netherlands, Infobase Publishing, 2008, p. 8
    53. ^Drinkwater (1987), pp. 30, 170.
    54. ^Zosimus,Historia Nova,book 1.43Archived 14 May 2008 at theWayback Machine
    55. ^Potter, David S.,A Companion to the Roman Empire, p. 270
    56. ^Southern, pg. 129
    57. ^Gibbon, p. 286
    58. ^abWilliams, 50–51.
    59. ^Barnes,Constantine and Eusebius, 7.
    60. ^Grane, Thomas (2007), "From Gallienus to Probus – Three decades of turmoil and recovery",The Roman Empire and Southern Scandinavia–a Northern Connection! (PhD thesis), Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, p. 109
    61. ^Barnes,Constantine and Eusebius, 29; Elliott,Christianity of Constantine, 41; Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 63; MacMullen,Constantine, 39–40; Odahl, 81–83.
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    63. ^Barnes,Constantine and Eusebius, 250.
    64. ^Sozomen,Ecclesiastical History,book 1, chapter 8 & book 2, chapter 34.
    65. ^Kulikowski, Michael, 2007,Rome's Gothic Wars, pp. 83–84.
    66. ^Origo Constantini 6.32 mention the actions.
    67. ^Eusebius,The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine, IV.6
    68. ^Odahl, Charles M.,Constantine and the Christian Empire, chapter X.
    69. ^V.A. Makfield, "L'Europa continentale", inIl mondo di Roma imperiale, edited by J. Wacher, Roma-Bari 1989, pp. 210–213.
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    71. ^R.Ardevan & L.Zerbini,La Dacia romana, p.210.
    72. ^Ammianus Marcellinus,Historiae,book 14, chapters 10.
    73. ^Ammianus Marcellinus,Historiae,book 15, chapters 4.
    74. ^John F. Drinkwater,The Alamanni and Rome 213–496, pp. 240–241.
    75. ^Ammianus Marcellinus,Historiae,book 17, chapters 12–13.
    76. ^abcLarned, Josephus Nelson (1922).The New Larned History. C.A. Nichols Publishing Company. p. 204.
    77. ^Gibbon, Ibid. p. 892, 893
    78. ^Ammianus Marcellinus,Historiae,book 27, chapter 5.
    79. ^Kulikowski, Michael, 2007,Rome's Gothic Wars, pp. 115–116.
    80. ^abcZosimus,Historia NovaArchived 14 May 2008 at theWayback Machine,book 4Archived 16 July 2010 at theWayback Machine.
    81. ^abAmmianus Marcellinus,Historiae,book 31, chapter 3.
    82. ^abcPhilostorgius,Ecclesiastical history,book 9, chapter 17.
    83. ^abcSozomen,Ecclesiastical History, book 6, chapter 37.
    84. ^abHeather, Peter, 1998,The Goths, pp. 98–104.
    85. ^abKulikowski, Michael, 2007,Rome's Gothic Wars, pp. 124–128.
    86. ^Heather, Peter, 2010,Empires and barbarians, p. 215.
    87. ^Heather, Peter, 1995,The English Historical Review,The Huns and the end of the Roman Empire in Western EuropeArchived 31 October 2010 at theWayback Machine
    88. ^abAmmianus Marcellinus,Historiae,book 31, chapters 5–16.
    89. ^Socrates Scholasticus,The Ecclesiastical History[permanent dead link], book 4, chapters 34–38 & book 5, chapter 1.
    90. ^Heather, Peter, 1998,The Goths, pp. 130–138.
    91. ^Kulikowski, Michael, 2007,Rome's Gothic Wars, pp. 130–153.
    92. ^Hahn, Irene (2007)."The Day of the Barbarians: The Battle That Led to the Fall of the Roman Empire".Book review. Jenson Books Inc.Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. Retrieved19 April 2008.
    93. ^Zosimus,Historia Nova, book 4.
    94. ^Roman Empire – AdrianopleArchived 29 March 2007 at theWayback Machine roman-empire.net. Illustrated History of the Roman Empire. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
    95. ^abHeather, Peter,The Goths, p. 205
    96. ^Jaques, Tony.Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007,ISBN 978-0-313-33538-9, p. 345.
    97. ^abHeather, Peter,The Goths, p. 194
    98. ^abKulikowski, Michael, "Barbarians in Gaul, Usurpers in Britain",Britannia31 (2000), 325–345.
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    104. ^Sidonius Apollinaris,Carmina, V.385–440 and A. Loyen,Recherches historiques sur les panégiriques de Sidonine Apollinaire, Paris 1942, pp. 76–77 and note 5. Cited in Savino, Eliodoro,Campania tardoantica (284–604 d.C.), Edipuglia, 2005,ISBN 88-7228-257-8, p. 84.
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    107. ^Getica, 303
    108. ^Haldon, John, 2008,The Byzantine Wars, p. 39.
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    110. ^De Bello Gothico IV 32, pp. 241–245
    111. ^abJarnut, Jörg (2002).Storia dei Longobardi (in Italian). Torino: Einaudi. p. 125.ISBN 88-464-4085-4.

    Works cited

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