Human chromosome
Chromosome 16 is one of the 23 pairs ofchromosomes inhumans . People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 16 spans about 90 millionbase pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents just under 3% of the total DNA incells .
The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 16. Because researchers use different approaches togenome annotation their predictions of thenumber of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, seegene prediction ). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS ) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.[ 4]
The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 16. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.
AARS1 : encodingenzyme Alanyl—tRNA synthetase 1ACSF3 : encodingenzyme Acyl-CoA synthetase family member 3ACSM2B : encodingenzyme Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM2B, mitochondrialACSM3 : encodingenzyme Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM3, mitochondrial 2ADHD1 : Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, susceptibility to, 1ARL6IP1 : encodingprotein ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 6-interacting protein 1ARMC5 BMIQ5 : Body mass index quantitative trait locus 5C16orf58 : encodingprotein Chromosome 16open reading frame 58C16orf71 : encodingprotein Uncharacterized protein Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 71C16orf82 :C16orf84 :C16orf95 :C16orf96 : encodingprotein C16orf96, or chromosome 16 open reading frame 96,CARHSP1 : Calcium-regulated heat stable protein 1CASP16P : encodingprotein Caspase 16, pseudogeneCCDC113 : encodingprotein Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 113Ccdc78 : encodingprotein Coiled-coil domain-containing 78 (CCDC78)CDIPT : CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferaseCFDP1 : Craniofacial development protein 1CHDS1 : Coronary heart disease, susceptibility to, 1CIAPIN1 : Anamorsin (originally, Cytokine induced apoptosis inhibitor 1)CKLF : Chemokine-like factorCLUAP1 :CMTM2 : encodingprotein CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing protein 2CCDC135 : encodingprotein Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 135COTL1 : encodingprotein Coactosin-like proteinCPNE7 : encodingprotein Copine 7CTRL : Chymotrypsin-like proteaseDCTPP1 : encodingenzyme dCTP pyrophosphatase 1DEL16P12.1P11.2 : Chromosome 16p12.2-p11.2 deletion syndromeDEL16p13.3, RSTSS : Chromosome 16p13.3 deletion syndrome (Rubinstein-Taybi deletion syndrome)DHX38 : DEAH-box helicase 38DUP16p13.3, C16DUPq13.3 : Chromosome 16p13.3 duplication syndromeEMP2 : Epithelial membrane protein 2ENKD1 : Enkurin domain-containing protein 1ERAF : Alpha-hemoglobin-stabilizing proteinFAHD1 : Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing protein 1FAM57B : Family with sequence similarity 57 member BFBRS : Probably fibrosin-1 long transcript proteinFOXC2-AS1 : encodingprotein FOXC2 antisense RNA 1GLG1 : Golgi apparatus protein 1HBAP1 : Hemoglobin, alpha pseudogene 1HBHR, ATR1 : Alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome, type 1HIRIP3 : encodingprotein HIRA-interacting protein 3IBD8 : Inflammatory bowel disease 8IHPS2 : Pyloric stenosis, infantile hypertrophic, 2ITFG3 : encodingprotein Protein ITFG3JPT2 : encodingprotein Jupiter microtubule associated homolog 2KDM8 : encodingprotein Lysine demethylase 8KIAA0895L : uncharacterized protein KIAA0895-likeLINC00273 encodingprotein Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 273LOC124220 : encodingprotein Zymogen granule protein 16 homolog BLOC81691 :LUC7L : encodingprotein Putative RNA-binding protein Luc7-like 1LYPLA3 : encodingenzyme Group XV phospholipase A2MC1R : melanocortin 1 receptorMCOPCT1 : Microphthalmia with cataract 1METRN : encodingprotein Meteorin, glial cell differentiation regulatorMETTL26/JFP2 : encodingprotein Chromosome 16 open reading frame 13MKL2 : encodingprotein MKL/myocardin-like protein 2MPHOSPH6 : encodingenzyme M-phase phosphoprotein 6MT1G : encodingprotein Metallothionein-1GMT1X : encodingprotein Metallothionein 1XNIP30 : encodingprotein NIP30 proteinNOB1 : encodingprotein RNA-binding protein NOB1NOMO1 : encodingprotein Nodal modulator 1NPW : encodingprotein Neuropeptide WNUBP2 : encodingprotein Nucleotide-binding protein 2NUPR1 : encodingprotein Nuclear protein 1OGFOD1 :PDF : encodingenzyme Peptide deformylase, mitochondrialPDPR : encodingprotein Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase regulatory subunitPKDTS : Polycystic kidney disease, infantile severe, with tuberous sclerosisPMFBP1 : encodingprotein Polyamine-modulated factor 1-binding protein 1POLR3K : encodingenzyme DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC10PRMT7 : encodingprotein Protein arginine methyltransferase 7PRR35 : encodingprotein Proline rich 35RPS15A : encodingprotein 40S ribosomal protein S15aRSL1D1 : encodingprotein Ribosomal L1 domain-containing protein 1SHCBP1 : encodingprotein SHC SH2 domain-binding protein 1SLZ1 : encodingprotein SLX1 structure-specific endonuclease subunit homolog B (S. cerevisiae)SNAI3-AS1 : encodingprotein SNAI3 antisense RNA 1SNORD71 : encodingprotein Small nucleolar RNA, C/D box 71SPSB3 : encodingprotein SplA/ryanodine receptor domain and SOCS box containing 3SRCAP : encodingenzyme Helicase SRCAPTANGO6 : encodingprotein Transport and Golgi organization protein 6 homologTAO2 : encoding Serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO2TBC1D24 : encodingprotein TBC1 domain family, member 24TEDC2 : encodingprotein Tubulin epsilon and delta complex 2TELO2 : encodingprotein Telomere length regulation protein TEL2 homologTMEM112 : encodingenzyme Lipase maturation factor 1TMEM8A : encodingprotein Transmembrane protein 8ATNRC6A : encodingprotein Trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6A proteinTuberous sclerosis complex tumor suppressors : encoding [[]] FALSETSR3 : encodingUNKL : encodingprotein RING finger protein unkempt-likeVAT1L : encodingprotein Vesicle amine transport protein 1 homolog (T. californica)-likeVPS35L : encodingprotein VPS35 Endosomal Protein Sorting Factor LikeWFDC1 : encodingprotein WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 1ZG16 ZNF23 : encodingprotein Zinc finger protein 23ZNF200 : encodingprotein Zinc finger protein 200ZNF263 : encodingprotein Zinc finger protein 263ZNF629 : encodingprotein Zinc finger protein 629ZNF843 : encodingprotein Zinc finger protein 843Diseases and disorders [ edit ] G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 16
G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 16 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g.
Ensembl ,
UCSC Genome Browser ).
G-banding patterns of human chromosome 16 in three different resolutions (400,
[ 13] 550
[ 14] and 850
[ 3] ). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).
[ 15] This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the
mitotic process .
[ 16] G-bands of human chromosome 16 in resolution 850 bphs[ 17] Chr. Arm[ 18] Band[ 19] ISCN[ 20] ISCN[ 20] Basepair Basepair Stain[ 21] Density 16 p 13.3 0 352 gneg 16 p 13.2 352 596 gpos 50 16 p 13.13 596 813 gneg 16 p 13.12 813 948 gpos 50 16 p 13.11 948 1070 gneg 16 p 12.3 1070 1246 gpos 50 16 p 12.2 1246 1409 gneg 16 p 12.1 1409 1558 gpos 50 16 p 11.2 1558 1856 gneg 16 p 11.1 1856 2045 acen 16 q 11.1 2045 2194 acen 16 q 11.2 2194 2709 gvar 16 q 12.1 2709 2953 gneg 16 q 12.2 2953 3142 gpos 50 16 q 13 3142 3346 gneg 16 q 21 3346 3657 gpos 100 16 q 22.1 3657 4023 gneg 16 q 22.2 4023 4118 gpos 50 16 q 22.3 4118 4294 gneg 16 q 23.1 4294 4551 gpos 75 16 q 23.2 4551 4659 gneg 16 q 23.3 4659 4768 gpos 50 16 q 24.1 4768 4930 gneg 16 q 24.2 4930 5025 gpos 25 16 q 24.3 5025 5120 gneg
^a b "Search results - 16[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene" .NCBI . CCDS Release 20 forHomo sapiens . 2016-09-08. Retrieved2017-05-28 .^ Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2 April 2010).Human Molecular Genetics ISBN 978-1-136-84407-2 ^a b Genome Decoration Page, NCBI.Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3) . Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26. ^ Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010)."Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes" .Genome Biol .11 (5): 206.doi :10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206 PMC 2898077 PMID 20441615 . ^ "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 16" .HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee . 2017-05-12. Archived fromthe original on 2017-08-18. Retrieved2017-05-19 .^ "Chromosome 16: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens" .Ensembl Release 88 . 2017-03-29. Retrieved2017-05-19 .^ "Human chromosome 16: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM" .UniProt . 2018-02-28. Retrieved2018-03-16 .^ "Search results - 16[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene" .NCBI . 2017-05-19. Retrieved2017-05-20 .^ "Search results - 16[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene" .NCBI . 2017-05-19. Retrieved2017-05-20 .^ "Search results - 16[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene" .NCBI . 2017-05-19. Retrieved2017-05-20 .^ Maillard, A M (25 November 2014)."The 16p11.2 locus modulates brain structures common to autism, schizophrenia and obesity" .Molecular Psychiatry .20 (1):140– 147.doi :10.1038/mp.2014.145 .PMC 4320286 PMID 25421402 . ^ Richter, M (21 February 2018)."Altered TAOK2 activity causes autism-related neurodevelopmental and cognitive abnormalities through RhoA signaling" .Molecular Psychiatry .24 (9):1329– 1350.doi :10.1038/s41380-018-0025-5 .PMC 6756231 PMID 29467497 . ^ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI.Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3) . Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26. ^ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI.Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3) . Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26. ^ International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013).ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013) ISBN 978-3-318-02253-7 ^ Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images".2012 Ninth International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE) 276– 282.doi :10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965 .ISBN 978-1-4673-1921-8 S2CID 16666470 . ^ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI.Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3) . Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26. ^ "p ": Short arm; "q ": Long arm. ^ For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see articlelocus . ^a b These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013).Arbitrary unit . ^ gpos : Region which is positively stained byG banding , generallyAT-rich and gene poor;gneg : Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generallyCG-rich and gene rich;acen Centromere .var : Variable region;stalk : Stalk.Gilbert F (1999). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 16".Genet Test .3 (2):243– 54.doi :10.1089/gte.1999.3.243 .PMID 10464676 . Martin J, et al. (2004)."The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16" (PDF) .Nature .432 (7020):988– 94.Bibcode :2004Natur.432..988M .doi :10.1038/nature03187 PMID 15616553 .S2CID 4362044 . Miller, David T; Nasir, Ramzi; Sobeih, Magdi M; Shen, Yiping; Wu, Bai-Lin; Hanson, Ellen (2011-10-27)."16p11.2 Recurrent Microdeletion" .16p11.2 Microdeletion . University of Washington, Seattle.PMID 20301775 . NBK11167. Adam MP, Everman DB, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Gripp KW, Amemiya A (1993). Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, et al. (eds.).GeneReviews [Internet] PMID 20301295 . http://omim.org/search?index=geneMap&search=16p13.3 National Institutes of Health."Chromosome 16" .Genetics Home Reference . Archived fromthe original on August 3, 2004. Retrieved2017-05-06 . "Chromosome 16" .Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003 . Retrieved2017-05-06 .
Basic Types Processes Structures
See also
