Christopher Lasch | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Robert Christopher Lasch (1932-06-01)June 1, 1932 Omaha, Nebraska, US |
| Died | February 14, 1994(1994-02-14) (aged 61) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 4 |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | |
| Thesis | Revolution and Democracy[1] (1961) |
| Doctoral advisor | William Leuchtenburg[2][3] |
| Influences | |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | History |
| Institutions | |
| Doctoral students | |
| Notable works | The Culture of Narcissism (1979) |
| Influenced | |
Robert Christopher Lasch (June 1, 1932 – February 14, 1994) was an American historian andsocial critic who was a history professor at theUniversity of Rochester. Lasch's books, includingThe New Radicalism in America (1965),Haven in a Heartless World (1977),The Culture of Narcissism (1979),The True and Only Heaven (1991), andThe Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy (published posthumously in 1995) were widely discussed and reviewed.The Culture of Narcissism became a surprise best-seller and won theNational Book Award in thecategory Current Interest (paperback).[6][a]
Lasch sought to use history to demonstrate what he saw as the pervasiveness with which major institutions, public and private, were eroding the competence and independence of families and communities. Therefore, he strove to create a historically informed social criticism that could teach Americans how to deal with rampantconsumerism,proletarianization, and what he famously labeled "the culture of narcissism".
Lasch was always a critic ofmodern liberalism and a historian of liberalism's discontents, but over time, his political perspective evolved dramatically. In the 1960s, he was aneo-Marxist and acerbic critic ofCold War liberalism. Beginning in the 1970s, he combined certain aspects ofcultural conservatism with a left-leaning critique ofcapitalism, and drew onFreud-influencedcritical theory to diagnose the ongoing deterioration that he perceived in American culture and politics. His writings are sometimes denounced byfeminists[7] and hailed byconservatives[8] for his apparent defense of a traditional conception offamily life. Lasch eventually concluded that an often unspoken, but pervasive, faith in "Progress" tended to make Americans resistant to many of his arguments. In one of his last major works,The True and Only Heaven, he explored this theme in depth, suggesting that Americans had much to learn from the suppressed and misunderstood populist and artisan movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[9]
Born on June 1, 1932, inOmaha, Nebraska, Christopher Lasch came from a secular, highly political family rooted in the left.[10][11]: 185 His father, Robert Lasch, was aRhodes Scholar and journalist who won a Pulitzer prize for editorials criticizing the Vietnam War while he was in St. Louis.[9][12] His mother, Zora Lasch (née Schaupp), who held a philosophy doctorate, worked as a social worker and teacher.[13][14][15]
Lasch was active in the arts and letters early, publishing a neighborhood newspaper while in grade school and writing the fully orchestrated "Rumpelstiltskin, Opera in D Major" at the age of thirteen.[9] Around this time, Robert Lasch moved the family to the Chicago suburbs after he was offered an editorial position at theChicago Sun. Lasch graduated fromBarrington High School.[11]: 186
Lasch earned a bachelor's degree in history fromHarvard University, where he roomed withJohn Updike.[16] He then received a master's degree in history and doctorate fromColumbia University, where he worked withWilliam Leuchtenburg.[17][18]Richard Hofstadter was also a significant influence. He contributed a Foreword to later editions of Hofstadter'sThe American Political Tradition and an article on Hofstadter in theNew York Review of Books in 1973. He taught at theUniversity of Iowa and then was a professor of history at theUniversity of Rochester from 1970 until his death from cancer in 1994. Lasch also took a conspicuous public role.Russell Jacoby acknowledged this in writing that "I do not think any other historian of his generation moved as forcefully into the public arena".[14] In 1986, he appeared on Channel 4 television in discussion withMichael Ignatieff andCornelius Castoriadis.[19]
During the 1960s, Lasch identified as a socialist, but one who found influence not just in the writers of the time, such asC. Wright Mills, but also in earlier independent voices, such asDwight Macdonald.[20] Lasch became further influenced by writers of theFrankfurt School and the earlyNew Left Review and felt that "Marxism seemed indispensable to me".[21] During the 1970s, however, he became disenchanted with the Left's belief in progress—a theme treated later by his studentDavid Noble—and increasingly identified this belief as the factor that explained the Left's failure to thrive despite the widespread discontent and conflict of the times. He was a professor of history atNorthwestern University from 1966 to 1970.[17]
At this point Lasch began to formulate what would become his signature style of social critique: asyncretic synthesis ofSigmund Freud and the strand ofsocially conservative thinking that remained deeply suspicious ofcapitalism and its effects ontraditional institutions.
Besides Leuchtenburg, Hofstadter, and Freud, Lasch was especially influenced byOrestes Brownson,Henry George,Lewis Mumford,Jacques Ellul,Reinhold Niebuhr, andPhilip Rieff.[22] A notable group of graduate students worked with Lasch at the University of Rochester,Eugene Genovese, and, for a time,Herbert Gutman, includingLeon Fink,Russell Jacoby, Bruce Levine,David Noble,Maurice Isserman, William Leach, Rochelle Gurstein,Kevin Mattson, and Catherine Tumber.[23]
In 1956, Lasch married Nellie Commager, daughter of historianHenry Steele Commager; the couple had four children.[17][24]
After seemingly successful cancer surgery in 1992, Lasch was diagnosed with metastatic cancer in 1993. Upon learning that it was unlikely to significantly prolong his life, he refusedchemotherapy, observing that it would rob him of the energy he needed to continue writing and teaching. To one persistent specialist, he wrote: "I despise the cowardly clinging to life, purely for the sake of life, that seems so deeply ingrained in the American temperament."[9] He died at his home inPittsford, New York, on February 14, 1994, at age 61.[25]
Lasch's earliest argument, anticipated partly by Hofstadter's concern with the cycles of fragmentation among radical movements in the United States, was that American radicalism had at some point in the past become socially untenable. Members of "the Left" had abandoned their former commitments to economic justice and suspicion of power, to assume professionalized roles and to support commoditized lifestyles which hollowed out communities' self-sustaining ethics. His first major book,The New Radicalism in America: The Intellectual as a Social Type, published in 1965 (with a promotional blurb from Hofstadter), expressed those ideas in the form of a bracing critique of twentieth-century liberalism's efforts to accrue power and restructure society, while failing to follow up on the promise of theNew Deal.[26] Most of his books, even the more strictly historical ones, include such sharp criticism of the priorities of alleged "radicals" who represented merely extreme formations of a rapacious capitalist ethos.
His basic thesis about the family, which he first expressed in 1965 and explored for the rest of his career, was:
When government was centralized and politics became national in scope, as they had to be to cope with the energies let loose by industrialism, and when public life became faceless and anonymous and society an amorphous democratic mass, the old system of paternalism (in the home and out of it) collapsed, even when its semblance survived intact. The patriarch, though he might still preside in splendor at the head of his board, had come to resemble an emissary from a government which had been silently overthrown. The mere theoretical recognition of his authority by his family could not alter the fact that the government which was the source of all his ambassadorial powers had ceased to exist.[27]
Lasch's most famous work,The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (1979), sought to relate the hegemony of modern-day capitalism to an encroachment of a "therapeutic" mindset into social and family life similar to that already theorized byPhilip Rieff. Lasch posited that social developments in the 20th century (e.g., World War II and the rise of consumer culture in the years following) gave rise to anarcissistic personality structure, in which individuals' fragile self-concepts had led, among other things, to a fear of commitment and lasting relationships (including religion), a dread of aging (i.e., the 1960s and 1970s "youth culture") and a boundless admiration for fame and celebrity (nurtured initially by the motion picture industry and furthered principally by television). He claimed, further, that this personality type conformed to structural changes in the world of work (e.g., the decline of agriculture and manufacturing in the US and the emergence of the "information age"). With those developments, he charged, inevitably there arose a certain therapeutic sensibility (and thus dependence) that, inadvertently or not, undermined older notions of self-help and individual initiative. By the 1970s, even pleas for "individualism" were desperate and essentially ineffectual cries that expressed a deeper lack of meaningful individuality.
The Culture of Narcissism won aNational Book Award in 1980, but Lasch was not comfortable with the honor, saying that publishing awards reflected "the worst tendencies" of the industry.[10]
Most explicitly inThe True and Only Heaven, Lasch developed a critique of social change amidst the middle classes in the US, explaining and seeking to counteract the fall of "populism". He sought to rehabilitate this populist orproducerist alternative tradition: "The tradition I am talking about ... tends to be skeptical of programs for the wholesale redemption of society ... It is very radically democratic and in that sense it clearly belongs on the Left. But on the other hand it has a good deal more respect for tradition than is common on the Left, and for religion too."[28] And said that: "...any movement that offers any real hope for the future will have to find much of its moral inspiration in the plebeian radicalism of the past and more generally in the indictment of progress, large-scale production and bureaucracy that was drawn up by a long line of moralists whose perceptions were shaped by the producers' view of the world."[29]
By the 1980s, Lasch had heaped scorn on the whole spectrum of contemporary mainstream American political thought, angering liberals with attacks onprogressivism andfeminism. He wrote that
A feminist movement that respected the achievements of women in the past would not disparage housework, motherhood or unpaid civic and neighborly services. It would not make a paycheck the only symbol of accomplishment. ... It would insist that people need self-respecting honorable callings, not glamorous careers that carry high salaries but take them away from their families.[30]
JournalistSusan Faludi dubbed him explicitly anti-feminist for his criticism of the abortion rights movement and opposition to divorce.[31] But Lasch viewed Ronald Reagan's conservatism as the antithesis of tradition and moral responsibility. Lasch was not generally sympathetic to the cause of what was then known as theNew Right, particularly those elements oflibertarianism most evident in its platform; he detested the encroachment of the capitalist marketplace into all aspects of American life.[citation needed]
Lasch rejected the dominant political constellation that emerged in the wake of the New Deal in which economic centralization and social tolerance formed the foundations of American liberal ideals, while also rebuking the diametrically opposed synthetic conservative ideology fashioned byWilliam F. Buckley Jr. andRussell Kirk. Lasch was also critical and at times dismissive toward his closest contemporary kin in social philosophy,communitarianism as elaborated byAmitai Etzioni.[citation needed] Only populism satisfied Lasch's criteria of economic justice (not necessarily equality, but minimizing class-based difference), participatory democracy, strong social cohesion and moral rigor; yet populism had made major mistakes during the New Deal and increasingly been co-opted by its enemies and ignored by its friends. For instance, he praised the early work and thought ofMartin Luther King Jr. as exemplary of American populism; yet in Lasch's view, King fell short of this radical vision by embracing in the last few years of his life an essentially bureaucratic solution to ongoing racial stratification.[citation needed]
He explained in one of his booksThe Minimal Self,[32] "it goes without saying that sexual equality in itself remains an eminently desirable objective ...". InWomen and the Common Life,[33] Lasch clarified that urging women to abandon the household and forcing them into a position of economic dependence in the workplace, pointing out the importance of professional careers does not entail liberation, so long as these careers are governed by the requirements of corporate economy.
In his last months, he worked closely with his daughter Elisabeth to complete the work, in which he "excoriated the newmeritocratic class, a group that had achieved success through the upward-mobility of education and career and that increasingly came to be defined by rootlessness, cosmopolitanism, a thin sense of obligation, and diminishing reservoirs of patriotism," and "argued that this new class 'retained many of the vices of aristocracy without its virtues', lacking the sense of 'reciprocal obligation' that had been a feature of the old order."[34]
Christopher Lasch analyzes[35] the widening gap between the top and bottom of the social composition in the United States. For him, our epoch is determined by a social phenomenon: the revolt of the elites, in reference toThe Revolt of the Masses (1929) of the Spanish philosopherJosé Ortega y Gasset. According to Lasch, the new elites, i.e. those who are in the top 20 percent in terms of income, through globalization which allows total mobility of capital, no longer live in the same world as their fellow-citizens. In this, they oppose the old bourgeoisie of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which was constrained by its spatial stability to a minimum of rooting and civic obligations.
Globalization, according to the historian, has turned elites into tourists in their own countries. The de-nationalization of society tends to produce a class who see themselves as "world citizens, but without accepting… any of the obligations that citizenship in a polity normally implies". Their ties to an international culture of work, leisure, information – make many of them deeply indifferent to the prospect of national decline. Instead of financing public services and the public treasury, new elites are investing their money in improving their voluntary ghettos: private schools in their residential neighborhoods, private police, garbage collection systems. They have "withdrawn from common life".
Composed of those who control the international flows of capital and information, who preside over philanthropic foundations and institutions of higher education, they manage the instruments of cultural production and thus fix the terms of public debate. So, the political debate is limited mainly to the dominant classes and political ideologies lose all contact with the concerns of the ordinary citizen. The result of this is that no one has a likely solution to these problems and that there are furious ideological battles on related issues. However, they remain protected from the problems affecting the working classes: the decline of industrial activity, the resulting loss of employment, the decline of the middle class, increasing the number of the poor, the rising crime rate, growing drug trafficking, the urban crisis.
In addition, he finalized his intentions for the essays to be included inWomen and the Common Life: Love, Marriage, and Feminism, which was published, with his daughter's introduction, in 1997.Eric Miller's biographyHope in a Scattering Time: A Life of Christopher Lasch was published byWilliam B. Eerdmans Publishing Company in 2010.[36]
