Christopher Clavius | |
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| Born | (1538-03-25)25 March 1538 |
| Died | 6 February 1612(1612-02-06) (aged 73) |
| Alma mater | University of Coimbra Collegio Romano |
| Known for | Gregorian calendar Clavius' Law |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics,astronomy |
| Institutions | Collegio Romano |
Christopher Clavius,SJ (25 March 1538 – 6 February 1612[1]) was aJesuit Germanmathematician and physicist, head of mathematicians at theCollegio Romano, andastronomer who was a member of the Vatican commission that accepted the proposed calendar invented byAloysius Lilius, that is known as theGregorian calendar. Clavius would later write defences and an explanation of the reformed calendar, including an emphatic acknowledgement of Lilius' work. In his last years, he was probably the most respected astronomer inEurope and his textbooks were used for astronomical education for over fifty years in and even out of Europe.[2]
Little is known about Christopher Clavius' early life, with the only certain fact being that he was born inBamberg in either 1538 or 1537.[3] His given name is not known to any great degree of certainty—it is thought by scholars to have perhaps beenChristoph Clau orKlau. There are also some who think that his taken name,Clavius, may be a Latinization of his original German name, suggesting that his name may have beenSchlüssel (German for 'key', which isclavis in Latin).
Clavius joined the Jesuit order in 1555. He attended theUniversity of Coimbra inPortugal, where it is possible that he had some kind of contact with the famous mathematicianPedro Nunes (Petrus Nonius). Following this he went to Italy and studied theology at the JesuitCollegio Romano inRome. He was ordained in 1564, and 15 years later was assigned to compute the basis for a reformed calendar that would stop the slow process in which the Church's holidays were drifting relative to the seasons of the year. Using thePrussian Tables ofErasmus Reinhold and building on the work ofAloysius Lilius, he proposed a calendar reform that was adopted in 1582 in Catholic countries by order ofPope Gregory XIII and is now the Gregorian calendar used worldwide.
Within the Jesuit order, Clavius was almost single-handedly responsible for the adoption of a rigorous mathematics curriculum in an age where mathematics was often ridiculed by philosophers as well as fellow Jesuits likeBenito Pereira.[4] Inlogic,Clavius' Law (inferring of the truth of a proposition from the inconsistency of its negation) is named after him.
He used thedecimal point in thegoniometric tables of hisastrolabium in 1593 and he was one of the first who used it in this way in the West.[5][6]
Clavius wrote a commentary on the most important astronomical textbook of the late Middle Ages,De Sphaera ofJohannes de Sacrobosco. The commentary by Clavius was one of the most influential astronomy textbooks of its time and had at least 16 editions between 1570 and 1618, with Clavius himself revising the text seven times and in each case greatly expanding it.[7]In the 1585 edition of his aforementioned commentary he located (independently ofTycho Brahe) thenova from 1572 in thefixed stars sphere (in the constellation ofCassiopeia) and found that the position of the nova was exactly the same for all observers. That meant that it had to be beyond the Moon, and the doctrine that the heavens could not change was proven false.[8]
As an astronomer Clavius adhered strictly to thegeocentric model of theSolar System, in which all the heavens rotate about theEarth. Though he opposed theheliocentric model ofCopernicus, he recognized problems with thePtolemaic model. He was treated with great respect byGalileo, who visited him in 1611 and discussed the new observations being made with thetelescope; Clavius had by that time accepted the new discoveries as genuine,[9] though he retained doubts about the reality of the mountains on theMoon and said he could not see the fourJupiter's satellites through the telescope.[10] Later, alarge crater on the Moon was named in his honor.
During his time at Collegio Romano Clavius served as the head of themathematicians, a public professor of mathematics, and as the Director of Advanced Instruction and Research at the Academy of Mathematics until 1610 in an official capacity and for two more years until 1612 in an informal role.[11] The Academy existed in an informal capacity for many years before Clavius' arrival in Rome in 1561. However, in 1580 in his document titledOrdo servandus in addiscendis disciplinis mathematicis, Clavius described a detailed curriculum for mathematics to have the College officially recognize the Academy.[11]
The curriculum he proposed contained three different curricula aiming to educate new Jesuits in mathematics. The curriculum contained three different courses: one year, a two-year, and a three-year. The course material to be covered wereoptics,statics, astronomy, andacoustics,[11] emphasizing mathematics.
His request was eventually denied, but nonetheless he was given the title of Professor of Mathematics. Clavius made another attempt in 1586 to establish the Academy as an official course at the Collegio Romano, but there was opposition from the philosophers at the College. The Academy remained an unofficial curriculum until 1593 or 1594.
Upon its eventual founding, the Academy required nomination by the Professor of Mathematics for admission. Clavius taught the advanced course within the Academy, but little is known about his specific teachings and work as a professor during his time at the College. The exact number of students that Clavius taught is unclear, but in a letter fromChristoph Grienberger to Clavius in 1595, it is stated that at that time, Clavius had around ten students.[11] The exact structure of the courses and how they were taught is unclear. There has been no evidence to show whether the students he taught shared classes or the specific material he chose to cover. The purpose for founding the Academy was to train technical specialists,[11] to expand the pedagogical corps to support the growing need for professors, as the number of colleges at the time was rapidly increasing,[11] as well as the training of missionaries in order to support their efforts in remote places.[11] With the purpose of the Academy clear, most of what Clavius and his students did in the Academy is unknown. This lack of detailed information has led to most of what Clavius did during his years at the College falling into obscurity.
Clavius and Galileo Galilei often shared correspondence during his time at the College, discussing proofs and theories. It is likely that while running the Academy, he was also writing to Galileo and sharing his notes from the College's logic course to help Galileo in his endeavors to be able to adequately explain and demonstrate his ideas to others, which is something Galileo had struggled with in the past, specifically when trying to convince Clavius of his methods.[12]
Following his death in 1612, informal courses in the Academy continued at the College. However, due to the lack of mention of mathematicians in the College's catalog after 1615, it appears the Academy's official recognition by the Collegio Romano ended soon after Christopher Clavius's death.[11]
Clavius' complete mathematical works (5 volumes, Mainz, 1611–1612) areavailable online .
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Christopher Clavius".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.| International | |
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