As of 2010,Roman Catholics were the largestChristian group inEurope, accounting for more than 48% of European Christians.[3] The second-largest Christian group in Europe were theOrthodox, who made up 32% of European Christians.[3] About 19% of European Christians were part of themainline Protestant tradition.[3]Russia is the largest Christian country in Europe by population, followed byGermany andItaly.[3]
The Record of Saint Dorotheus (Bishop of Tyre) is that the Church at Tyre sentAristobulus (of the seventy) to Britain as bishop in AD 37. The Church seems to have been begun by him around the Bristol Channel area and 150 years later we have names of bishops recorded. By AD 550 there are recorded 120 bishops spread throughout the British Isles.[citation needed]Before they were a recognized religion in Europe,Christians faced punishment and persecution for their first centuries in Europe, especially during the first.[17][18] They were targeted by Emperor Nero who is rumored to have ordered the colossal fire in Rome, destroying the city in AD 64. The reasons for their persecution vary. Many believe Christians to have been scapegoats, when the real issues were local or political.[citation needed]
Armenia was the first state in the world to adoptChristianity as its state religion in AD 301. The oldest state-built church in the world,Etchmiadzin Cathedral, was built between AD 301–303. It is the seat of theArmenian Apostolic Church. TheRoman Empire officially adopted Christianity in AD 380. During theEarly Middle Ages, most of Europe underwentChristianization, a process essentially complete with theBaltic Christianization in the 15th century. The emergence of the notion of "Europe" or the "Western World" is intimately connected with the idea of "Christendom", especially sinceChristianity in the Middle East was marginalized by the rise ofIslam from the 7th century, a constellation that led to theCrusades, which although unsuccessful militarily were an important step in the emergence of a religious identity of Europe. At all times, traditions offolk religion existed largely independent from official denominations or dogmatic theology.[4]
From theMiddle Ages onwards, as the centralized Roman power waned in southern and central Europe, the dominance of theCatholic Church was the only consistent force in Western Europe.[4][19]
Western culture, throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent toChristian culture, and many of the population of the Western hemisphere could broadly be described as cultural Christians. The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and Christendom" many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unifiedEuropean identity.[26]
Although theProtestant Reformation was a religious movement, it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of European life: marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts.[43]
Note that most Calvinist and Lutheran churches in mainland Europe have merged tounited Protestant churches (e.g. in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland). Exclusive Lutheranism still prevails in the Nordic countries. There are an estimated twelve million members of United Churches in Europe.[51]
^"Europe".Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved15 January 2016.Most Europeans adhere to one of three broad divisions of Christianity: Roman Catholicism in the west and southwest, Protestantism in the north, and Eastern Orthodoxy in the east and southeast
^Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961).Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.). CUA Press.ISBN978-0-8132-1683-6.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^A. J. Richards, David (2010).Fundamentalism in American Religion and Law: Obama's Challenge to Patriarchy's Threat to Democracy. University of Philadelphia Press. p. 177.ISBN9781139484138...for the Jews in twentieth-century Europe, the cradle of Christian civilization.
^D'Anieri, Paul (2019).Ukraine and Russia: From Civilied Divorce to Uncivil War. Cambridge University Press. p. 94.ISBN9781108486095...for the Jews in twentieth-century Europe, the cradle of Christian civilization.
^L. Allen, John (2005).The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside story of How the Pope Was Elected and What it Means for the World. Penguin UK.ISBN9780141954714.Europe is historically the cradle of Christian culture, it is still the primary center of institutional and pastoral energy in the Catholic Church...
^Rietbergen, Peter (2014).Europe: A Cultural History. Routledge. p. 170.ISBN9781317606307.Europe is historically the cradle of Christian culture, it is still the primary center of institutional and pastoral energy in the Catholic Church...
^Byrnes, Timothy A.; Katzenstein, Peter J. (2006).Religion in an Expanding Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 110.ISBN978-0521676519.
^Hewitson, Mark; D’Auria, Matthew (2012).Europe in Crisis: Intellectuals and the European Idea, 1917–1957. New York; Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 243.ISBN9780857457271.
^Nikodemos Anagnostopoulos, Archimandrite (2017).Orthodoxy and Islam. Taylor & Francis. p. 16.ISBN9781315297927.Christianity has undoubtedly shaped European identity, culture, destiny, and history.
^Quoted inRobin Lane Fox,The Unauthorized Version, 1992:235.
^Johannes Schade (2006),The Encyclopedia of World Religions, Foreign Media Booksll,ISBN978-1-60136-000-7
^Howard Clark Kee, Franklin W. Young (1957),Understanding the New Testament, Prentice Hall,ISBN978-0-13-948266-3{{citation}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961).Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.). p. 25.ISBN9780813216836.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^Henkel, Reinhard and Hans Knippenberg "The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe" edited by Knippenberg published byHet Spinhuis, Amsterdam 2005ISBN90-5589-248-3, pages 7-9
^abZurlo, Gina; Skirbekk, Vegard; Grim, Brian (2019).Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2017. BRILL. p. 85.ISBN9789004346307.
^Ogbonnaya, Joseph (2017).African Perspectives on Culture and World Christianity. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 2–4.ISBN9781443891592.
^Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961).Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.). p. 108.ISBN9780813216836.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^Dawson, Christopher; Olsen, Glenn (1961).Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.).ISBN978-0-8132-1683-6.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992,ISBN0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX
^SirBanister Fletcher,History of Architecture on the Comparative Method.
^Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the 'Rise of the West': Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries",The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp. 409–445 (416, table 1)
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