Christopher French | |
|---|---|
.jpg) French in 2011 | |
| Born | Christopher Charles French (1956-04-06)6 April 1956 (age 68) |
| Nationality | British, English |
| Education | B.A., PhD,CPsychol,FBPsS,FRSA |
| Occupation | Psychologist |
| Employers | |
| Organization | Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit |
| Known for | The Skeptic (UK) magazine |
| Awards | Distinguished Supporter ofHumanists UK |
| Website | www.gold.ac.uk/psychology/staff/french |
Christopher (Chris) Charles French (born 1956) is a British psychologist who is prominent in the field ofanomalistic psychology, with a focus on the psychology ofparanormal beliefs and anomalous experiences. In addition to his academic activities, French frequently appears on radio and television to provide askeptical perspective on paranormal claims.
He is currently a Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Goldsmiths College, University of London, and the head of the Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit, which he founded in 2000. French emphasizes the importance of understanding why people believe in the paranormal and advocates for taking these claims seriously to explore the underlying psychological factors involved. He has conducted research on various paranormal phenomena, including psychic abilities, ghosts, UFO abductions, and astrology. French is also involved in academia, teaching courses on psychology, parapsychology, and pseudoscience. He has published numerous articles and chapters in reputable psychology journals and has presented his work at conferences and symposia.
French is also active in science communication, having served as the Editor-in-Chief ofThe Skeptic magazine and written columns for The Guardian newspaper. He has made numerous appearances on science programs, documentaries, and discussion panels to discuss skeptical perspectives on paranormal phenomena.
After French completed his PhD he taught adult education classes in which he also addressedastrology andextrasensory perception.[1]
French is currently Professor Emeritus ofPsychology atGoldsmiths College, University of London, and is head of their Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit[2] which he founded in 2000.
On the importance ofanomalistic psychology he said in an interview onThe Skeptic Zone,
Opinion poll after opinion poll tell us that the majority of population, in one way or another, do express belief in the paranormal. Most people, in any survey, will endorse at least one paranormal claim. Now, either that means that paranormal forces really do exist, or it's telling us something really interesting about human psychology. So, either way, we should definitely take these types of claims seriously and try to understand what is going on.[3]
The focus of his current research is thepsychology of paranormal beliefs and anomalous experiences.[4] In addition to academic activities, such as conference presentations and invited talks in other departments, he frequently appears on radio and television presenting a sceptical view of paranormal claims.[4] He has been consulted as an expert on a wide range of such claims includingpsychic abilities,[5]recovered memory,[6]telepathy,faith healing,[7]past life regression,ghosts,[8]UFOabductions,[9]out-of-body experiences,[10]astrology[11] and so on.[12][13]
French teaches a course entitledPsychology,Parapsychology andPseudoscience as part of theBSc (Hons) Psychology programmes at both Goldsmiths College andBirkbeck College. He is a Chartered Psychologist and a Fellow of the British Psychological Society.[2]
During his 2014 interview for theSkeptic Zone Podcast, French acknowledged that, as a sceptic, he believed in paranormal activities until he became more aware of the psychology behind why people believe, a point made clear to him through a book written by Professor of PsychologyJames Alcock:
I kind of fell into this trap myself...I used to be a believer, atrue believer until quite well into my adulthood. And it was reading one particular book byJames Alcock, called 'Parapsychology: Science or Magic,' that made me realize there was another way of explaining all these unusual experiences, and one that actually made a lot of sense to me![14]
He has authored or co-authored over 80 articles and chapters dealing with a wide variety of subjects in psychology, his work has been published in theJournal of Abnormal Psychology, theQuarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, theBritish Journal of Psychology and theBritish Journal of Clinical Psychology.[15]
In August 1996, he organised and chaired an integrated paper session on the topic of The Psychology of Paranormal and Pseudoscientific Beliefs at the XXVI International Congress of Psychology inMontreal.[16]
He also contributed to a symposium on The Psychology of Anomalous Experience at theBritish Science Association annualBritish Science Festival at theUniversity of Birmingham in September 1996.[17]
In July 1997, he chaired a symposium on The Psychology of Paranormal Belief at the Fifth European Congress of Psychology inDublin. He presented a paper at a conference on Paranormal and Superstitious Beliefs: A Skeptical Examination atManchester Metropolitan University on Friday 13, November, 1998.[18]
In February 1999, he contributed to a symposium of theRoyal Statistical Society (which he co-organised). In July 1999, he co-organised and presented a paper at a half-day conference on Parapsychology: Current Status and Future Prospects at Goldsmiths College and gave a paper at the Sixth European Congress of Psychology in Rome.[18] In February 2001, he gave an invited presentation to the Institute for Cultural Research[15] at theRoyal Society of Medicine and he has organised two symposia at major conferences (Glasgow, March 2001; London, July 2001).
In 2001, French tested the effects ofcrystal healing with the results suggesting that they are largelyplacebo effects. 80 volunteers were given a questionnaire to gauge their level of belief about paranormal phenomena.[19] Later they were given what they were told was a genuine crystal, and asked to meditate for 10 minutes and then report the sensations they experienced. Half of the subjects had actually been given fake plastic crystals instead. French found no difference between the feelings reported between the two groups.[20]
In 2004, French and colleagues conducted an experiment involvingelectromagnetic fields (EMF) and extremely low frequency sound waves (infrasound) phenomena that have been associated with allegedly haunted locations, the experiment did not establish a causal relationship between these phenomena and experiences of the subjects.[21]
A study, led by French and published in 2008, explored the psychology of people who believed they had been abducted by aliens.[22]
In January 2010, French was elected as a Fellow of theCommittee for Skeptical Inquiry[4]
French,Richard Wiseman andStuart Ritchie each tried to replicateDaryl Bem's claim aboutpsychic powers independently and failed at publishing their findings in high-profile journals. This is a common problem with publishing negative results, asnovel research is more sought-after. They subsequently submitted their paper toPLOS One, an open access journal, of which's concept French became a supporter.[1]
French is a former Editor-in-Chief ofThe Skeptic (UK) magazine.[23] He presided over a relaunch, in 2009, in which the magazine expanded to 40 pages and assembled an editorial advisory board, including many big names (e.g.Tim Minchin,Stephen Fry, Richard Wiseman,Simon Singh).[3] From 2009 to 2016, French has been a columnist forThe Guardian newspaper exploring scepticism and anomalistic psychology.[24][25][1]
He has appeared on various science programmes (e.g.Equinox,ScienceNow,All in the Mind) and documentaries (e.g.Heart of the Matter,Everyman) as well as numerous discussion programmes (e.g.Esther;The Time, The Place;Kilroy;This Morning).
In 1997, he was one of three sceptics sitting on a panel for a 90-minute live debate on UFOs broadcast at peak viewing time by theStrange but True? team to mark the 50th anniversary of UFOs.[26]
In 1998, he took part in an investigation ofreincarnation claims amongst theDruze people ofLebanon, broadcast as part of theTo the Ends of the Earth series. This involved spending around three weeks in Lebanon with a film crew.[27]
He made regular appearances onITV's programmeHaunted Homes. He also makes appearances in theChannel 4 documentary seriesTony Robinson and the Paranormal.[27]
In 2012, Chris French established theGreenwich branch of Skeptics in the Pub, which is currently the only activeSkeptics in the Pub organization in London.
In November 2013, French was featured as the keynote speaker for the 2013 Australian Skeptics National Convention in Canberra.[28]
In 2017, French attended the 17thEuropean Skeptics Congress (ESC) in Old Town Wrocław, Poland. This was organised by theKlub Sceptyków Polskich (Polish Skeptics Club) andČeský klub skeptiků Sisyfos (Czech Skeptic's Club). Here he appeared on a panel to discuss exorcisms. The panel was chaired byAmardeo Sarma and included Mariusz Błochowiak,Konrad Szołajski andJakub Kroulík.[29]
—; Stone, Anna, eds. (2014).Anomalistic Psychology: Exploring Paranormal Belief and Experience. London: Palgrave MacMillan.ISBN 9781403995711.
— (2024).The Science of Weird Shit: Why Our Minds Conjure the Paranormal. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.ISBN 9780262048361.
—;Grossman, Wendy M., eds. (2010).Why Statues Weep. The Best of The Skeptic. London: The Philosophy Press.ISBN 9780953761128.
— (2004). "Parapsychology". In Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica (eds.).The Social Science Encyclopedia. London:Routledge. pp. 702–703.ISBN 9780415320962.
— (2004). "Skepticism". In Henry, Jane (ed.).Parapsychology. Research on Exceptional Experiences. London: Routledge. pp. 80–89.ISBN 978-0415213608.
—; Santomauro, J. (2007). "Something Wicked This Way Comes. Causes and Interpretations of Sleep Paralysis". In Sala, Sergio Della (ed.).Tall Tales About the Mind and Brain. Separating Fact from Fiction.Oxford University Press. pp. 380–398.ISBN 9780198568773.
—; Wilson, Krissy (2007). "Cognitive Factors Underlying Paranormal Beliefs and Experiences". In Sala, Sergio Della (ed.).Tall Tales About the Mind and Brain. Separating Fact from Fiction. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–22.ISBN 9780198568773.
— (2009). "Anomalistic Psychology". In Cardwell, Mike; Clark, Liz; Meldrum, Claire; Wadeley, Alison (eds.).Psychology for A2 Level for AQA (A) (4th ed.). New York:HarperCollins. pp. 472–505.ISBN 9780007255030.
— (2010). "Reflections of a (Relatively) Moderate Skeptic". In Krippner, Stanley; Friedman, Harris L. (eds.).Debating Psychic Experience: Human Potential Or Human Illusion?. Santa Barbara, CA:ABC-CLIO. pp. 53–64.ISBN 9780313392610.
— (2010). "Missing the point?". In Krippner, Stanley; Friedman, Harris L. (eds.).Debating Psychic Experience: Human Potential Or Human Illusion?. Santa Barbara, CA:ABC-CLIO. pp. 149–152.ISBN 9780313392610.
—; Beaumont, J. Graham (March 1984). "A critical review of EEG coherence studies of hemisphere function".International Journal of Psychophysiology.1 (3):241–54.doi:10.1016/0167-8760(84)90044-8.PMID 6394561.
—; Beaumont, J. Graham (November 1987). "The reaction of psychiatric patients to computerized assessment".British Journal of Clinical Psychology.26 (4):267–78.doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1987.tb01360.x.PMID 3427249.
Richards, Anne; — (1991). "Effects of encoding and anxiety on implicit and explicit memory performance".Personality and Individual Differences.12 (2):131–9.doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90096-T.
Richards, Anne; — (1992). "An anxiety-related bias in semantic activation when processing threat/neutral homographs".Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Section A.45 (3):503–25.doi:10.1080/02724989208250625.PMID 1308736.S2CID 42520099.
Richards, Anne; —; Johnson, Wendy; Naparstek, Jennifer; Williams, Jane (November 1992). "Effects of mood manipulation and anxiety on performance of an emotional Stroop task".British Journal of Psychology.83 (4):479–91.doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02454.x.PMID 1486362.
French, Christopher C.; Richards, Anne; Scholfield, Emma J. C. (November 1996). "Hypomania, anxiety and the emotional Stroop".British Journal of Clinical Psychology.35 (4):617–26.doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01217.x.PMID 8955547.
Hadwin, Julie; Frost, Susie; —; Richards, Anne (August 1997). "Cognitive processing and trait anxiety in typically developing children: Evidence for an interpretation bias".Journal of Abnormal Psychology.106 (3):486–90.doi:10.1037/0021-843X.106.3.486.PMID 9241952.
Keogh, Edmund; — (March–April 2001). "Test anxiety, evaluative stress, and susceptibility to distraction from threat".European Journal of Personality.15 (2):123–41.doi:10.1002/per.400.S2CID 144497181.
Richards, Anne; —; Calder, Andrew J.; Webb, Ben; et al. (September 2002). "Anxiety-related bias in the classification of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions".Emotion.2 (3):273–87.doi:10.1037/1528-3542.2.3.273.PMID 12899360.
Keogh, Edmund; Bond, Frank W.; —; Richards, Anne; et al. (2004). "Test anxiety, susceptibility to distraction and examination performance".Anxiety, Stress, & Coping.17 (3):241–52.doi:10.1080/10615300410001703472.S2CID 144089694.
